God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican
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Ledochowski, Wladimir, 74, 556n
Legion of Christ, 372n, 410, 433
Lehman Brothers, 437, 623n
Leiber, Robert, 93–94, 135, 150, 559n
Lena, Giulio, 370–71
Leo IV, Pope, 20
Leo X, Pope, 10, 11
Leo XI, Pope, 633n
Leo XII, Pope, 541n
Leo XIII, Pope, 26, 29, 576n, 638n
Anti-modernism of, 31, 33
Bank of Rome investment by, 28
capitalism distrusted by, 30
Catholics banned from political participation by, 30, 31
death of, 31, 32
interest-bearing loan issued by, 27
real estate investments of, 28
Rerum Novarum encyclical of, 30
return of Papal States sought by, 30
social agenda of, 31
Syllabus reaffirmed by, 31
Leone, Giovanni, 221
Levy, Jonathan, 391–92, 394, 449n, 672n
liberation theology, 264, 497
Libya, 51, 221
Italian invasion of, 37
Liechtenstein, 57, 113, 119, 171, 236, 414, 486–87, 638n
Loftus, John, 132
Lombardi, Federico, 432, 433, 448–49, 452, 467–68, 469, 470, 483, 486, 490, 492–93, 497, 511, 684n
London, England, 1–7, 47, 257, 329, 336, 338, 531n, 532n, 556n
conference on Holocaust stolen assets in, 386–88, 392
Lorenzi, Diego, 265–66, 269, 271, 273n, 630n, 632n, 634n
Louisiana, 398–99, 673n, 675n
Louisville, Ky., 408–9
Lovelok, 613n, 616n
Luciani, Cardinal Albino, see John Paul I, Pope
Lumen Christi, 379–80
Lustrissimi, Sebastiano, 315, 316
Luther, Martin, 11, 534n
Luxembourg, 57, 112, 236, 370, 414, 572n
Lynch, William, 215, 216–17
Lyttelton, Oliver, 90–91
Macchi, Pasquale, 174, 186, 198, 248–50, 252–54, 256, 369, 601n, 604n, 606n, 610n, 628n, 630n
McCormick, Vincent, 96–97
Maciel Degollado, Marcial, 410, 433–34, 678n
Mackenzie Limitada, 585n–86n
Madame Prosecutor (Del Ponte), 427n
Mafia, 171, 221, 275, 290, 291, 294, 301, 337, 345n, 351, 358, 363, 427, 469, 475, 480, 505, 600n, 601n, 613n, 660n, 666n
counterfeit securities ring of, 209–19
Marcinkus and, 377
priests as members of, 600n
Magee, John, 253, 263, 265–66, 267, 268, 269–70, 273n, 633n
Magister, Sandro, 461, 470
Maglione, Cardinal Luigi, 85, 93, 97, 98n, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108n, 116, 164, 561n, 562n, 567n, 568n, 569n, 592n, 595n
Maillardoz, Henri de, 52, 57, 156–57, 160, 166, 167, 171, 176, 177, 179–80, 232, 300, 363, 550n, 605n, 664n
Malachy O’Morgair, Saint, 94n
Malagodi, Giovanni, 116, 575n
Manic, 236, 244, 313, 624n, 647n–48n, 653n
Mani Pulite (Clean Hands) investigation, 367, 372, 375, 376
Mannoia, Francesco Marino, 377, 601n
Marcellus II, Pope, 633n
Marcinkus, Paul Casimir, 3, 118n, 189–95, 197–203, 204, 206–7, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214–19, 220, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 235n, 236–37, 238–40, 241, 243n, 244, 246, 249–50, 252, 257–58, 260, 261, 262–63, 264, 270, 272n, 273n, 286, 288–91, 292, 295, 296–97, 306, 308–11, 313, 315–24, 330–37, 338–39, 341, 343–48, 349–58, 360, 362, 363–64, 365, 366, 368, 369–70, 373n, 396, 397, 398, 430, 437, 440, 442n, 449, 463, 490, 512, 513, 604n, 606n–7n, 608n–16n, 618n, 624n–29n, 637n–40n, 642n, 644n, 646n–48n, 650n, 653n–55n, 658n, 659n, 662n, 663n, 700n
