The Longest August
Page 58
2. Ibid., 56.
3. Ibid., 76.
4. Cited in Jaswant Singh, Jinnah: India—Partition—Independence (New Delhi: Rupa and Company, 2009), 124–125.
5. Sanjeev Nayyar, “Khilafat Movement,” March 2001, http://www.esamskriti.com/essay-chapters /Khilafat-Movement-2.aspx.
6. Minault, The Khilafat Movement, 77–78.
7. “Jinnah of Pakistan: Calendar of Events, 1919,” Humsafar.info, n.d., http://www.humsafar .info/1919.php.
8. Taimoor Gondal, “The Khilafat Movement,” CSS Forum, December 16, 2011, http://www.css forum.com.pk/386748-post13.html.
9. Rajmohan Gandhi, Gandhi: The Man, His People and the Empire (London: Haus, 2010), 133.
10. Cited in Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (London: Granada, 1982), 66–67.
11. Cited by Dilip Hiro, The Timeline History of India (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2006), 256.
12. Cited by Perry Anderson, “Gandhi Centre Stage,” London Review of Books, July 5, 2012, 3–11.
13. “‘I regard the Ramayana of Tulasidas as the greatest book in all devotional literature’—Mahatma Gandhi,” quoted on National Hindu Students Forum UK, Sixth Form, no. 4, December 2010, http://www.nhsf.org.uk/sixth-form/newsletter/issue4.html.
14. See Chapter 1, p. 22.
15. Dr. Yogendra Yadav, “Cows Protection and Mahatma Gandhi,” Peace & Collaborative Development Network, July 20, 2012, http://www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org/profiles/blogs/cows -protection-and-mahatma-gandhi, citing Gandhi’s speech at the opening ceremony of a cow shelter in Bettiah, North Bihar, on December 8, 1920.
16. Kruthi Gonwar, “Who Gave the Title of Mahatma to Gandhiji?,” New Indian Express, June 26, 2012.
17. Francis Robinson, Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 314.
18. Ibid., 317.
19. Cited by Anderson, “Gandhi Centre Stage.”
20. Robinson, Separatism, 318.
21. “The Khilafat Movement (1919–1924),” Quaid-e-Azam Mohmmad Ali Jinnah (blog), 2008, http://m-a-jinnah.blogspot.co.uk/2010/04/khilafat-movement-1919-1924.html.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 72.
25. Cited in Singh, Jinnah, 124.
26. Evelyn Roy, “The Crisis in Indian Nationalism,” Labour Monthly (London), February 1922.
27. “Non-Cooperation Movement 1920,” General Knowledge Today, October 25, 2011.
28. Roy, “The Crisis in Indian Nationalism.”
29. Ibid.
30. Equally, despite calls from many to refer to Muhammad Ali Jauhar as “Maulana,” he refused. Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000), 135.
31. Akhila Mol, “Biography of Madan Mohan Malviya,” Preserve Articles, n.d., http://www.preserve articles.com/201103034355/biography-of-madan-mohan-malviya.html.
32. Cited in Hiro, The Timeline History of India, 255.
33. Cited in Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 252–253.
34. Vinay Lal, “‘Hey Ram’: The Politics of Gandhi’s Last Words,” Humanscape 8, no. 1 (January 2001), citing Mohandas Gandhi, Autobiography or the Story of My Experiments with Truth (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1940 [1927]), 371.
35. Cited by Anderson, “Gandhi Centre Stage.”
36. “The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi,” Young India, April 3, 1924, 114.
37. Cited by Anderson, “Gandhi Centre Stage.”
38. Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World (New York: Mentor Books, 1954), 72.
39. “Madan Mohan Malaviya: Gaya Presidential Address Hindu Mahasabha 1923,” http://14.139.41.16/mahamana/images/stories/gaya.pdf.
40. Ibid.
41. Cited by Fischer, Gandhi, 78. Gandhi had made this argument as early as October 1917 in a speech on cow protection in Bettiah, North Bihar. See Yadav, “Cows Protection and Mahatma Gandhi.”
