The Longest August

by Dilip Hiro

  38. “Text of India-Pakistan Joint Statement in Sharm-el-Sheikh Between Manmohan Singh and Pakistan PM Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani on July 16, 2009,” Islamic Terrorism in India (blog), July 18, 2009, http://islamicterrorism.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/text-of-india-pakistan-joint-statement-in-sharm-el -sheikh-between-manmohan-singh-and-pakistan-pm-syed-yusuf-raza-gilani-on-july-16-2009/.

  39. Sana Qamar, “Sharm El-Sheikh Meeting: An Analysis,” Reflections 4 (2009).

  40. “South Asia Rivals’ Differing Agendas,” BBC News, February 23, 2010.

  41. Jason Burke, “India-Pakistan Talks Centre on Terrorism but Fail to Make Progress,” Guardian (London), February 25, 2010.

  42. Ibid.

  43. Sachin Parashar, “High-Level Visits in Bid to Restore Full-Scale Dialogue,” Times of India, July 10, 2010.

  44. “Pakistan Asks India to Give Access to Kasab,” NDTV/PTI, May 3, 2010, http://www.ndtv .com/article/world/pakistan-asks-india-to-give-access-to-kasab-20871.

  45. “Pak Court Adjourns 26/11 Case to May 22,” Hindu, May 9, 2010.

  46. “ISI Behind 26/11, from Start to End: Home Secy,” Indian Express, July 14, 2010.

  47. Nissar Ahmad Thakor, “Everything Including Kashmir Discussed: Qureshi,” Greater Kashmir, July 15, 2010.

  48. Neeta Lal, “Will Manmohan Singh’s Invitation to His Pakistani Counterpart to Watch an India vs Pakistan World Cup Tie Help Ties?,” Diplomat, April 1, 2011.

  49. “Indo-Pak Ties Not a Profit or Loss Statement: Rao,” IBN Live, July 3, 2011, http://ibnlive .in.com/news/indopak-ties-not-a-profit-or-loss-statement-rao/164704-3.html.

  50. “Text of the Joint Statement by Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar and Indian Minister of External Affairs S.M. Krishna, New Delhi; 27 July 2011,” http://www.piia.org.pk/images/document /text-of-the-joint-statement-by-foreign-minister-hina-rabbani-27-july-2011..pdf.

  51. Mark Magnier, “Indian Helicopter Strays into Pakistan-Held Part of Kashmir,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 2011.

  52. “India Pakistan Relations: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Calls for a New Chapter,” Huffington Post, November 10, 2011.

  53. Assad Kharal, “US Announces $10 Million Bounty on Hafiz Saeed: Report,” Express Tribune, April 3, 2012.

  54. Stephanie Kennedy, “Pakistan Militant Taunts US over $10m Bounty,” ABC News, April 5, 2012.

  55. Salman Masood, “Pakistani Lawmakers Criticize US Reward for Militant Leader,” New York Times, April 5, 2012.

  56. Mannat is a popular practice in Sufism, when a believer vows to visit a shrine of an eminent Sufi saint or give money or food to the needy if their wish is fulfilled.

  57. “Delicacies Await Zardari at Dr Singh’s Lunch, BUT . . . ,” Rediff (Mumbai), April 7, 2012.

  58. Annie Banerji, “India to Allow FDI from Pakistan, Open Border Post,” Reuters, April 13, 2012.

  59. “Both Leaders Stick to Their Stands,” Dawn (Karachi), August 30, 2012.

  60. Salman Masood, “India and Pakistan Sign Visa Agreement, Easing Travel,” New York Times, September 8, 2012.

  61. “From Bashir to Khurshid: Who Said What on the LoC Crisis,” First Post (Mumbai), January 17, 2013.

  62. “Statement by BJP President, Shri Rajnath Singh on Mr. Nawaz Sharif’s Win in Pakistan Polls,” http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8732:press—shri-rajnath-singh -on-mr-nawaz-sharifs-win-in-pakistan-polls&catid=68:press-releases&Itemid=494.

