Nazi Gold
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Eisenhower, Dwight D., 112, 258
Eizenstat, Stuart, 306, 316, 328, 335–38, 341, 345, 346, 347, 352
Ellis-Rees, Hugh, 116
Emil Jacoby shoe factory, 21
Ernst, Rudolf, 193
Escher, Alfred, 200
Évian (France) 1938 conference in, 22
Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 349
Feig, Bernard, 130, 131
Feldmann, Markus, 257–66, 269, 270, 284
at 1952 meeting in Bern, 1–3, 5, 6, 8
Financial Times (London), 310
Finanz-Revue, 188
Fletcher, Oscar, 143
Foot, Dingle, 47, 49–50, 73, 78, 81
Foreign currency, looted, 53
Foreign Economic Administration (FEA), 30–32
Foreign Office, British, 19, 28, 47–49, 53, 56, 59–60, 93, 127–29
Foreign Office, German, 37–38
France, 22, 52, 73, 74–75, 101, 204, 334, 349, 350. See also specific government officials
1946 negotiations and, 135–36, 140, 141–42, 156, 158, 162
1952 agreement with Switzerland, 250–53
heirless assets issue and, 171, 189, 224–25, 230, 252, 253, 347
Jews in German zone ruled by, 184–85
Francfort, Pierre, 107
François-Poncet, André, 249
Frank, Barney, 321, 322
Frankel, William, 92
Frankfurter, David, 20
Frei, Rolf, 276
French Jews, 23, 189, 347
French National Bank. See Banque de France; National Bank, French
Frère, Maurice, 141
Frölicher, Hans, 23, 121–22, 201–202, 244, 245, 342
Funk, Walter, 46, 51, 52, 55, 144
Furgler, Kurt, 288–89
Garten, Walter, 118
Gasser, Hans, 280
Gerber, Waldo, 41
German assets
in Switzerland, 60, 63, 64, 66–67, 78, 79, 90–91, 94, 96, 99, 100, 107–18, 121–22, 130–33, 153, 170, 173–75, 181–83, 196, 199–200, 242, 336, 337, 343, 347–48, 349. See also Gold reserves of Nazi-occupied nations; Heirless assets; Safe-haven program
1946 negotiations in Washington, D.C., on, 132–56
affidavits of non-German ownership, 44, 65, 101, 103, 192, 194, 195, 243
Allied Law No. 5, 117–19, 153
census of, 77, 80, 93, 102, 103, 113, 114, 117–18, 130, 131
confiscation and sale of, 68, 94, 110, 117–19, 121, 133, 182–85, 233, 234. See also German assets, in Switzerland
Currie agreement, 76–84, 89, 90, 95, 102–4, 109, 114, 122
freezing of, 77–78, 80, 102–4, 202
“Melmer” gold, 336–37, 338, 348
West Germany and, 233–35, 246–49
in the United States, 250, 258
German Jews, 18, 22, 23, 97, 119–21, 123, 128, 129, 183, 204, 205, 217, 249. See also Heirless assets; Switzerland, Jewish refugees in
1946 Washington Accord and, 153–55
compensation and restitution of property of, 92–94, 338
in Germany after World War II, 184–85
insurance policies of, 228
repatriation proposed, 128–30
slave labor of, 335
stateless, 99, 119, 120–21, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 244–45
West Germany and, 257–58
Germans resident in Switzerland, 167, 168, 173
Germany. See also Nazi Germany; West Germany
Jews in, 184–85
reparations and restitution by, 60, 77, 94, 96–99, 105, 112, 126, 127–28