42. Cited in Fischer, Gandhi, 75.
43. Purist Hindus call Hinduism Santan Dharma, Eternal Law.
44. Singh, Jinnah, 119.
45. Fischer, Gandhi, 79.
46. Cited in Yadav, “Cows Protection and Mahatma Gandhi.”
47. Singh, Jinnah, 120.
48. Cited in Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind, 137.
49. Cited by Hiro, The Timeline History of India, 257.
50. Jamil-ud-din Ahmad, Middle Phase of the Muslim Political Movement (Lahore: Publishers United, 1969), 138–139.
51. Hector Bolitho, Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982), 94–95.
52. Cited in Fischer, Gandhi, 94.
53. Though fifteen in number these were later presented as Jinnah’s Fourteen Points to chime with the Fourteen Point declaration of US president Woodrow Wilson.
54. Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 96–105.
55. Cited in Fischer, Gandhi, 95.
56. Other members of the delegation included Motilal Nehru, Vithalbhai Patel (Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly), and Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, a leading constitutional lawyer.
57. Hiro, The Timeline History of India, 258.
58. Cited in Fischer, Gandhi, 96.
59. National Gandhi Museum, “Salt Satyagraha and Dandi March,” n.d., http://www.mkgandhi .org/articles/salt_satya.htm.
60. Webb Miller, I Found No Peace: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1936), 193–195, 446–447.
61. Ibid., 198–199.
62. William Roger Louis, Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics, and Culture in Britain (London: I. B. Tauris, 1997), 154.
63. Fischer, Gandhi, 100; Hiro, The Timeline History of India, 257.
Chapter 3: The Two-Nation Theory
1. Cited in Stanley Walport, Jinnah of Pakistan (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 122.
2. Cited in Dilip Hiro, The Timeline History of India (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2006), 258.
3. Jaswant Singh, Jinnah: India—Partition—Independence (New Delhi: Rupa and Company, 2009), 182.
4. “Gandhi—A Pictorial Biography: Gandhi-Irwin Pact,” Mahatma Gandhi Website, n.d., http://www.mkgandhi.org/biography/gndirwin.htm.
5. Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (London: Granada, 1982), 358–359.
6. Sankar Ghose, Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Allied, 1991), 206.
7. Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World (New York: Mentor Books, 1954), 151.
8. Ghose, Gandhi, 208.
9. Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 20.
10. “Jinnah of Pakistan, Calendar of Events, 1935,” Humsafar.info, n.d., http://www.humsafar .info/1935.php.
11. Complete text at http://www.mediamonitors.net/nowornever.html or http://en.wikisource.org /wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F.
12. Khursheed Kamal Aziz, Rahmat Ali: A Biography (Lahore: Vanguard, 1987), 85.
13. Jamil-ud-din Ahmad, ed., Some Recent Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah, vol. 1 (Lahore: Ashraf, 1952), 555–557.
14. “Gandhi Gives Notice of 21 Days’ Fast,” Barrier Miner (New South Wales, Australia), May 2, 1933, http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/48429154.
15. “Central Legislative Assembly Etectorate [sic],” November 10, 1942, Commons and Lords Hansard: Official Report of Debates at Parliament, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written _answers/1942/nov/10/central-legislative-assembly-etectorate.
16. Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000), 143.
17. For several reasons, elections to the proposed Federal Legislative Assembly and Council of State were not held.
&nbs
p; 18. Cited in “Presidential Address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to the Muslim League, Lucknow, October 1937,” http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lucknow_1937 .html.
19. See Joseph E. Schwartzberg, ed., A Historical Atlas of South Asia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1978), 222, reprinted at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager .html?object=260&view=text.
20. Sir Edward Blunt, “Indian Elections: Congress Policy,” Spectator (London), February 26, 1937.
21. The actual figures were: Bihar 91/152, Bombay 88/175, Central Provinces 71/112, Madres 159/215, Orissa 36/60, and United Provinces 134/228.
22. See Fischer, Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 428, and “From a Letter of Jawaharlal Nehru to M. A. Jinnah (6 April 1938),” Nehru-Jinnah Correspondence, Office of the General Secretary of the Indian National Congress, 1938, http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415485432/43.asp.