  63. Ibid.

  64. Jon Boone, “Kashmir Tensions Threaten to Return India and Pakistan to Vitriolic Past,” Guardian (London), August 8, 2013.

  65. Ibid.

  66. David Blair and David Munk, “If Pakistan Is to Prosper, We Must Stop Bashing India,” Daily Telegraph (London), August 24, 2013.

  67. “Pakistan Committed Against Extremism, but Drones Must Stop: Nawaz at UN,” Express Tribune, September 27, 2013.

  68. Elizabeth Roche, “Manmohan Singh at UN: Pakistan Should Dismantle Terror Machinery,” Live Mint (Delhi), September 28, 2013.

  69. “Nawaz, Manmohan Agree to Reduce Kashmir Tensions,” Dawn (Karachi), September 29, 2013.

  70. “Joint Statement on Manmohan Singh’s Summit Meeting with President Obama in Washington,” Hindu, September 27, 2013.

  71. “26/11 Mumbai Attacks: Trial Against Pak Suspects Adjourned,” First Post (Mumbai), March 5, 2014.

  72. Malik Asad, “Trial of Mumbai Attack Case Suspects Stalled,” Dawn (Karachi), April 4, 2014.

  Chapter 18: Competing for Kabul

  1. Fazal-ur Rahim Marwat, “The Durand Line Issue,” Frontier Post (Peshawar), October 17, 2003.

  2. William Dalrymple, “A Deadly Triangle,” Brookings Institution, June 25, 2013, http://www .brookings.edu/research/essays/2013/deadly-triangle-afghanistan-pakistan-india-c.

  3. Najmuddin A. Shaikh, “What Does Pakistan Want in Afghanistan?,” Express Tribune (Karachi), December 27, 2011.

  4. It was only in 2002 that Delhi acknowledged setting up an airbase in Farkhor.

  5. Dilip Hiro, War Without End: The Rise of Islamist Terrorism and Global Response (London: Routledge, 2002), 297–298.

  6. Husain Haqqani, Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), 262.

  7. Himachal Pradesh University conferred an honorary doctorate on Hamid Karzai in 2002.

  8. Dalrymple, “A Deadly Triangle.”

  9. “Alongside Its Embassy in Kabul, India Will Open Consulates in Four Afghan Cities,” Pravda, December 24, 2001.

  10. Ahmed Rashid, Descent into Chaos: How the War Against Islamic Extremism Is Being Lost in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Central Asia (London: Allen Lane, 2008 / New York: Penguin Books, 2009), 143–144.

  11. Ahmed Rashid, “Pakistan Closes Its Embassy in Afghanistan amid Escalating Diplomatic Tension,” RefWorld (UNHCR), July 8, 2003.

  12. Ahmed Rashid, “Islamabad’s Lingering Support for Islamic Extremists Threatens Pakistan-Afghanistan Ties,” RefWorld (UNHCR), July 23, 2003.

  13. Ibid.

  14. Scott Baldauf, “India-Pakistan Rivalry Reaches into Afghanistan,” Christian Science Monitor, September 12, 2003.

  15. “Image of the Beast,” There Are No Sunglasses (blog), January 9, 2010, https://therearenosunglasses .wordpress.com/2010/01/09.

  16. Shaiq Hussain, “Pakistan to Ask India to Rein in Afghan Consulates,” Nation (Islamabad), March 18, 2006.

  17. Mariana Baabar, “RAW Is Training 600 Baluchis in Afghanistan,” Outlook (Delhi), April 24, 2006.

  18. Dalrymple, “A Deadly Triangle.”

  19. “Pakistan’s Musharraf Slams Afghanistan’s Karzai,” Afghanistan News Center, March 6, 2006.

  20. Ibid.

  21. “Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai with Fareed Zakaria, Editor, Newsweek International,” Council on Foreign Relations, September 21, 2006, http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/afghanistan-president -hamid-karzai-rush-transcript-federal-news-service/p11507.

  22. “Seven Pakistani Troops Dead as Border Clash Continues,” Nawaaye Afghanistan, May 15, 2008.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Ibid.

