Francis Ferdinand, Archduke 152
Francis I of France 306
Free French 248–9, 253–4, 254
Free Officers movement 220, 271, 272–5
French Revolution 46–7, 72, 80, 143
Front of Steadfastness 338
Fuad I, King of Egypt 127, 172, 199, 202, 214–17
Fuad Pasha 80
Fustat 21
Gali, Boutros 124
Gallipoli 171, 173
Gaulle, General Charles de 248, 253–4, 255, 309
Gaza 267, 287, 290, 342, 346, 350, 359, 463, 466–7, 468, 472–3, 488, 492–3, 496–7, 503
Gaza Strip 268
Gemayel, Bashir 351
Gemayl, Amin 353
Genghis Khan 25
geography 2–3
George V, King 127
Germany 94–5, 126–7, 136, 140, 150, 152, 188, 252
Ghazi (son of King Feisal I) 224
GIA (Armed Islamic Group) 429
Gibbon, Edward 28
Gladstone, William Ewart 84, 93–4, 100, 104–5, 106–7, 107, 108–10, 113, 119
global financial crisis 480
Glubb, General John Bagot 2, 236, 248, 266, 288, 292
Goklap, Zia 145
Golan Heights 309, 331
Golestan Treaty of (1813) 259
Gordon, General Charles George 108, 110–11
Gorst, Eldon 123–5
Goths 13
Governing Council of Iraqis 444
Graeco-Turkish war (1920–22) 190–1
Grant, Sir Robert 65
Granville, Lord 105
Great Depression 212
Greater Lebanon 361
Greece 58–9, 59–60, 264
Grey, Sir Edward 173
Gulbenkian, Calouste 242, 243
Gulf Cooperation Council 373, 489
Gulf Oil 245
Gulf War 377–81, 382–3, 395–6, 435
Habsburg Empire/Habsburgs 27
Hadrian 4
Haganah 235, 261–2, 266
Hakim, caliph 22
Hamas 402, 404, 460, 463, 467, 471–4, 478, 488, 491, 492–3, 499, 503, 514–15
Hammurabi, King of Babylon 2
Al-Hariri, Rafiq 457
Harkabi, Yehoshafat 469
Hashemites 147, 148, 174, 180, 189, 204, 223, 236, 237, 258, 260, 269, 292, 295, 455
Hasmonaeans 8
Hassan, Amir 301
Hassan, Imam (son of Ali, cousin of the Prophet) 154
al-Hawali, Sheikh Safar 436
Hebrews 4–5
Hebron 231
Hejaz 46, 57, 58, 59, 67, 137, 148, 172, 174, 176, 203, 206–10
Hellenism 8
Herod, King 11–12
Herzl. Dr Theodor 144, 182–3
Histadrut 235
Hitler, Adolf 247
Hittites 3
Hizbollah 354, 360, 403, 405, 457–9, 467–8, 490–1, 493, 499
Hogarth, Commander D. G. 185
Holland 44
Holocaust 263
Holy Land 23, 134
Hormuz 44, 156
House of Herod 4, 9
Al-Houthi, Hussein Badr al-Din 459–60
Hrawi, Elias 362
Hulagu (Genghis Khan’s grandson) 25
Hunchark 92
Hunkiar Iskelessi, Treaty of 61
al-Husri, Sati 260
Hussein (son of Ali, cousin of the Prophet) 16, 154
Hussein, Ahmad 219
Hussein, Amir, Abdullah 148–9, 172, 180
Hussein, King of Jordan 270, 279, 288, 292, 294, 296, 304, 308, 310, 313, 344, 346, 355, 357–8, 378, 399–400, 402, 412, 415
Hussein, Saddam. see Saddam Hussein
Hussein Kamil Hassan 385, 388–9, 400
Hussein of Mecca, Sharif (King of the Hejaz) 147, 148, 172–3, 174, 175, 177–81, 185, 197, 203, 206–10
al-Husseini, Hajj Amin 231, 262, 267
Ibn Saud (Abdul Aziz) 173, 176, 208–9, 210–13, 223, 237, 244, 245, 260, 278, 292, 365
Ibn Saud, Abdullah 57–8
Ibn Tulun 21
Ibrahim (son of Muhammad Ali) 56–64, 66, 67, 70, 71
Ibrahim, Izzat Eddin 442
Ibrahim Pasha 131
Imperial Bank of Persia 163
Imperial Ottoman Bank 90
Imperial Rescript 77, 100
India 7, 157, 174, 247, 248, 263
Institut d’Egypte 50
Interim Iraqi Government 446