23. B. R. Nanda, “The Ghost of a Missed Chance,” Outlook, January 24, 1996.
24. Riaz Hussein, “Revival of Punjab Muslim League: Jinnah-Iqbal Collaboration,” Iqbal Review 28, no. 3 (October 1987).
25. Cited in Singh, Jinnah, 250.
26. Perry Anderson, “Gandhi Centre Stage,” London Review of Books, July 5, 2012, 3–11.
27. Singh, Jinnah, 232.
28. Cited in Penderel Moon, Divide and Quit (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), 16.
29. Cited in Singh, Jinnah, 248.
30. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, presidential address to the Muslim League, Lucknow, October 1937, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lucknow_1937.html.
31. K. Datta and A. Robinson, eds., Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), Letter 314.
32. “From a Letter of Jawaharlal Nehru to M. A. Jinnah (6 April 1938).” These stanzas are:
Mother, I salute thee!
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
bright with orchard gleams,
Cool with thy winds of delight,
Dark fields waving Mother of might,
Mother free.
Glory of moonlight dreams,
Over thy branches and lordly streams,
Clad in thy blossoming trees,
Mother, giver of ease
Laughing low and sweet!
Mother I kiss thy feet,
Speaker sweet and low!
Mother, to thee I salute.
Who hath said thou art weak in thy lands
When the sword flesh out in the seventy million hands
And seventy million voices roar
Thy dreadful name from shore to shore?
With many strengths who art mighty and stored,
To thee I call Mother and Lord!
Though who savest, arise and save!
To her I cry who ever her foeman drove
Back from plain and sea
And shook herself free.
33. Azad, meaning “free” in Urdu and Hindi, was Maulana Abul Kalam Muhiyuddin Ahmed’s pen name.
34. Cited in Hiro, The Timeline History of India, 261.
35. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, address to Lahore Session of Muslim League, March 1940, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, 1983, http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_jinnah_lahore_1940.html.
36. Cited in Fischer, Gandhi, 79.
37. Jaswant Singh, Jinnah, 287–288.
38. Warren Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: Complete Correspondence, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 374.
39. Patrick French, Liberty or Death: India’s Journey to Independence and Division (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 138.
40. Cited in Alan Hayes Marriam, Gandhi vs. Jinnah: The Debate over the Partition of India (Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1980 / Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1982), 81.
41. Cited in ibid., 80–81.
42. Hiro, The Timeline History of India, 286.
43. Quit India, 30 April–21 September 1942, vol. 2 in Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942–7, ed. Nicholas Mansergh (London: HMSO, 1970–1983), 853.
44. Cited in Fischer, Gandhi, 135.
45. Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind, 159.
46. Hector Bolitho, Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982), 146, 147.
47. “India: Simla Conference,” Time, July 9, 1945.
48. In reply to a letter from Maulana Azad, recently elected president of the Congress Party, which asked for his cooperation in pressing for an expanded central cabinet, Jinnah had sent a telegram on July 12, 1940: “I refuse to discuss with you in correspondence or otherwise. Can’t you realize you are made a Muslim ‘show boy’ Congress President? If you have self-respect, resign at once” (cited in Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind, 155).
Chapter 4: A Rising Tide of Violence
1. Patrick French, Liberty or Death: India’s Journey to Independence and Division (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 210, citing The Post-War Phase: New Moves by the Labour Government, 1 August 1945–22 March 1946, vol. 6 in Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942–7, ed. Nicholas Mansergh (London: HMSO, 1970–1983), 279–280.
2. Cited in Mohandas K. Gandhi, The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 1972–1978), vol. 83, 135.
3. “1946: Naval Ratings Mutiny Shakes the British: Mutiny Suppressed,” Sainik Samachar, January 2009, http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2009/jan15-09/h25.html.
4. Ibid.
5. Dhananjaya Bhat, “RIN Mutiny Gave a Jolt to the British,” Sunday Tribune (Delhi), February 12, 2006.
6. Arun, “Provincial Elections India 1946,” Wake Up, Smell the Coffee (blog), January 27, 2011, http://observingliberalpakistan.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/provincial-elections-india-1946.html.