  25. “Embassy Attack in Kabul Highlights Pakistan-India Rivalry,” EurasiaNet, July 8, 2008, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp070208.shtml.

  26. Sayed Salahuddin, “Karzai Says Pakistan Behind Indian Embassy Bomb,” Afghan News Bulletin no. 2105, July 15, 2008.

  27. Some of the grenades used in the 2008 Mumbai terror attacks were also traced back to the POF unit in Wah. The grenades were manufactured by POF under license from an Austrian firm.

  28. Mark Mazzetti and Eric Schmitt, “Pakistanis Aided Attack in Kabul, US Officials Say,” New York Times, August 1, 2008.

  29. “ISI Nailed in Kabul Embassy Outrage: 2008 Bombing Plan WAS Hatched in Pakistan, New Book Claims,” Mail
Today Bureau (Delhi), March 23, 2014; “2008 Indian Embassy Attack in Kabul Sanctioned by ISI, New Book Claims,” Times of India, March 23, 2014.

  30. Kuldip Nayar, “ISI Playing a Dangerous Game with Taliban,” Sunday Times (Delhi), August 17, 2008.

  31. Bhashyam Kasturi, “India’s Role in Afghanistan,” State of Pakistan, February 20, 2012, http://www.stateofpakistan.org/indias-role-in-afghanistan.

  32. “India and Pakistan Ramp Up Aid as They Jostle for Influence in Kabul,” Reuters, March 4, 2014.

  33. Aryn Baker, “Karzai on Musharraf: Good Riddance,” Time, August 19, 2008.

  34. Ibid.

  35. “Turkey, Afghanistan, Pakistan to Strengthen Anti-Terrorism Co-op,” Xinhua Net, December 5, 2008.

  36. “Afghanistan: National Opinion Poll” for BBC, ABC News, and ARD, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1 /shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/05_02_09afghan_poll_2009.pdf.

  37. Dalrymple, “A Deadly Triangle.”

  38. Julian Borger, “UN in Secret Talks with Taliban,” Guardian (London), January 28, 2010.

  39. Afghanistan: National Opinion Poll.

  40. “9 Indians Among 17 Dead as Taliban Bombers Attack Kabul,” Times of India, February 26, 2010.

  41. Karzai appointed his brother-in-law Ibrahim Spinzada as the new NSD director temporarily, and replaced him with Rahmatullah Nabil, a Pashtun politician.

  42. “Amid Pakistani Moves, Krishna to Attend Kabul Meet,” Thaindian News, July 10, 2010.

  43. “Expert Discuss Ways to Promote Pak-Afghan Trade,” Express Tribune (Karachi), August 24, 2013.

  44. Larry Hanauer and Peter Chalk, “India’s and Pakistan’s Strategies in Afghanistan: Implications for the United States and the Region,” Occasional Paper, Center for Asia Pacific Policy, RAND, 2012, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2012/RAND_OP387.pdf, 16n35.

  45. Susan Cornwell, “Factbox: US Has Allocated $20 billion for Pakistan,” Reuters, April 21, 2011.

  46. Solomon Moore and Rahim Faiez, “Hamid Karzai: Pakistan Firing Missiles into Afghanistan,” Huffington Post, June 28, 2011.

  47. “30 Afghan Militants Killed After Cross Border Raid,” Express Tribune (Karachi), October 10, 2011.

  48. “Text of Agreement on Strategic Partnership between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan,” October 4, 2011, http://im.rediff.com/news/2011/oct/04indo-afghan-strategic -agreement.pdf.

  49. “Afghanistan and India Sign ‘Strategic Partnership,’” BBC News, October 4, 2011.

  50. Sebastian Abbot, “Pakistan Warns Afghanistan After Pact with India,” Associated Press, October 6, 2011.

  51. “India Plans to Train 30,000 Afghan Soldiers,” National (Dubai), December 3, 2011, 3; Rahul Bedi, “India Steps Up Afghan Troop Training,” IHS Jane’s Defence Security Report, November 29, 2011.