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 477
International Monetary Fund 322
intifada 356–9, 408–9
Intönü. Ismet 196
Iran 418–19; Shiites in 17, 484; Persia renamed 155, 240; Kurds in 191; declares war on Germany 252; Soviet and British troops invade 252; and US 253, 281, 282; Baghdad Pact 279, 282, 285; oil industry 281–2, 284–5, 316, 318, 319, 327, 368, 382; supports Tudeh Party 284–5; and Azerbaijan 285; and OPEC 319, 321; five year plan (1973–8) 321; relations with Egypt improve 328; and Islamic Revolution 341, 367, 369–71, 374, 376, 383, 435; reforms 367–8; religious opposition 369; anti-Americanism 370; Iraq invades (1980) 372; Syria supports 373; sanctions against 382; poverty 452; nuclear programme 477, 484, 487, 494; theocracy 483–6; elections 484–5; Ashura protests 485–6; regional influence 487; relations with US 487–8; claim on Bahrain 488–9; patronage of Palestine 491–2; regional influence 522–3
Iraq (previously Mesopotamia): Ismail occupies 28; Ottoman-British agreement 153; and Sykes-Picot agreement 178; Kurds in 17, 191, 324, 386, 443, 499; British mandate 205, 207, 208, 211, 222–4; rebellion of tribes 206; tribal raids into 208; and Ikhwan warriors 211–12; independence 224–5, 227; Nuri al-Said dominates 225; oil industry 243, 316, 319, 323–4, 325, 394, 465–6; putsch (1941) 250; as base for British invasion of Iran 251; and League of Arab States 257; Feisal installed in 258; attempt to intervene in Palestine 267, 268; Baghdad Pact 279, 285; revolution 295–6; emergence of Saddam Hussein 315, 323; and OPEC 319; antagonism to Syria 338; invasion of Kuwait 359, 377–81; Aoun receives help from 361; Iran invades (1980) 372; Shiites in 372, 444–7, 451, 455–6, 465, 488; UN sanctions against and effect 382, 384, 390, 394; neutering of by US 383–8, 389–90; weapons inspections 384–5, 391–3, 442; biological weapons 385; Shiite and Kurd uprisings 386–7; fight back to the fold 388–95; oil-for-food deal 391, 394, 442; bombing of by US 393; improvement of relations with Arab countries 393; Sunnis in 441, 448–9, 465; US conquest of 441–4; pillaging of by mobs 443; Coalition Provisional Authority(CPA) 443–4; insurgency 447–51, 457; Sunni/Shia civil war 449–51, 451; oil 451; sectarianism 453; US military presence 464–5; return of central authority 464–6; jihadism 477; reconstruction 479; US retreat 498
Iraq Liberation Act (1988) 389
Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) 224, 243, 245, 319, 323
Iraq Study Group 488
Iraqi National Accord 388
Iraqi National Congress (INC) 388
Iraq-Iran war (1980–880 327, 350, 372–3, 374–5, 377, 379
Islam 4, 14; and the triumph of the Umayyads 16–17; Golden Age of 17; spread of 18; lack of racial distinction 19–20; retreat into isolation 24; and Turkey 195; and holy places 210, 212, 259; and Arab nationalism 259; communist hostility to 284; and Atatürk 364; growth of activism and political 423–32; globalization of Islamic jihad 432–7
Islamic Action Front 478
Islamic Circle 279
Islamic Empire 18–21