Swiss investments in, 35
U.S. economic offensive against, during World War II, 30
Gestapo, 18, 19, 38, 43, 46, 57, 59
Ginsberg, Harvey, 173
Ginzberg, Eli, 157–61, 163
Goebbels, Joseph, 186, 319
Gold, looted, 53, 54, 77, 79, 82–84, 90–91, 117, 132, 133, 139, 246–48, 310, 347–48, 349. See also Looted property
1946 negotiations in Washington and, 137–52
Gold dental fillings, 82, 91, 307, 335, 336, 337, 342
Goldmann, Nahum, 275
Gold reserves of Nazi-occupied nations, 51–58, 84, 347
Goldwasser, Izak, 237–38
Goodchild, Neal, 191, 200, 222, 230, 231–32, 234, 251–52
Göring, Hermann, 43, 70, 307, 319
Gottschalk, Max, 162, 163
Grandjean, Henri, 243
Great Britain, 22, 56, 57, 72–73, 74, 94–95, 202–203. See also Foreign Office, British; MI6; and specific officials and government agencies
1946 negotiations in Washington and, 136, 140
1952 agreement with Switzerland, 250–52
economy of, 105–6
heirless assets issue and, 92, 170–71, 191, 216–17, 225, 226, 230, 231, 252, 351
London Conference, 1997, 346–47, 348–49, 351, 352
Palestine and, 97–99
revelations of the 1990s and, 307–10, 334, 338–39, 348–49, 351
Gregory, H. S., 128, 130
Grüninger, Paul, 26, 87
Guggenheim, Paul, 3–4, 5–8, 219, 259–62
Guisan, General Henri, 36
Gustloff, Wilhelm, 20
Gut, Rainer, 325–26, 328
Häberlin, Heinz, 287–89
Halifax, Lord, 136
Häni, Hanspeter, 296–314
Harrison, Leland, 35, 90, 100, 104, 109
Hausfeld, Michael, 315
Haymann, Erwin, 111, 238, 241
Heirless assets, 80, 81, 91–92, 120, 126–28, 132, 133, 188, 189–90, 205–16, 218–30, 251, 252, 341, 350–51. See also Compensation Office, Swiss; and specific topics
1946 negotiations and proposals for distributing, 152–155, 157–61, 162–73
1951 memorandum on nonexistence of, 253–54
1962 draft law and, 277–89
census of, 188, 189, 204, 207, 227, 228, 265–66, 297
and dormant Swiss bank accounts, 345
of Eastern European Jews, 287–89, 350
notification requirements, 272
Paris Agreement on (1945), 155, 158–159, 161, 171, 225, 229, 256, 258
Polish, 209, 210–16, 218–19, 221, 224–27, 229, 233, 262, 264, 289–90, 312, 313, 320
theft of, 260–61, 269, 272
trustee proposed for, 262
Washington Accord (1946) and, 153–56, 187, 191, 196–98, 203, 211, 214, 217, 229, 245, 248–50, 307, 308
Henriques, E. F., 92, 112
Hevesi, Eugene, 250
Heyd, Jorg, 201
Heydt, Baron Eduard von der, 63
Hildring, John, 158
Himmler, Heinrich, 62, 70
Hirs, Alfred, 51, 53–57, 82–84, 134, 141–45, 150, 156, 247, 309–10, 342
Hitler, Adolf, 23, 43, 76, 86, 155, 307
Hoch, Ted, 44, 192–193
Hoerhager, Anna, 283
Hoess, Rudolf, 342
Hofer, Andreas, 43
Hoffman, Michael, 175, 221
Hohl, Walter, 189, 207
Holland, gold looted from, 52, 53, 139, 140, 247
Holocaust, 60–62, 124, 268
Holocaust Fund, 1997, 347
Holtklott, Richard, 21
Homberger, Heinrich, 83, 168–70, 175, 177–178, 179, 181, 186, 193, 197, 202, 248, 249, 258
Hoppenot, Henri, 162, 224