Ambrosiano settlement opposed by, 348
appointment to Vatican Bank of, 194
background of, 189–90, 608n, 636n
and Banca Cattolica deal, 207
Bank of Italy investigators’ meeting with, 331
Carlo Calvi and, 315, 316
Casaroli and, 327, 331
Cisalpine and, 202, 238, 296, 320, 327
as conduit between U.S. and Vatican, 308
counterfeit securities investigation and, 213, 214–15, 217–19, 220
criminal investigation into, 347
death of, 364n
expectation of appointment to cardinal of, 310–311, 342
FBI interview with, 284–85, 335, 336
financial inexperience of, 194–95, 198, 355, 610n
Hammer’s book and, 335–37
Italian arrest warrant for, 352–53, 449, 451
John Paul I and, 262–63
John Paul II and, 280, 282–84, 286, 308, 309, 321, 334, 335, 342, 354, 355, 360, 366
John XXIII and, 191
Latin American experience of, 310
letters of patronage given to Calvi by, 319, 321, 323, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 339, 344, 348
Mafia and, 377
as material witness in the Ambrosiano collapse, 333
opposition to, 280, 284, 309, 330, 331–32
Papal trips organized and attended by, 280, 283, 609n
Paul VI and, 192–93, 197–201, 207, 219, 231, 249–50
Pazienza and, 297–98, 309, 313, 315
personality of, 190–91, 355–56
physical appearance of, 189, 200, 217
Philadelphia corruption case handled by, 282–83
press on, 350, 352, 355, 360
replacement for, 361–62, 363
resignation of, 363–64, 365, 366, 370
in return to U.S., 364
Roberto Calvi and, 202–3, 207, 236, 237, 239–40, 244, 288, 292, 296, 309, 319–26, 358, 490
Roberto Calvi’s indemnity letter to, 319–20, 321, 327–28
as rumored Freemason, 302–3
rumored resignation of, 332
rumored sex parties of, 345n
self-imposed exile of, 353
Sindona and, 189, 194–95, 199, 222, 223, 225–26, 228, 231, 232, 233, 262–63, 289, 297, 299, 490
Solidarity funded by, 308–9
as U.S. source in Vatican, 334–35
as Vatican Bank head, 197–201, 249–50, 257, 258, 260, 261, 286, 325, 339, 342, 347, 354, 360, 369–70, 377, 440
as Vatican City chief administrator, 310–11, 325
Vatican financial policies set by, 610n
Marie-Benoît, Père, 98, 104n, 568n
Marigonda, Vittoria, 199, 217, 612n
Marinelli, Luigi, 463–64, 691n
Marranci, Rolando, 508n, 700n
Marshall Plan, 151–52, 157
Martin, Malachi, 249, 257, 606n, 627n
Martini, Cardinal Carlo Maria, 419, 423, 663n, 681n
Marx, Karl, 36, 277, 542n
Marxism, 5, 30, 264, 310, 326
Masons, see Freemasons, Freemasonry
Medici family, 10, 115
Mediobanca, 158, 171
Mediocredito Lombardo, 361, 363, 374
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 34n, 109
Melbourne, University of, 413–14
Mellon family, 22, 547n, 577n
Mengele, Josef, xi, 390n
Mengele (Posner), xii
Mennini, Alessandro, 197, 313
Mennini, Luigi, 156, 166, 167, 171, 177, 180, 181, 184, 185, 187, 203, 228, 232, 236, 296, 312, 317, 319, 343, 344, 364n, 602n, 611n, 627n, 650n, 700n
as real power behind the Vatican Bank, 199, 355–356
Calvi and, 197, 320, 325, 327–28