Islamic Jihad 426, 432–7
Islamic Salvation Army (AIS) 429
‘islamization’ 17, 18
Ismail (son of Ibrahim Pasha) 99–102, 113, 114, 116–17, 127
Ismail (son of Muhammed Ali) 59
Ismail I Shah ‘the Great Sufi’ 28, 44, 155, 156
Ismailis 155
Israel 400; Druze in 22; state of Israel recognized 266; admitted to UN 268; US supports 280, 283, 286, 315, 332, 336, 360; ‘Law of Return’ 286; Lavon affair 287; alliance with France 287–8, 289; irrigation sche
mes 303, 304; attacks Egyptian airfields 309; refusal to deal with PLO 336, 347, 355; Camp David agreements 338–9, 405–8; Treaty of Washington signed (1979) 340; colonization drive 343; diplomatic relations broken with 346; supports Christian separatism in Lebanon 349; full scale invasion of Lebanon (1982) 350–1; withdrawal from Lebanon 354; intifada 356–9; rejects independent Arab Palestine 359; peace process 383, 395–400, 402, 404, 405–8; and Oslo Accords 397–9; and Grapes of Wrath offensive 403; war with Palestinians 408–12; Arabs in 452; Hizbollah rocket attacks on 458, 468; reoccupation of Palestine 466; plans to withdraw from Palestine 466–7; move to the right 468–9; control over Palestine 469–71; war with Lebanon 476–7, 490–1; war with Gaza 492–3, 496–7; destroys Syrian nuclear facility 493–4; relations with Turkey 496–7, 521; relations with Egypt 521–2
Issawi, Charles 33
Italy 120, 129, 190, 216, 247
Izzet Pasha 140
Al-Jabarti, Shaikh 49, 50, 54
Janissaries 32, 34–5, 57, 71, 80
Japan 320
Al-Jazzar, Ahmad 47–8
Jedda, Treaty of (1927) 211
Jemal Pasha 142, 150–1, 152, 169–70, 176, 179, 181
Jerusalem 2, 4, 5, 9, 23, 135, 176, 178, 180, 181, 185, 236, 264, 268, 269, 337, 339, 349, 350, 405, 407
Jesus Christ 5, 12, 14
Jewish Agency 230, 231
Jewish National Fund 183
Jews 431; rebellion against Roman Empire 4; ties with England 41, 134; and Committee of Union and Progress 141; and Palestine 144, 181, 181–2, 183, 185, 186–7, 230–5; and Young Turks 145; persecution 181; Arab uprising in Palestine 206
jihad 23, 60, 169, 174, 378, 429–30, 432–7, 439, 461–4, 477
Johnson, Lyndon 306
Jordan: Nabataens control of 10; creation of Hashemite Kingdom 207, 269; and Palestinian refugees 269–70; British troops flown in after Iraq revolution 296; and Yom Kippur war 331; refuses to represent Palestinians 339; Palestinian guerrillas in 344; aborted peace with the Palestinians 355; supports Iraq in Iraq/Iran war 373; and invasion of Kuwait 378; and Oslo Accords 399; and Israel 400; suspends parliament 439; tribal identities in 452; Shiites in 453; presence in Iraq 455; stability 478–9; reconstruction 479; uprising 509
Jordan River 303, 304
Jordan Valley 343
Judaea 2
Julius Caesar 9–10
Kaaba 46
Kamel, Mustafa 120–1, 121–2, 125, 139, 165, 260
Kamel Pasha 150
Kamel Sultan Hussein 127, 172
Kandahar 157
Kassem, Abdul Karim 295–6, 298, 302, 303, 317
al-Kawakibi, Abdul Rahman 139
KDP (Kurdish Democratic Party) 389, 390
Kemal, Mustafa. see Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
Kennedy, John F. 306
Kerameh, battle of 344
Khaled, King of Saudi Arabia 323