Hotz, Jean, 83
Huber, Harald, 268–71, 273, 277, 278
Hug, Peter, 313
Hungarian Jews, 161, 229, 230, 290–91
Hungary, 61–62, 229, 230, 236, 257, 288, 290–93, 312, 320
IG Chemie, 39, 196, 249
IG Farben, 39, 197, 344
Insurance companies, 211, 228, 250, 251, 276–77
Inter-Allied Reparations Agency (IARA), 182
Inter-Governmental Committee on Refugees, 155, 158, 161
Interim fund, creation of, 320–26
International Refugee Organization (IRO), 203,
231, 249, 250
Inverchapel, Lord, 191
Iselin, Felix, 39
Isenbergh, Max “Moose,” 205, 206–10, 213–25
Israel, 202, 224, 229, 231–33, 239–41, 252, 253, 258, 261, 263, 264, 267, 273–75, 281, 286, 350–51
Italy, 334, 347
Jaberg, Paul, 45, 193
Jaccard, Maurice, 239–40, 241–42, 250–51, 253
Jacobsohn, Betha, 285
Jacobson, Jerome, 222–23, 256
Jagmetti, Carlo, 316–18, 323
James, Harold, 344
Jann, Adolf, 189, 193, 209, 212
Janner, Greville, 308–9, 346
Japan, 350
Jewelry of Jews, looted, 53, 54. See also Diamonds; Gold, looted; Wedding rings, looted
Jewish Agency, 125, 128, 161, 250
Jewish Agency for Israel, 324
Jewish Agency for Palestine, 159–61
Jewish refugees. See also specific nationalities (e.g., German Jews) and other topics
deportation from Switzerland, 25–28
in Palestine, 22, 97–99, 127, 129, 158–61, 187, 202
in Switzerland
after World War II, 164, 166
during World War II, 21–28, 61, 62, 181, 263, 270
Jezler, Robert, 123
Johann Wehrli Bank (Zurich), 71–72
Joint Commission, 196
Jolles, Paul, 145
Kadigien, Friedrich, 82
Kaehlitz, Gerhard, 108
Kanjorski, Paul, 321
Kantonalbank chain, 175
Kappeler, Franz, 164–65, 180, 195, 211, 215
Kasper, Herman, 89
Keller, Paul, 220
Keller-Staub, Walter, 39
Kessler, Karl, 72
Kilgore, Harley, 151, 339–40
King, Nat, 192–93, 196, 204
Kittridge, Benjamin, 172
Klaus, Sam, 29–35, 37, 39, 42–45, 50, 66, 85, 88, 89, 95, 111, 149, 197, 329
Kleiman, Miriam, 301
Kohli, Robert, 83, 84, 100, 103, 267
Koller, Arnold, 324, 329
Korte, Willi, 301
Krayer, George, 294, 296–300, 302, 305, 311
Kristallnacht (1938), 23
Kronstein, L., 283
Kronthal, James, 173
Krupp, Alfred, 39
Kunin, Madeleine, 306
Kurzmeyer, Alfred, 342
Lacher, Hans, 281
Langer, William, 258
Latvian Jews, 345
Laval, Pierre, 70
Leach, James, 320
Legal obstacles for Jews, 118–20
Legg, Hugh, 196
Legge, B. R., 114
Liechtenstein, 69, 76, 140, 282
Lienhard, Peter, 16
Lifschitz, Boris, 76
Lindemann, Friede, 283–84
Linton, Joseph, 274
Loans by Switzerland, 162
to Nazi Germany, 40, 41, 47, 49, 50, 64, 70, 78, 100, 107, 199, 249
Lombard Bank, 38
London Conference, 1997, 346–47, 348–49, 351, 352
Long, Olivier, 188
Looted property, 70, 76, 77, 79–80, 90–91, 93, 94, 132, 133, 319, 334. See also Gold, looted; Heirless assets
jewelry of Jews, 53, 54. See also Diamonds; Gold, looted; Wedding rings, looted
Löwinger, Henry, 46
Lubin, Isador, 30, 96–99
Ludwig, Carl, 270
Lüthy, Dr., 243
Lutz, Carl, 61, 87, 232, 270