  52. Richard Weitz, “Afghanistan and India Deepen Strategic Cooperation,” CACI Analyst, January 22, 2014. According to Afghanistan’s ambassador to India, about 350 Afghan army officers receive annual training in India, with a total of 1,400 trained since 2003.

  53. “Indian Consortium Wins $10bn Afghanistan Mines Deal,” BBC News, November 29, 2011.

  54. “SAIL-Led Consortium to Cut Spend on Afghan Iron Ore Mine,” Live Mint (Delhi), November 11, 2013.

  55. Huma Imtiaz, “New York Summit: Zardari, Karzai and Cameron Discuss Afghan Endgame,” Express Tribune (Karachi), September 27, 2012; “Accusations of Afghan President Termed ‘Totally Misplaced,’” Express Tribune (Karachi), October 9, 2012.

  56. Anirban Bhaumik, “India Concerned over Leaked Afghan Peace Road Map,” Taand.com, January 4, 2013, http://www.english.taand.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=articles&article=2280.

  57. “Karzai Calls for Pakistan Role in Afghan Peace Process,” BBC News, August 26, 2013.

  58. “Afghanistan Aid” (graph), Reuters, March 4, 2014.

  59. “India and Pakistan Ramp Up Aid.”

  60. Hanauer and Chalk, “India’s and Pakistan’s Strategies in Afghanistan.”

  61. “India Vows to Complete Salma Dam Project Within a Year,” Tolo News, August 24, 2013.

  62. Aryn Baker, “Afghanistan Unplugs Bollywood’s Siren Song,” Time, May 8, 2008.

  63. Alisa Tang and Rahim Faiez, “TV Stations Defy Afghan Government Ban on Indian Soap Operas,” Associated Press, April 23, 2008.

  64. Robin Bansal, “Afghanistan Crazy About Bollywood, but Lacks Official Market,” IANS, April 18, 2010, http://www.bollywood.com/afghanistan-crazy-about-bollywood-lacks-official-market.

  65. Abdul Haleem, Chen Xin, “Feature: Jobless Young Afghans Find Escape in Bollywood Movies,” Xinhua Net, June 17, 2012.

  66. “Afghanistan and the Popularity of Bollywood Are Inseparable,” Economic Times, June 17, 2012.

  Chapter 19: Shared Culture, Rising Commerce

  1. Pending Proceedings Order, Martial Law Order No. 107 (December 30, 1985), http://pakistan constitutionlaw.com/pending-proceedings-order-martial-law-order-no-107-30th-of-december-1985.

  2. Taran Adarsh, “Mughal-e-Azam Censored in Pakistan,” Sify Movies, February 13, 2006, http://www.sify.com/movies/mughal-e-azam-censored-in-pakistan-news-bollywood-kkfvtdefjcd.html.

  3. “Pakistan Clears Bollywood Films,” BBC News, February 8, 2006.

  4. “Mughal-e-Azam Releases in Pakistan: Will Others Follow Suit?,” One India News, April 23, 2006.

  5. “Taj Film Set for History in Pak,” Telegraph (Kolkata), April 25, 2006.

  6. M. Zulqernain, “Pakistani Court Stops Airing of Indian, Foreign Films on TV,” Rediff News (Mumbai), December 11, 2013.

  7. “Mughal-e-Azam Releases in Pakistan.”

  8. Ibid.

  9. “Ban on Indian Movies,” Dawn (Karachi), December 6, 2012.

  10. Palash Ghosh, “Bollywood Boom and ‘Dhoom’: Indian Films Wildly Popular in Pakistan Despite ‘Ban’ on Their Exhibition,” International Business Times, January 7, 2014.

  11. “Amir Khan’s ‘Dhoom 3’ Breaks Box Office Records in Pakistan,” Indian Express, December 26, 2013.

  12. “Pakistan’s Ban on Bollywood Films Withdrawn,” Financial Express, December 17, 2013.

  13. “Pak Army Must Acquire a Television Channel,” Siasat Daily (Hyderabad), December 17, 2013.

