Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958-1962

by Frank Dikotter

  38 Report by Hu Yaobang on 1 Oct. 1961, Hunan, 141-2-138, pp. 186–9.

  39 Hunan, 13 April 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 1–10.

  40 Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9.

  41 Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, pp. 1–12.

  42 Hunan, 6 Oct. 1962, 207-1-750, pp. 44–9.

  43 Hunan, 13 and 15 May 1961, 146-1-584, pp. 13 and 18.

  44 Hunan, 24 April 1961, 146-1-583, p. 108; large reservoirs were defined by Beijing as having a capacity of over 100 million cubic metres, medium ones ranging from 10 to 100 million cubic metres and small ones having less than 10 million cubic metres.

  45 Hunan, 4 Aug. 1962, 207-1-744, pp. 1–12.

  46 Hunan, 7 Jan. 1962, 207-1-743, pp. 85–105.

  47 Hunan, 1 Dec. 1961, 163-1-1109, p. 101.

  48 Hubei, 12 Sept. 1959, SZ18-2-197, pp. 39–43.

  49 Hubei, 1 Aug. 1959, SZ113-1-209, p. 3.

  50 Hubei, 27 March 1961, SZ18-2-201.

  51 Hubei, 18 March and 9 June 1961, SZ113-1-26, pp. 1–3 and 12–14.

  52 Hubei, 14 April 1962, SZ113-2-213, p. 25.

  53 Hunan, 1964, 187-1-1355, p. 64.

  54 Guangdong, Dec. 1960, 266-1-74, pp. 105–18.

  55 Report by Ministry of Water Conservancy and Hydraulic Electricity, 27 July 1960, Hunan, 141-1-1709, p. 277.

  56 Guangdong, Dec. 1960, 266-1-74, p. 117.

  57 Yi, ‘World’s Most Catastrophic Dam Failures’, pp. 25–38.

  58 Shui, ‘Profile of Dams in China’, p. 23.

  59 As reported by the secretary of the south-central region Li Yiqing; Hunan, 11 Aug. 1961, 186-1-584, p. 134.

  60 Beijing, 17 April 1962, 96-2-22, p. 6.

  61 Hebei, 1 July 1961, 979-3-864, pp. 4–5.

  62 Hebei, 1962, 979-3-870, p. 7; see also Hebei, 13 July 1962, 979-3-871, pp. 1–22, for a much lower figure for the increase in alkaline land.

  63 Report by Liu Jianxun, 24 Dec. 1961, Hunan, 141-2-142, p. 225.

  64 Report by Hu Yaobang, 1 Oct. 1961, Hunan, 141-2-138, pp. 186–7.

  65 Report by Hua Shan, 9 May 1962, Shandong, A1-2-1125, pp. 5–7.

  66 Gansu, 9 March 1960, zhongfa (60) 258, 91-18-154, pp. 254–5.

  67 Beijing, 17 Sept. 1959, 2-11-145, pp. 3–6.

  68 Gansu, 9 March 1960, zhongfa (60) 258, 91-18-154, pp. 254–5.

  69 Gansu, 24 Feb. 1960, 91-18-177, pp. 14–17.

  70 Gansu, 9 March 1960, zhongfa (60) 258, 91-18-154, pp. 254–5.

  71 Nanjing, 22 Nov. 1960, 5065-3-395, pp. 35–52.

  72 Report by Mao Qihua, Gansu, 4 Sept. 1960, zhongfa (60) 825, 91-18-154, p. 104.

  73 Shanghai, Oct. 1961, B29-2-954, p. 57.

  74 Ibid.

  75 Ibid., p. 76.

  76 Hubei, 10 Jan. 1961, SZ34-5-45, pp. 22–4; 23 Jan. 1961, SZ1-2-906, p. 17.

  77 Klochko, Soviet Scientist, pp. 71–3.

  78 Nanjing, 18 March 1959, 5065-3-367, pp. 20–2; 25 March 1959, 5003-3-721, pp. 8–9.

  79 Shanghai, 1959, A70-1-82, p. 9.

  80 Shapiro, Mao’s War on Nature, p. 88.

  81 Hubei, 8 and 25 July 1961, SZ18-2-202, pp. 78 and 101.

  82 Nanjing, 24 Oct. 1960, 4003-1-203, pp. 20–1.

  83 Zhejiang, 29 Jan. 1961, J116-15-115, p. 11.

  Chapter 22: Feasting through Famine

  1 James R. Townsend and Brantly Womack, Politics in China, Boston: Little, Brown, 1986, p. 86.

  2 Tiejun Cheng and Mark Selden, ‘The Construction of Spatial Hierarchies: China’s hukou and danwei Systems’, in Timothy Cheek and Tony Saich (eds), New Perspectives on State Socialism in China, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1997, pp. 23–50.