7. Hamadani, “Muslim League 100 Years Old: 1945–1946 Elections,” Naseeb.com, January 1, 2007, http://www.naseeb.com/journals/muslim-league-100-years-old-1945-1946-elections-135962.
8. Allen Hayes Merriam, Gandhi vs Jinnah: The Debate over the Partition of India (Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1980 / Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1982), 91–92.
9. Naseer Ahmad Faruqui, “Recollections of Maulana Muhammad Ali: Memories of My Beloved,” 1962 (revised 2011), http://www.ahmadiyya.org/books/m-kabir/mjk4-4.htm.
10. Rajmohan Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000), 165.
11. “Parliament of India: Some Facts of Constituent Assembly,” n.d., http://parliamentofindia.nic .in/ls/debates/facts.htm; “First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan (1947–1954),” HistoryPak.com, August 8, 2012, http://historypak.com/first-constituent-assembly-of-pakistan-1947-1954.
12. Cited in Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World (New York: Mentor Books, 1954), 157.
13. Cited in ibid., 157–158.
14. Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind, 166.
15. Ibid., 170, citing Jamil-ud-din Ahmad, Creation of Pakistan (Lahore: Publishers United, 1976), 278.
16. Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind, 170.
17. Louis Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi (London: Granada, 1982), 538.
18. Ibid., 542–544.
19. Claude Markovits, “The Calcutta Riots of 1946,” Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, July 24, 2008, http://www.massviolence.org/The-Calcutta-Riots-of-1946?artpage=2-5.
20. Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind, 170, citing Durga Das, ed., Sardar Patel’s Correspondence (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, n.d.), vol. 3, 40.
21. The cabinet ministers were Jawaharlal Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Asaf Ali, S
arat Chandra Bose, John Matthai, Baldev Singh (a Sikh), Sir Shafaat Ahmad Khan, Jagjivan Ram, Ali Zaheer, and Cooverji Hormuji Bhabha (a Parsi).
22. Dennis Kux, India and the United States: Estranged Democracies, 1941-1991 (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1992), 50.
23. Gandhi, Understanding the Muslim Mind, 171, citing Ahmad Jamil-ud-din, ed., Historical Documents of the Muslim Freedom Movement (Lahore: Publishers United, 1973), 545–546.
24. Fischer, Gandhi, 164.
25. Ibid., 163; Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Praeger, 1963), 111.
26. Cited in Kenton J. Clymer, Quest for Freedom: The United States and India’s Independence (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 266.
27. Cited in French, Liberty or Death, 270.
28. Papiya Ghosh, Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent (London: Routledge, 2007), 3.
29. Fischer, The Life of Mahatma Gandhi, 569.
30. Fischer, Gandhi, 167.
31. Wasio Abbasi, “Chronicles of Pakistan: Sindh’s Ethnic Divide and Its History—Part 1,” Reason Before Passion (blog), October 12, 2012, http://wasioabbasi.wordpress.com/2012/10/12/chronicles -of-pakistan-sindhs-ethnic-divide-and-its-history-part-1.
32. Clymer, Quest for Freedom, 266.
33. In 1943 Mridula Gandhi, born in 1929, was invited from Karachi—where her widowed father, Jaisukhlal, a nephew of the Mahatma, worked for a shipping company—to Pune to look after the ailing Kasturbai Gandhi in jail. After Kasturbai’s death she returned to her parental home.
34. Cited by Jad Adams, “Thrill of the Chaste: The Truth About Gandhi’s Sex Life,” Independent (London), April 7, 2010.
35. Uday Mahurkar, “Mahatma & Manuben,” India Today, June 7, 2013.
36. Cited by Adams, “Thrill of the Chaste.”
37. Rajmohan Gandhi, Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire (Berkeley: University of California Press / London: Haus, 2010), 552.
Chapter 5: Born in Blood
1. Jinnah demanded that imperial Britain dissolve the unitary system in India; and create Pakistan, composed of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest and the northeast, and Hindustan, as separate dominions within the British Commonwealth; and then leave it to them to form a confederation on an equal basis or sign a treaty as sovereign states. But his time frame of ten years proved unrealistic when the British government decided to withdraw from India by June 1948.