  14. Praveen Swami, “Green Books, Red Herring and LoC War,” Hindu, January 16, 2013.

  15. Ghosh, “Bollywood Boom and ‘Dhoom.’”

  16. “India vs Pakistan: Cricket History,” NDTV Cricket, December 10, 2012, http://sports.ndtv .com/india-vs-pakistan-2012/about/200488-india-vs-pakistan-cricket-history.

  17. A Twenty20 game, introduced in 2003 in England and Wales, involves two teams; each has a single innings and bats for a maximum of 20 overs.

  18. Statistics from ESPN’s Cricinfo, http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class =2;filter=advanced;opposition=7;orderby=won;team=6;template=results;type=team.

  19. Kanishkaa Balachandran, “Going, Going . . . Gone, Following Shivnarine Chanderpaul’s Heroics, Cricinfo Looks Back at Similar One-Day Thrillers,” ESPN Cricinfo, April 10, 2008.

  20. “Resumption of India-Pakistan Matches Moves Closer,” ESPN Cricinfo, October 22, 2003.

  21. “Sahara India to Sponsor India, Pakistan Matches in Canada,” ESPN, July 15, 1996, http://www .espncricinfo.com/page2/content/story/72440.html.

  22. “Resumption of India-Pakistan Matches Moves Closer.”

  23. Sanjoy Majumder, “India-Pakistan Cricket Battle at Mohali Raises Passions,” March 30, 2011.

  24. “Heartbreak in Pakistan, Three Die over Defeat,” NDTV, April 1, 2011, http://www.ndtv.com /article/world/heartbreak-in-pakistan-three-die-over-defeat-95531.

  25. “Stop Praising Sachin Tendulkar, Taliban Warn Pakistan Media,” Times of India, November 28, 2013.

  26. “Pakistan Ready to Tou
r India for Cricket Revival: Sethi,” Dawn (Karachi), December 18, 2013.

  27. “Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Pakistan,” Kushnirs, n.d., http://kushnirs.org/macro economics/gdp/gdp_pakistan.html.

  28. Mubarak Zeb Khan, “MFN Status for India on the Cards,” Dawn (Karachi), January 26, 2014.

  29. MNF Status and Trade Between Pakistan and India, Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency, January 2012.

  30. Vimal Bhatia, “Road Link Likely Between India and Pakistan Soon,” Times of India, September 23, 2012.

  31. MNF Status and Trade Between Pakistan and India.

  32. Ibid.

  33. “Tomato-Laden Truck Covers New Ground for India-Pakistan Trade,” DNA India, October 1, 2007.

  34. MNF Status and Trade Between Pakistan and India.

  35. “Pakistan, India to Increase Frequency of Freight Trains,” Nation (Islamabad), June 20, 2008.

  36. B. Raman, “Indo-Pak Economic Ties: Ground Realities,” Observer Research Foundation, November 26, 2004, http://orfonline.org/cms/sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.html?cmaid =2252&mmacmaid=197.

  37. The eight members of the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation in 2007 were Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

  38. Mohsin S. Khan, “Improving India-Pakistan Relations Through Trade,” East Asia Forum, April 19, 2010, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/04/19/improving-india-pakistan-relations-through-trade.

  39. “India-Pakistan Events,” Reuters, August 4, 2012.

  40. “Pakistan Notifies Negative List for Trade with India,” Economic Times, March 21, 2012.

  41. “Modi Uses Business the Way Out with Pak,” Siasat Daily (Hyderabad), May 28, 2014.

  42. “Pak Trade Barrier Holds Indian Bicycle Industry,” Hindustan Times, April 6, 2014.

  43. Sarabjit Pandher, “Attari Integrated Check Post to Open Tomorrow,” Hindu, April 12, 2012.

  44. Sarabjit Pandher, “New Liberal Visa Regime with Pakistan Soon: Chidambaram,” Hindu, April 13, 2012.

  45. “India to Cut List to 100 from 614 Items,” Nation (Islamabad), October 22, 2012.

  46. Nazar Ul Islam, “Trading with the Enemy,” Newsweek, December 17, 2013.