  3 Guangdong, 15 March 1962, 300-1-215, pp. 205–7.

  4 Li, Private Life of Chairman Mao, pp. 78–9.

  5 Fu Zhengyuan, Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 238.

  6 Lu, Cadres and Corruption, p. 86.

  7 Shanghai, 1961, B50-2-324, pp. 15–24.

  8 Neibu cankao, 25 Nov. 1960, pp. 11–12.

  9 Neibu cankao, 6 March 1961, p. 5.

  10 Neibu cankao, 22 Feb. 1961, pp. 13–14.

  11 Guangdong, 5 Sept. 1960, 231-1-242, pp. 72–7.

  12 Guangdong, 18 June 1960, 231-1-242, pp. 63–5.

  13 Guangdong, 10 Dec. 1960, 217-1-643, pp. 44–9.

  14 Ibid., p. 45.

  15 Guangdong, 24 July 1959, 217-1-497, pp. 61–3.

  16 Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-116, p. 48.

  17 Guangdong, 26 June 1959, 217-1-69, pp. 33–8.

  18 PRO, London, 15 Nov. 1959, FO371-133462.

  19 Shanghai, 8 Oct. 1960, A20-1-10, pp. 19 ff.

  20 Hebei, 8 May 1959, 855-5-1758, pp. 97–8.

  21 Beijing, 14 Feb. 1959, 1-14-573, p. 65.

  22 Shanghai, 27 Jan. 1961, A36-1-246, pp. 9–17.

  Chapter 23: Wheeling and Dealing

  1 Shanghai, 20 Dec. 1960, A36-2-447, pp. 64–5.

  2 Neibu cankao, 2 June 1960, pp. 14–15.

  3 Neibu cankao, 16 Nov. 1960, pp. 11–13.

  4 Shanghai, Feb. 1961, A36-2-447, p. 22.

  5 Guangdong, Nov. 1960, 288-1-115, p. 1.

  6 Neibu cankao, 16 Nov. 1960, pp. 11–13.

  7 Guangdong, 9 Feb. 1961, 235-1-255, pp. 39–40.

  8 Guangdong, 5 Dec. 1961, 235-1-259, p. 75.

  9 Nanjing, 27 May 1959, 4003-1-279, p. 242.

  10 Neibu cankao, 25 Nov. 1960, pp. 13–15.

  11 Gansu, 24 Oct. 1960, zhongfa (60) 865, 91-18-164, pp. 169–72.

  12 Report from Ministry of Finance, Gansu, 5 Nov. 1960, zhongfa (60) 993, 91-18-160, pp. 275–80.

  13 Neibu cankao, 7 Dec. 1960, pp. 14–15.

  14 Speech at Beidaihe, Gansu, 11 Aug. 1961, 91-18-561, pp. 51 and 55.

  15 Report from Ministry of Finance, Gansu, 5 Nov. 1960, zhongfa (60) 993, 91-18-160, pp. 275–80.

  16 Neibu cankao, 8 Aug. 1960, pp. 5–7.

  17 Hebei, 19 April 1959, 855-5-1758, pp. 105–6.

  18 Beijing, 23 June 1961, 1-5-376, pp. 4–10.

  19 Nanjing, Aug. 1960, 4003-1-199, p. 19.

  20 Nanjing, 14 Aug. 1960, 4003-1-199, pp. 1–4.

  21 Neibu cankao, 25 Nov. 1960, pp. 12–13; 30 Dec. 1960, pp. 10–11.

  22 Beijing, 27 April 1961, 1-28-30, pp. 1–4.

  23 Shanghai, 7 Aug. 1961, A20-1-60, pp. 181–5.

  24 Beijing, 28 Nov. 1960, 101-1-138, pp. 13–29.

  25 Shanghai, 28 March 1959, B29-1-34, pp. 48–9.

  26 Neibu cankao, 26 Dec. 1960, pp. 10–11.

  27 Neibu cankao, 17 May 1961, p. 22.

  28 Guangdong, 23 Jan. 1961, 217-1-644, pp. 10–12.

  29 Guangzhou, 24 Feb. 1961, 92-1-275, p. 74.

  30 Nanjing, 1 Sept. 1959, 5003-3-722, p. 89.

  31 Hunan, 15 Jan. 1961, 146-1-580, p. 15.

  32 For a description see Dennis L. Chinn, ‘Basic Commodity Distribution in the People’s Republic of China’, China Quarterly, no. 84 (Dec. 1980), pp. 744–54.

  33 Neibu cankao, 18 Aug. 1960, p. 16.

  34 Guangdong, 9 Feb. 1961, 235-1-259, pp. 39–40.

  35 Neibu cankao, 7 Dec. 1960, p. 24.

  36 Guangdong, 9 Feb. 1961, 235-1-259, pp. 39–40.

  37 Beijing, 29 Dec. 1960, 2-12-262, pp. 18–20.

  38 Hunan, 13 June 1961, 163-1-1109, pp. 21–2.

  39 MfAA, Berlin, March–April 1961, A17009, pp. 3–4.

  40 Neibu cankao, 23 Jan. 1961, pp. 10–11; 6 Feb. 1962, pp. 5–6.

  41 See also Jeremy Brown, ‘Great Leap City: Surviving the Famine in Tianjin’, in Kimberley E. Manning and Felix Wemheuer (eds), New Perspectives on China’s Great Leap Forward and Great Famine, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2010.