Luxembourg, 139
McClelland, Roswell, 62, 233–34, 252–53
McCombe, Francis, 136–38, 148–50, 153, 154
Mackillop, Douglas, 159–61
McNeil, Hector, 158–60
Mann, Anthony, 274–75
Mann, James, 88, 89, 90–91, 109, 113–18, 144, 175, 182, 192–94
Marshall, George, 187
Marshall Plan, 187
Maschinenbau Hilti, 41
Mason, Irwin, 162, 163
Mathius, Richard, 120
Matter, Albert, 4, 275–76
Mayer, Laura, 43
Mehnert-Frey, Eric, 282
Meili, Christoph, 331, 332–33, 345
Meir, Golda, 285
Melmer, Bruno, 336, 337
“Melmer” gold, 336–37, 338, 348
Mendelsohn, Martin, 315
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Hugo, 244–45
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Otto, 201–2, 244–45
Mendès-France, Pierre, 82
Menzies, Sir Stewart, 85
Merkers Mine, 338
Merlinski, Anna, 239
Meron, Gershon, 232–33, 238–39
Meyer, Robert, 166
Meyer, Saly, 344
MI6, 36, 37, 39, 53, 308
Milkowska, Hanna, 237
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 187
Montgomery, Field Marshal Sir Bernard Law, 112
Moos, Ludwig von, 274–75, 276–77, 287, 288
Morgenthau, Henry, 30, 31, 56, 58, 66, 70, 71, 80, 81, 96, 98, 142, 143
Mottier, Edgar, 286, 288
Munich Reinsurance Company, 110, 193
Musy, Jean-Marie, 70
National Archives (U.S.), 301, 306
National Bank, Belgian, 52
National Bank, French (Banque de France), 52
National Bank, Swiss. See Swiss National Bank
Nationality Law of 1941 (Germany), 122. See also Stateless Jews
Nazi Germany
loans from Switzerland to, 40, 41, 47, 49, 50, 64, 70, 78, 100, 107, 199, 249
Switzerland and, 35–41, 43, 45–83, 342. See also Switzerland, neutrality of
trade with Switzerland, 40–41, 46–50, 54, 56, 69, 74, 76–79, 108, 199
“Nazi Gold” (British report), 338–39
Neue Züricher Zeitung, 61
New York Times, 190, 226
Nobs, Ernst, 156
Norton, Sir Clifford, 33, 41, 47–49, 108, 115, 116
NSC 199 (presidential policy report, 1951), 340–41
Nuremberg, trials in, 187
Nussbaumer, Albert, 116, 172, 194–95
Oetterli, Max, 216, 227, 236, 239–43, 250–51, 255–58, 264–67, 275–77
at 1952 meeting in Bern, 2–8
Office for the Property of Missing
Foreigners, 279. See also
Weber, Hans
Ortar-Zabludowsky, Mrs., 283
OSS, 37, 88–90
Ostrow, Walter, 45, 72, 89, 90, 193, 194
Ott, Max, 120, 121, 169, 173, 174, 179–80, 183, 187–88, 192, 193, 194, 197, 201, 202, 205, 217, 248, 249
Palestine, 22, 97–99, 127–129, 158–61, 187, 202, 203. See also Israel
Papen, Franz von, 43
Paris, 1946 conference on distribution of money to refugees, 157–61
Paris Agreement (1945), 155, 158–59, 161, 171, 225, 229, 256, 258
Parti du Travail, 131
Paterson, Avery, 252
Paul, Randolph, 134–38, 141, 145–55
Pauley, Ed, 96–97
Pearson, Drew, 89, 90
Pechy, Thomas de, 86
Pérrier, Philippe, 101, 159, 161
Pétain, Marshal, 70, 74–75, 144
Peterson, Avery, 95
Petitpierre, Alexander, 194, 195