criminal investigation of, 300–301, 333, 347, 352, 355–56, 363, 366
Marcinkus and, 194, 198–99
resignation of, 363
Mennini, Paolo, 364n, 700n
men of confidence, 159, 167, 171, 188
Merry del Val, Cardinal, 36, 40, 49, 65n
Mexico, 127, 180, 280, 283, 414n, 626n
MI5 (British intelligence), 136, 391, 531n
MI6 (British secret service), 153n, 654n
Milan, Italy, 168–71, 200n, 286
–87, 312, 361, 363, 480
modernists, Catholic, 19, 24, 29, 31, 33–35, 39, 542n
Monaco, 48n, 113, 119, 444
Mondo, Il, 260, 330, 612n
Monetary Convention, 443, 445, 447, 448, 451
Moneychangers, The (Raw), 659n
Moneyrex, 176–77, 602n, 615n
Moneyval, 450, 456–58, 460, 467, 472–73, 483, 484–85, 487, 489, 504, 508–510, 688n, 690n, 695n, 700n
Vatican Bank reports of, 484–85, 487, 508–9
Montecatini Company, 158, 161, 550n
Montecatini Edison, 180, 550n
Montedison, 372, 373
Montenegro, 121, 142
Monti, Carlo, 79, 557n
Montini, Cardinal Giovanni Battista, see Paul VI, Pope
Morgan, J. P., 58, 121
Morgan Bank, 47–48, 71, 82, 112, 115, 159, 547n
see also J. P. Morgan
Morgenthau, Henry, 117, 583n–84n
Moro, Aldo, 173n, 175, 182–83, 248, 273n, 287, 627n
Morpurgo, Giuseppe Lazzaro, 122–23, 578n–79n
Mortara, Edgardo, 17–18, 537n–38n
Mucci, Luca, 287, 300
Mudge, Rose, Guthrie & Alexander, 206, 231
Mundelein, George, 47, 549n, 610n
Munich Re, 123, 124, 126, 580n
Murphy, Paul, 554n, 559n
Murphy, Peter, 191, 335n, 353, 355–56, 364, 370, 463, 655n, 660n
Mussolini, Benito (Il Duce), 0, 44–45, 52–55, 56, 58–61, 62, 63, 65n, 70–71, 79, 82, 83, 85, 87, 93, 96, 109, 110, 111, 113, 575n, 577n, 578n, 583n, 590n, 603n, 616n
anti-Catholicism of, 44–45
anticommunism of, 60
anti-Semitism of, 73, 74–75, 122, 556n
arrest of, 99, 128
in Bank of Rome bailout, 45–46
Ethiopia invaded by, 68–69
as head of Nazi puppet government, 128–29
Lateran Pacts and, 48–49, 450
Nazi rescue of, 100
Pius XI and, 45–46, 47–49, 54–55, 73
Vatican Bank and, 119
Vatican’s partnership with, 60–61
Myth of the Twentieth Century (Rosenberg), 65n
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 11, 98n
Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 14, 17, 18, 20
Nation, 546n–57n, 555n
National Archives, 132, 135n, 385, 573n, 581n, 585n, 591n
National Catholic Reporter, 76, 399, 401, 403n, 421, 442, 494, 537n, 634n, 666n, 674n
National Fascist Party, Italian, 44, 49, 52, 99, 128, 560n
National Socialism, see Nazi Germany, Nazis
Navarro-Valls, Joaquín, 303n, 385, 388, 389, 391, 396, 427
Nazi fugitives:
Catholic Church’s aid to, xi–xii, 143, 150–51, 384, 385
Pius XII’s silence about, 143
in South America, xi–xii, 384, 386
Vatican gold used in aid of, 145, 384, 386
Nazi Germany, Nazis, xi–xii, 69, 78–79, 84, 87, 89, 91–93, 95–97, 101–5, 112, 113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 125, 127, 131–37, 138, 141, 143–45, 147, 148–51, 153n, 154, 164, 176, 189, 195, 308, 339–41, 342, 383–88, 397, 421–23, 426, 445–46, 449n, 482, 493n, 544n, 552n, 553n, 556n, 560n, 561n, 562n, 563n, 564n, 565n, 566n, 567n, 568n, 569n, 570n, 571n, 572n, 579n, 582n, 584n, 586n, 587n, 588n, 589n, 594n, 603n, 656n