  42 MfAA, Berlin, 6 Sept. 1962, A6862, p. 8.

  43 Hubei, 7 Aug. 1961 and July 1962, SZ29-1-13, pp. 73–4 and 76–7.

  44 Sichuan, 16 Aug. and 12 Sept. 1962, JC44-3918, pp. 105–7 and 117–19.

  45 Hubei, 18 Sept. 1961, SZ18-2-199, pp. 6–7.

  46 Hebei, 6 Ma
y 1959, 855-5-1744, pp. 101–3.

  47 Sichuan, 1962, JC1-3047, pp. 1–2.

  48 Shandong, 10 Aug. 1959, A1-2-776, p. 72.

  Chapter 24: On the Sly

  1 Hunan, 12 Feb. 1961, 151-1-20, pp. 32–3.

  2 Beijing, 24 March 1961, 1-28-28, pp. 2–6.

  3 Shanghai, 25 Oct. 1961, B123-5-144, p. 176.

  4 Shanghai, Aug. 1961, B29-2-655, p. 82.

  5 Sichuan, 1959, JC9-249, p. 160.

  6 Sichuan, 1959, JC9-250, pp. 14 and 46.

  7 Interview with Ding Qiao’er, born 1951, Huangxian county, Shandong, Dec. 2006.

  8 Neibu cankao, 2 June 1960, pp. 14–15.

  9 Neibu cankao, 19 Dec. 1960, p. 21.

  10 Ibid., pp. 23–4.

  11 Neibu cankao, 7 Dec. 1960, pp. 21–4.

  12 Nanjing, 26 Feb. 1959, 4003-1-171, p. 62.

  13 Shanghai, 31 March 1960, B123-4-588, p. 3; 22 May 1961, B112-4-478, pp. 1–2.

  14 Thaxton, Catastrophe and Contention in Rural China, p. 201.

  15 Neibu cankao, 2 Sept. 1960, pp. 5–7.

  16 Xuancheng, 3 May 1961, 3-1-259, pp. 75–6.

  17 Interview with Zeng Mu, born 1931, Pengzhou, Sichuan, May 2006.

  18 Guangdong, 1 March 1961, 235-1-259, pp. 23–5.

  19 Guangdong, 1 and 27 March 1961, 235-1-259, pp. 23–5 and 32–4.

  20 Neibu cankao, 26 April 1961, p. 20.

  21 Hebei, 27 Sept. 1960, 855-5-1996, pp. 52–4.

  22 Wuxian, 15 May 1961, 300-2-212, p. 243.

  23 Guangdong, 21 Jan. 1961, 235-1-259, pp. 16–17.

  24 Hubei, 22 Feb. 1959, SZ18-2-197, pp. 19–21.

  25 Hebei, 2 June 1959, 855-5-1758, pp. 46–7.

  26 Hubei, 22–23 Feb. 1959, SZ18-2-197, pp. 6–8 and 12–14.

  27 Hebei, 13 Dec. 1960, 855-18-777, pp. 40–1.

  28 Hebei, 1 June 1959, 855-5-1758, pp. 126–7.

  29 Hunan, 10 and 18 Dec. 1959, 146-1-507, pp. 81 and 90–3.

  30 Hunan, 31 Dec. 1959, 146-1-507, pp. 120–1.

  31 Hebei, 1 June 1959, 855-5-1758, pp. 126–7.

  32 Nanjing, 4 June 1959, 5003-3-722, pp. 77–81.

  33 Nanjing, 26 Jan. 1960, 5012-3-556, p. 60.

  34 Hunan, 13 Feb. 1961, 151-1-18, pp. 24–5.

  35 Interview with Li Erjie, born 1922, Chengdu, Sichuan, April 2006.

  36 Hubei, 11 May 1961, SZ18-2-202, pp. 25–6.