Petitpierre, Max, 75–76, 101–4, 115–16, 122, 131, 132, 146, 147, 150, 151, 156, 165, 172, 185, 187, 190, 195, 197, 201, 205, 235, 236, 243, 244, 247, 248, 251, 254, 266, 267, 273–75, 290
Polish agreement and, 210, 212–20, 224–30
Picard, Jacques, 295
Pilet-Golaz, Marcel, 48–49, 75
Playfair, Eddie, 81, 94, 107, 127–29, 348
Pohl, Oswald, 337
Poland, 139, 164, 172, 266–67, 272
agreement with Switzerland (1949), 209–18, 220, 222–26, 232, 264
heirless assets and, 209, 210–16, 218–19, 221, 224–27, 229, 233, 262, 264, 289–90, 312, 313, 320
Swiss assets in, 212
Police, Sw
iss, 119–120
Polish Jews, 264, 312, 334
Portugal, 53, 55, 76, 139–40, 233, 247, 340
Potsdam declaration, 99
Proof of death and heirship required by Swiss banks, 6, 11–12, 163–65
Puhl, Emil, 51, 52, 55, 82–85, 103, 117, 141–44, 148, 337
Rabin, Yitzhak, 296
Rahm, Edgar de, 95
Rappard, William (Willi), 77, 79–81, 132–33, 140, 141, 144, 145, 147–48
Reagan, Daniel, 88–90, 115, 175
Red Cross, 37, 87
Reginek, Hans, 238
Reginek, Lydia, 238
Reichsbank, 8, 38, 39, 51–55, 82, 83, 91, 117, 138–42, 150, 244–45, 328, 336–38, 347
Reinhardt, Eberhard, 95, 134, 194, 273
Reiser, Max, 241
Reisser, Hans, 124
Reparations and restitution
by Germany, 60, 77, 94, 96–99, 105, 112, 126, 127–28
to Israel, 258
by Switzerland, 277, 340, 341, 343, 345
Resolution VI, 31, 77. See also Bretton Woods Resolution
Rham, Guy de, 165–66, 188, 189, 207
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 43
Rice, James, 221–22, 223
Rickman, Gregg, 299, 301, 302, 306, 307, 311, 319
Riegner, Gerhard, 19
Rifkind, Malcolm, 308
Ritter, Paul, 232, 233
Robbins, Albert, 95, 144, 145
Rock, Eli, 252–53
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 22, 30, 40, 65, 66, 70, 74, 96, 138
Rossy, Paul, 55
Rothmund, Heinrich, 20–25, 25, 62, 166, 206, 263, 270, 344
Royer, Bob, 302
Rubin, Seymour (Sy), 104–108, 111, 113, 120, 126–28, 135, 136, 141, 143, 147–49, 151–55, 183, 191, 192, 197–99, 204–6, 208–10, 214, 216–17, 220–21, 225–27, 230, 235, 237–38, 247, 250–52, 256, 273
Rügger, Paul, 150
Rumania, 52
Russia, 139. See also Soviet Union
Sachs, Paul, 245
Safehaven program, 31, 32, 35, 37, 58, 59, 64, 65, 67, 68, 71, 82, 85, 86, 88–91, 94–96, 130, 172–73, 175, 192–93
British view of, 59, 71, 82, 85, 86, 94, 95, 106, 115, 118
U.S. State Department’s view of, 71
Safe-deposit boxes, theft of, 260–61
Salmanovitz, Jacques, 223, 301–2
Salome (Titian), 309
Salton, Lewis, 13
Sanctions against Switzerland, 32, 49, 63, 65, 71, 79, 96, 99, 105, 108, 113–15, 130, 131, 135–37, 151, 152, 321, 332, 340, 341, 345
Sapir, Estelle, 12–13, 312
Sarasin, Bernhard, 131, 195
Sargent, Sir Orme, 150
SBC. See Swiss Bank Corporation
Schaefer, Alfred, 109–10
Schaffhausen, 1944 bombing of, 204
Schaffner, Hans, 146
Schimshohn, Diamant, 237
Schindler’s List (film), 331
Schmid, Philip, 241, 242, 251
Schmid, Werner, 236
Schmidt, Orvis, 64, 70–71, 80–81, 89, 95–96, 114, 116–17, 135