Khameini, President 375–6, 484, 486
Khamenei, Ali 418, 419
Khan, Malkom 164
Khan, Mirza Taqi 162
Kharg Island 160
Khartoum 111
Khatami, President Mohammed 419, 438, 484–5, 485
Khomeini, Ayatollah 368–71, 374, 375–6, 418, 445
Khrushchev, Nikita 285–6, 305
Khuzestan 372
Khyber Pass 157
King, Henry 204
King-Crane report 204
Kissinger, Henry 329, 334–5, 335, 337, 352, 373
Kitchener, Lord 111, 120, 125, 125–6, 127, 129, 149, 172–3
Koprulu family 36
Koran 14, 19, 211, 219
Küchük Kainarja, Treaty of 38–9
Kurdish Democratic Party. see KDP
Kurdistan 191, 281, 443
Kurds 19, 20, 85, 92–3, 144, 145, 191, 303, 324, 372, 374, 381, 386, 386–7, 387, 389, 443, 495–6, 499
Kuwait 394, 412–13, 431; and Britain 137, 153, 208; and oil 243, 245, 316, 319, 325, 327, 377; and Soviet Union 317; and OPEC 319; Saddam’s invasion and seizure of 359, 377–81; Iraq-Iran war 373; Sunnis in 441; succession 480–1; elections 481
Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development 317
Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) 245
Lahej, Sultan of 65
Lampson, Sir Miles 216, 217, 220–1, 250, 255
Laodicea (later Latakia) 8
Lausanne, Treaty of (1923) 191
Lausanne, Treaty of (1924) 222
Lavon affair 287
Lawrence, Colonel T. E. 179, 180, 196, 197, 204, 206
League of Arab States 257–8, 366
League of Nations 188, 205, 217, 221, 221–2, 234, 235, 238
Lebanese forces 360, 362
Lebanon 33, 62, 479; and Levant 2; Shiites in 16, 17, 373, 376, 457–9; Sunnis in 16, 17, 441, 463; Druze in 22, 226, 459; autonomy for 81, 131; and Sykes-Picot agreement 178; French mandate 205, 206, 207, 225, 253–4; constitution imposed (1926) 228; education 229–30; independence 254–5; and League of Arab States 257; civil war starts (1975) 315; weakness of 345; effects of Middle East oil boom 347; start of full scale civil war (1975) 348; Syrian intervention 348–9; Israeli invasion of (1978) 349; suicide bombers blow up US and French marine HQ 353; war with Israel 403, 405, 476–7, 490–1; Taif accords (1989) 451–2; relations with Iran 488; reconstruction 491; elections 502–3
Lend-Lease Act (1941) 252
Lesseps, Ferdinand de 69, 98, 108
Levant 1, 2, 254, 257
Liberal Union 150
Libya 95, 143, 247, 312, 320, 327, 338, 382, 439, 475, 494, 502–3, 511
Lloyd George, David 184, 199, 200, 202
London, Treaty of (1827) 60
London, Treaty of (1832) 61
London, Treaty of (1841) 67, 68, 69, 96
Louis Napoleon 75
Louis XVI, King 47
Louis-Philippe, King 67
Maan-Aqaba territory 211
Maccabaeus, Judas 9
Maccabean kingdom 4
MacDonald, Ramsay 215, 232
Macedonia 142
McMahon, Sir Henry 174–5, 176, 180
‘Mahdi’ (Muhammad ibn Abdullah) 110, 111, 119–20
Mahdi Army 455, 465
Maher, Ahmed 255
Maher, Ali 249, 250, 255
Mahmud I, Sultan 75
Mahmud II, Sultan 57, 58, 59, 64, 65–6, 71, 79–80
Al-Maliki, Nuri Kamal 464–5, 504, 512
Mamlukes 20, 25–6, 29, 33–4, 35, 40, 48, 53, 54, 58–9
Mark, St 12
Maronites 33, 48, 130–1, 131, 177, 206, 225, 228, 228–9, 254
Martel, Charles 28
Marzouki, Moncef 439
al-Masri, General Aziz 249–50
Mecca 29, 46, 57, 137–8, 140, 177, 366