anti-Catholic measures in, 72
anti-Semitism in, 63–64, 66, 67, 72–73, 74, 75, 76–77, 84, 278, 554n; see also Holocaust
assisting insurers in avoiding paying victims claims, 127, 579n
book burnings in, 63
Catholic Church in, 64, 65–66, 73–74
Czechoslovakia invaded by, 82
gold looted by, 130–31, 384, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393
northern Italy occupied by, 99–100, 128–29
Pius XI and, 67, 72,
Pius XII and, see Holocaust, Pius XII and
Poland invaded by, 85–86, 111
Reichskonkordat violated by, 72, 109
Russia invaded by, 88, 90, 96
in Soviet nonaggression pact, 85
Sudetenland claims of, 71
Vatican and, 62–68, 72, 75, 76–77, 80, 82, 88, 90–91, 110, 551n
see also Gestapo; SS (Schutzstaffel)
Nazi hunters, xi, xii, 143, 147, 339
Netherlands, 57, 112, 131, 564n
Newsweek, 337, 640n
New York, N.Y., 71, 115, 116n, 117, 165, 209, 215, 223, 224–25, 241, 292–94, 299–300, 315–16, 373, 383, 404, 641n
New York Times, xii, 161n, 178, 183, 187, 204, 221, 228, 231, 232, 246, 257, 289, 342, 349, 354, 364, 367, 390n, 400, 434, 452–53, 464n, 488, 505, 546n, 558n, 598n, 602n, 610n, 650n, 674n, 689n
Nicaragua, 288, 309–10, 319, 353, 626n
Nichita Roncalli: Controvita di un papa (Bellegrandi), 173n
Nicholas V Tower, 118, 199, 217, 343, 483, 612n, 664n
Nicora, Cardinal Attilio, 431, 441, 452, 468, 473, 485, 489, 491, 510, 663n
Niehans, Paul, 161–62, 596n
Nikodim, Metropolitan, 261–62
Nixon, Richard, 193, 200, 205, 206, 221, 223, 240, 289, 618n, 623n
Nogara (Abwehr spy), 133, 134–35, 586n
Nogara, Bartolomeo, 51, 156
Nogara, Bernardino, 54, 90, 101, 115, 120–22, 124–29, 155–61, 166, 167, 168, 170, 176, 179–80, 182, 185, 202, 232, 300, 359, 362, 398, 512, 547n–48n, 554n, 560n, 569n, 573n, 575n, 577n–78n, 580n, 581n, 586n, 587n, 595n, 598n, 605n, 607n, 638n, 664n
appointed head of ASSS, 52
arbitrage strategy of, 57
background of, 50–51
as BCI director, 52, 57, 59, 116, 121, 134
Black Nobles’ conflict with, 52
cardinals’ investigations of, 83–84, 111
death of, 166
fighting Allies over blacklisting of Sudameris, 156–157
foreign bank investments of, 57–58
gold as safehaven investment, 112, 130
Great Depression and, 53, 55–61
holding companies established by, 57, 110, 112, 116, 119, 124, 126, 550n, 551n
IRI and, 58–59
and Italian invasion of Ethiopia, 69, 70
Italian investments of, 58–59, 157–58
Paul VI and, 159–60
Pius XI and, 52, 56
Pius XII and, 82–84, 549n
as possible Nazi spy, 132–37
postwar economy and, 155
postwar investment strategy of, 157–58, 160, 179
real estate investments of, 57, 111, 112, 124
retirement of, 160
and role in raising gold for Rome’s Jews, 100–101
rumored Jewishness of, 51
stake in Fondiaria and, 125
U.S. investments of, 71
use of IOR for aggressive money transfers, 118–19
Vatican Bank created by, 117–18, 128
Vatican finances transformed by, 160
Vatican gold reserves moved to U.S. by, 57, 112, 113, 130
visit to United States, 71
Volpi and, 120–22, 124, 126, 129, 130
World War II and, 111–12