  37 Guangdong, 1961, 235-1-256, p. 73.

  38 Hubei, 18 Sept. 1961, SZ18-2-199, p. 7.

  39 Yunnan, 30 Dec. 1958, 2-1-3442, pp. 11–16.

  Chapter 25: ‘Dear Chairman Mao’

  1 Hebei, 4 Jan. 1961, 880-1-11, p. 30.

  2 I resist the temptation to provide more than a few examples, although interested readers can turn to a remarkable chapter in Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts: Mao’s Secret Famine, New York: Henry Holt, 1996, pp. 287–306.

  3 François Mitterrand, La Chine au défi, Paris: Julliard, 1961, pp. 30 and 123.

  4 PRO, London, Nov. 1960, PREM11-3055.

  5 Nanjing, 17 March 1959, 4003-1-279, pp. 101–2.

  6 Neibu cankao, 7 Dec. 1960, pp. 21–4.

  7 Shanghai, 7 May 1961, A20-1-60, pp. 60–2.

  8 Hubei, 14 Oct. 1961, SZ29-2-89, pp. 1–8.

  9 Guangdong, 1962, 217-1-123, pp. 123–7.

  10 Guangzhou, 24 Feb. 1961, 92-1-275, p. 75.

  11 Guangdong, 1962, 217-1-123, pp. 123–7.

  12 Guangdong, 1961, 217-1-644, p. 20.

  13 Nanjing, 16 July 1959, 5003-3-721, pp. 26–7.

  14 Gansu, 5 Sept. 1962, 91-18-279, p. 7.

  15 Hebei, June 1959, 884-1-183, p. 39.

  16 Gansu, 5 Sept. 1962, 91-18-279, p. 7.

  17 Ministry of Public Security report, Gansu, 8 Feb. 1961, 91-4-889, pp. 25–30.

  18 Nanjing, 16 July 1959, 5003-3-721, pp. 26–7.

  19 Hebei, 27 June 1959, 884-1-183, pp. 136 and 140.

  20 Hubei, 5 Sept. 1959, SZ18-2-197, p. 34.

  21 Sichuan, 25 May 1959, JC1-1721, p. 3.

  22 Cyril Birch, ‘Literature under Communism’, in Roderick MacFarquhar, John King Fairbank and Denis Twitchett (eds), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 15: Revolutions within the Chinese Revolution, 1966–1982, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 768.

  23 Shanghai, 7 May 1961, A20-1-60, p. 62.

  24 Guangdong, 3 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, p. 102.

  25 Interview with Yang Huafeng, born 1946, Qianjiang county, Hubei, Aug. 2006.

  26 Guangdong, 2 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, pp. 61–6.

  27 Sichuan, 1961, JC9-464, p. 70.

  28 Some very inspiring pages on rumours during collectivisation have been written by Lynn Viola, Peasant Rebels under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 45–7.

