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Struggle for Sea Power : A Naval History of American Independence (9781782397403)

Page 62

by Willis, Sam


  as symbol of freedom to slaves ref1

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  Savannah

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  Savannah, d’Estaing’s attack on

  American forces ref1, ref2

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  first landing ref1

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  French ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  Howe and ref1

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  Second Continental Congress ref1, ref2, ref3

  centralization of power ref1

  creation of Continental Navy ref1

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  Serres, Dominic, the Elder ref1, ref2

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  slaves and slavery

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  the Caribbean ref1

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  Spain

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  Caribbean holdings ref1

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  gunpowder ref1

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  Spanish Guatemala ref1

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  battle of Porto Praya ref1, ref2

  Sullivan’s Island, Charleston ref1

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  Tryon, Sir William ref1, ref2

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  Turner, J. M. W., The Fighting Temeraire ref1

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  US Naval History and Heritage Command, Naval Documents of the American Revolution ref1

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  warships

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  arms merchant ships ref1

  and Arnold’s defection ref1

  arrival at Yorktown ref1

  battle of Monmouth ref1

  boatmanship ref1, ref2

  Boston truce ref1

  and Canadian campaign, 1775–6 ref1

  and the capture of the Nancy ref1

  commissions the Hannah ref1

  on Continental Navy ref1

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  crossing the Delaware, 1776 ref1, ref2

  defence of the Delaware ref1, ref2

  on the Delaware ref1

  and d’Estaing ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4

  and d’Estaing’s arrival ref1

  and the evacuation of Boston ref1

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  on France ref1

  on Gibraltar ref1

  Hartford Conference ref1

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  and Lake Champlain campaign ref1

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  military experience ref1

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  and the New York campaign ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5

  and Philadelphia campaign ref1, ref2

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  and sea power ref1

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  Trenton campaign, 1776 ref1

  Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze) ref1

  Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze) ref1

  weather ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9

  Wesley, John ref1

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  Whipple, Abraham ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8

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  winter, 1775–76 ref1

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  women travellers, diaries ref1

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  Wright, James ref1, ref2

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  ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  Dr Sam Willis is a historian, archaeologist and broadcaster. He
is the author of a number of books on maritime and naval history, including the ‘Hearts of Oak’ Trilogy and the ‘Fighting Ships’ series. Sam has appeared in and presented numerous TV series, including Shipwrecks and Castles for BBC4 and Operation Grand Canyon for BBC2.

  1. Drawn by a British engineer, Archibald Robertson, from a high point on Staten Island, this shows the moment on 12 July 1776 when the British build-up of naval power at New York was complete. Howe’s fleet sails through the narrows and meets Shuldham’s, already at anchor in Raritan Bay. Long Island is visible in the distance.

  2. One of several versions of a painting by Dominic Serres the Elder of the British Phoenix, Roebuck and Tartar, accompanied by two smaller vessels, forcing the American river defences in the Hudson. The tips of the river defences can just be seen to the left of the ships. The narrowness of the river depicted here is misleading; the Hudson at this point is almost a mile wide.

  3. The British fleet landing at Kip’s Bay, 15 September 1776, drawn by Robert Cleveley, then a clerk on HMS Asia. Note the clear depictions of the flat boats – the characteristic British amphibious landing craft of the day.

  4. The British landing and scaling the New Jersey palisades on 20 November 1776, an operation made possible by the skill and experience of British sailors in hauling heavy guns over difficult terrain.

  5. A contemporary sketch of Arnold’s eclectic fleet at Valcour Island on the morning of 11 October 1776, showing the schooner Royal Savage in the centre surrounded by a variety of craft. From the left we see another schooner, a galley, the gondola Philadelphia (now preserved in Washington) and another galley; from the right we see a galley, a sloop and several gondolas.

  6. Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze. A multi-layered allegory of the revolution painted seventy-five years after the event, it focuses on one of Washington’s four crossings of the Delaware.

  7. A sketch by a British soldier of the remains of the ‘Great Bridge’ built by the Americans between Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence in 1777. The bridge’s pilings stretch across the lake. The vessel on the left is HMS Inflexible, built in just twenty-eight days at St Jean.

  8. One of a series of brief sketches by Hector McNeill recording the relative positions of the ships in the duel between the Boston and the Fox.

  9. Dominic Serres’s two paintings of the Battle of St Lucia. The first (above) shows the engagement with the French fleet bearing down on the British at anchor and greatly exaggerates the closeness of the battle – the closest that the French ever engaged was at three-quarters of a mile..

  10. The second painting (below) shows the British fleet after the battle with the French leaving in the distance. Note that the British guns have been run out on their landward side, suggesting that they were fully expecting to be doubled or to have their line broken – a clear indication of their vulnerable mindset.

  11. Part of a chart drawn by an Englishman shortly after the end of the war, showing the destruction of the American fleet in the Penobscot River, August 1779.

 

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