Nogara, Giovanni, 161, 185
Nogara, Paolo, 161, 596n
Noriega, Manuel, 310n, 316n
Normandy invasion, 105
North Vietnam, 181, 193, 220
Norway, 112, 113
Nostra Aetate (In Our Time), 180n
Nuremberg Laws, 68, 88
Nuzzi, Gianluigi, 439–41, 465, 467–68, 469, 470, 473–74, 475, 478, 485, 492, 693n
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 118–19, 131, 132, 134–36, 138, 142, 584n, 585n, 587n, 588n
Nazi fugitives and, 135, 147, 151, 592n
Oligata Romana, 190, 199
Olivetti, 321–22, 328
Olympics (Rome, 1960), 167, 186
O’Malley, Cardinal Sean, 495, 501
Operation Fraulein, 210–19, 617n
Operation Safehaven, 128, 141, 581n
O
pus Dei, 325, 339n, 365, 375, 443, 464n, 470, 482, 487, 511, 610n, 652n
rumored secret deal with Calvi and, 325
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 444, 445, 447, 452, 456, 457, 472, 473, 482, 484, 487, 510
Orlandi, Emanuela, 345n, 474
Orsenigo, Cesare, 66–67, 82, 91
Ortolani, Umberto, 235, 238, 302, 532n, 644n, 658n
Osborne, D’Arcy Godolphin, 73, 81, 90, 99, 104, 106, 107, 110, 149, 556n, 565n, 566n, 570n, 573n
Osservatore Romano, L’,16–17, 49, 79, 354, 437, 443, 448, 537n, 540n, 607n, 612n
Ottoman Empire, 51, 124, 134, 550n
Ouellet, Marc, 495, 496
Owens, Jeffrey, 447, 452
Pacelli, Carlo, 104, 156, 570n, 574n, 594n, 595n
Pacelli, Ernesto, 40, 50, 83, 125
as Bank of Rome president, 29, 36
economic and political reforms urged by, 30
Pius X’s break with, 37–38
Vatican finances overseen by, 35
as Vatican financial advisor, 29–30, 36–37, 546n
Pacelli, Eugenio, see Pius XII, Pope
Pacelli, Francesco, 48, 59, 79, 546n–47n
Pacelli, Giulio, 158, 159, 160, 185, 595n
Pacelli, Marcantonio, 158, 159, 160, 575n, 595n, 596n
Padalino, Giulio, 286, 288, 638n
Pagano, Bishop Sergio, 128, 589n
Palace of the Chancellery, 14, 536n
Palazzini, Cardinal Pietro, 321, 324–25
Palestine, 67–68, 106, 648n
Palestinian Liberation Organization, 221, 313
Panama, 202, 236, 638n
Panciroli, Romeo, 268, 269, 270, 654n
Panorama, 202n, 231, 323, 440
Pantanella, 186, 239
Papacy:
antipopes and, 10, 634n
elections of, 32
infallibility of, 19
Papal Court, 10, 17, 28–29, 32, 44, 537n
Papal States, 12, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 30, 33, 42, 45, 48, 153, 178
Italy’s annexation of, 18–19, 21, 47
taxation of, 8, 9, 15, 16
Papée, Kazimierz, 95, 567n
Papen, Franz von, 63, 65, 164
Paraguay, xi–xii
Paribas, see Banque de Paris et des Pays–Bas
Parolin, Cardinal Pietro, 507–9
Partito Popolare Italiano (Italian People’s Party), 44, 46, 49
Pascalina Lehnert, Sister, 83, 143, 160, 161, 165, 554n, 558n, 559n, 564n, 566n, 589n, 594n, 596n–97n
Pius XII’s relationship with, 80–81, 632n
Paul II, Pope, 9
Paul IV, Pope, 110
Paul VI, Pope, 34, 90, 95, 99, 107, 108n, 140, 142–43, 148, 149–50, 153, 159–60, 165, 168, 169–70, 173–74, 175–77, 180–81, 183–84, 192, 208, 217, 221, 224, 233–34, 255–59, 260, 262, 263, 264, 266n, 267, 271–74, 279, 283, 290, 310, 350, 365n, 369, 534n, 540n, 567n, 589n, 592n, 596n, 599n, 602n, 610n, 611n, 627n–32n, 633n, 639n, 657n