  29 Wuhan, 3 Nov. 1958, 83-1-523, p. 134.

  30 Guangdong, 23 Jan. 1961, 217-1-644, pp. 10–12.

  31 Hubei, 4 Jan. 1961, SZ18-2-200, p. 11.

  32 Hubei, 5 May 1961, SZ18-2-201, p. 95.

  33 Sichuan, 1961, JC1-2614, p. 14.

  34 Neibu cankao, 9 June 1960, pp. 7–8.

  35 Guangdong, 5 Feb. 1961, 217-1-119, p. 45.

  36 Guangdong, 23 Jan. 1961, 217-1-644, pp. 10–12 and 20.

  37 Hunan, 23 Jan. 1961, 146-1-580, p. 54.

  38 Gansu, 5 Sept. 1962, 91-18-279, p. 7.

  39 Nanjing, 19 March 1959, 5003-3-722, pp. 68–9.

  40 Hebei, June 1959, 884-1-183, pp. 84–92 and 128.

  41 On denunciations in the Soviet Union, one reads with pleasure Sheila Fitzpatrick, ‘Signals from Below: Soviet Letters of Denunciation of the 1930s’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 68, no. 4 (Dec. 1996), pp. 831–66.

  42 Hunan, 1959–61, 163-2-232, entire file.

  43 Nanjing, 7 March and 13 May 1961, 5003-3-843, pp. 1–4 and 101.

  44 Shanghai, 30 Nov. 1959, A2-2-16, p. 75.

  45 Guangdong, 1961, 235-1-256, p. 90.

  46 Neibu cankao, 31 May 1960, pp. 18–19.

  47 Neibu cankao, 19 Dec. 1960, pp. 15–17.

  48 Hunan, 31 Dec. 1961, 141-1-1941, p. 5.

  49 Guangdong, 24 Feb. 1961, 235-1-256, pp. 40–2.

  50 Neibu cankao, 12 June 1961, p. 23.

  51 Gansu, 14 Jan. 1961, 91-18-200, p. 50.

  52 Report by provincial party committee work team, Sichuan, 1961, JC1-2616, p. 111.

  Chapter 26: Robbers and Rebels

  1 Hebei, 15 Aug. 1961, 878-1-6, p. 38.

  2 Neibu cankao, 16 Dec. 1960, p. 9.

  3 For instance Hebei, 27 June 1959, 884-1-183, p. 135.

  4 Hubei, 6 Jan. 1961, SZ18-2-200, p. 22.

  5 Hunan, 17 Jan. 1961, 146-1-580, p. 29.

  6 Gansu, 24 Jan. 1961, 91-9-215, pp. 117–20.

  7 Ibid.

  8 Neibu cankao, 20 June 1960, pp. 11–12.

  9 Report from the Ministry of Railways, Gansu, 20 Jan. 1961, 91-4-889, pp. 19–21.

  10 Hunan, 22 Nov. 1959, 146-1-507, pp. 44–6.

  11 Sichuan, 26 May 1959, JC1-1721, p. 37.

  12 Sichuan, 8 June 1959, JC1-1721, p. 153.

  13 Hunan, 9 March 1959, 163-1-1046, p. 24.

  14 Hebei, June 1959, 884-1-183, p. 40; 25 April 1960, 884-1-184, p. 20.

  15 Nanjing, 30 Jan. 1959, 4003-1-171, p. 35.

  16 Nanjing, 19 March 1959, 5003-3-722, pp. 68–9.

  17 Hubei, 4 Jan. 1961, SZ18-2-200, p. 11.

  18 Hubei, 22 Feb. 1959, SZ18-2-197, pp. 6–8.

  19 Sichuan, 2–4 Nov. 1959, JC1-1808, p. 137.

  20 Guangdong, 3 Feb. 1961, 262-1-115, pp. 86–7.

  21 Kaiping, 29 Dec. 1960, 3-A10-81, p. 2.

  22 Hunan, 17 Jan. 1961, 146-1-580, p. 29.

  23 Gansu, 18 June 1958, zhongfa (58) 496, 91-18-88, pp. 29–34.

  24 Yunnan, 30 Nov. 1960, 2-1-4108, pp. 72–5; 2 Dec. 1960, 2-1-4108, pp. 1–2; see also 8 Nov. and 9 Dec. 1960, 2-1-4432, pp. 1–10 and 50–7.