Mecca Agreement (2007) 472
Medes 5
Medina 57, 137, 461
Mehmed Said Pasha, ‘Ingiliz Said’ 87
Meir, Golda 332
Mejid, Sultan Abdul 79, 80, 191
Mesopotamia (later Iraq) 1, 2, 3, 16, 17, 25, 34, 48, 130, 136, 153, 154, 155, 171, 187, 237, 242
‘Middle East’ as term 1
Middle East Supply Centre 1, 260
Midhat Pasha 82, 83, 86, 135, 136, 143
Millspaugh, A. C. 239
Milner, Lord 113
Mobil 243
Mohammed, Mirza Ali 162
Mohammed Ali al-Din 165, 313–14
Mohammed II ‘the Conqueror 27, 28, 30, 35
Mohammed Shah (1834–48) 160
Mohammed Shah (Mogul emperor) 157
Mohammed V 144, 189
Moltke Helmuth, Count von 65, 71
Mongols 20, 25
Montagu, Edwin 184
Montgomery, Field-Marshal Bernard 251, 256
Montreux Conference (1937) 217
Morganthau, Henry, Sr 184
Morocco 95, 113, 476, 509
Mossadegh, Mohammed 281–2, 318, 319, 367
Mosul 136, 155, 223, 242, 298
Mount Lebanon 2, 130, 1
30–1, 131, 206
Mubarak, President Hosni 342, 393, 411, 415, 427, 430, 454, 475, 500
Mubarak the Great 137
Mudros, Treaty of (1918) 181, 189, 207
Muhammad, Prophet 14–16, 154, 259, 462
Muhammad, Imam (born 873) 154
Muhammad Ali 52–70, 96, 114, 116–17, 136, 202, 365
Muharrem, Decree of 89
Munich crisis (1938) 234
Munich Olympic Games (1972) 345
Murad (nephew of Abdul Aziz) 82
Murad I, sultan 26–7, 32
Muscat 44, 51
Muslim Brotherhood 219–20, 255, 259, 267, 271, 273, 275, 276, 307, 364–5, 373, 426, 460, 463–4, 475, 475–6, 513
Muslim Congress, Jerusalem (1931) 232
Mustafa (Selim III’s cousin) 57
Mustafa III, Sultan 39
Muzaffar al-Din 164, 165–6
Nabataens 9, 10
Nadir Shah (Nadir Quli Beg) 157–8
Nahas Pasha 214–15, 215, 251, 255, 260, 267, 272, 273
Napoleon Bonaparte 48–51, 50, 98, 158–9
Napoleon III 81, 98–9
Nasir al-Din, Shah of Persia 162–4
Nasir al-Mulk 168
Nasrallah, Hassan 457, 490–1
Nasser, Gamal Abdul 216, 220, 251, 274, 286, 365, 425–6; leads Free Officers 270–1; becomes prime minister 276; background 276–7; rivalry with Nuri al-Said 278–80; popularity 280, 286, 291–2, 292; neutralist policies 286, 288; recognizes communist China 288; confirmed as president 291; plot to assassinate 295; underlying weakness of position 296; and government of UAR 297; Charter of National Action 299–300; improved relations with Soviet Union 305–6; and Congo 306; response to US aid 306; accepts limitations of Egypt’s military options 310; death (1970) 328; and Sadat 328, 336; and pan-Arabism 364
National Iranian Oil Company 282, 319, 368
NATO 1, 279, 496
Navarino 61
Nazib 65–6
‘Near East’ as term 1
Nebuchadnezzar, King 5
Neguib, General Muhammad 274, 275, 276
Nehru, Pandit 279–80
Nejaf 46
Nejd 46, 57–8, 136, 148, 153, 212, 235
Nelson, Horatio, Viscount 50
Netanyahu, Binyamin 403–4, 408, 468–9, 499
Nicholas I, Tsar 75, 142
Nile, the 2
Nile High Dam 298, 305
Nineveh 5
Nixon, Richard 311, 329
Nokrashy Pasha 267, 271
North Africa 129, 227
Nubar Pasha 102
Obama, Barack 469, 477, 488, 498–500, 524, 525
Obeid, Atif 439
oil 166–7, 169, 213, 224, 239–41, 281–2, 316–28, 368, 377, 394, 421–3, 440, 451, 452, 465–6, 479
A History of the Middle East Page 62