  25 Ministry of Public Security report, Gansu, 8 Feb. 1961, 91-4-889, pp. 25–30.

  26 Hebei,
June 1959, 884-1-183, pp. 39–40 and 132.

  27 Hebei, 26 April 1960, 884-1-184, p. 36.

  28 Guangdong, 1961, 216-1-257, pp. 64–5.

  Chapter 27: Exodus

  1 Shanghai, 12 March 1959, B98-1-439, pp. 9–13.

  2 Zhang Qingwu, ‘Kongzhi chengshi renkou de zengzhang’, Renmin ribao, 21 Aug. 1979, p. 3, quoted in Judith Banister, China’s Changing Population, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987, p. 330.

  3 Yunnan, 18 Dec. 1958, 2-1-3101, p. 301.

  4 Shanghai, 20 April 1959, A11-1-34, pp. 1–3.

  5 Shanghai, 12 and 17 March 1959, B98-1-439, pp. 12 and 25.

  6 Shanghai, 20 April 1959, A11-1-34, pp. 4–14.

  7 Xinyang, 4 Aug. 1960, 304-37-7, p. 68.

  8 Hebei, 28 Feb., 11 March and 15 April 1959, 855-5-1750, pp. 74–5, 91–4 and 132–4.

  9 Zhejiang, 3 March 1959, J007-11-112, pp. 1–6.

  10 Guangdong, 23 Jan. 1961, 217-1-644, pp. 10–12.

  11 Hebei, 15 April 1959, 855-5-1750, pp. 132–4.

  12 Wuhan, 14 April 1959, 76-1-1210, pp. 87–8.

  13 Neibu cankao, 20 June 1960, pp. 11–12.

  14 Hebei, 11 March 1959, 855-5-1750, pp. 91–4.

  15 Beijing, 23 Jan. and 31 Aug. 1959, 2-11-58, pp. 3–4 and 8–10.

  16 Nanjing, 14 March 1959, 4003-1-168, pp. 39–49; 14 Aug. 1960, 4003-1-199, p. 2.

  17 Nanjing, 23 Dec. 1959, 5003-3-721, p. 115; 21 July 1959, 4003-2-315, pp. 11–18.

  18 Nanjing, 21 July 1959, 4003-2-315, pp. 11–18.

  19 Ibid.

  20 Yunnan, 29 Nov. 1958, zhongfa (58) 1035, 2-1-3276, pp. 250–3.

  21 Nanjing, 14 Aug. 1960, 4003-1-199, p. 2.

  22 Nanjing, 21 Nov. 1959, 4003-2-315, p. 32.

  23 Gansu, 14 Jan. 1961, 91-18-200, pp. 47–8.

  24 Guangdong, 5 Jan. 1961, 217-1-643, p. 63.

  25 Hebei, 15 Aug. 1961, 878-1-6, pp. 31–44.

  26 Yunnan, 29 Nov. 1958, zhongfa (58) 1035, 2-1-3276, pp. 250–3.

  27 Hebei, 15 April 1959, 855-5-1750, p. 133.

  28 Hubei, 25 Feb. 1958, SZ34-4-295, p. 7.

  29 Hubei, Sept. 1958, SZ34-4-295, pp. 38–42.

  30 Hebei, 17 Dec. 1960, 878-2-8, pp. 8–10.

  31 Reports from the State Council and the Ministry of Public Security, Hubei, 6 Feb., 5 June and 10 Nov. 1961, SZ34-5-15, pp. 7–8 and 58–61.

  32 Sichuan, Nov.–Dec. 1961, JC1-2756, pp. 84–5.

  33 Neibu cankao, 1 May 1960, p. 30.

  34 Gansu, 31 Aug. 1960, 91-9-58, pp. 32–7.

  35 Hubei, 18 April 1961, SZ34-5-15, p. 9.

  36 Hubei, 1961, SZ34-5-15, pp. 9–10.

  37 Gansu, 16 June 1961, zhong (61) 420, 91-18-211, pp. 116–19.

  38 Yunnan, Aug. 1960, 2-1-4245, p. 55; Yunnan, 10 July 1961, 2-1-4587, p. 83.