by Arana, Marie
Andújar, Francisco de, 23, 34, 57
Angostura, Venezuela, 198–99, 201, 213–16, 222, 244, 269–70
commerce and trade in, 216
SB in, 213–16, 222–25, 245–46
Antoñanzas, Eusebio, 135
Anzoátegui, José Antonio, 229, 234, 239
death of, 244
Apure plains, 193, 247
Apure River, 209, 219
Apurimac River, 332
Aragua, Battle of (1814), 161
Aranda, Count, 354
Arauca River, 230
Araure, Battle of (1813), 153
Arequipa, Peru, 342–43
Argentina, 204, 294, 345, 354
in border disputes with Brazil, 347–48
civil war in, 276
liberation of, 273
Peruvian liberation abandoned by, 314
post-liberation discord in, 347
SB on, 176
Arismendi, Juan Bautista, 195, 425
arrest of, 245
Bermúdez on, 192
as “butcher of La Guaira,” 157, 171
as governor of Margarita, 190, 196, 211, 246, 247
on SB, 191, 434
surrender of, 171
as vice president, 245, 246
Army of the Andes, 273–74
Army of the Apure, 225–26, 262–63
Aroa, Venezuela, 81, 433
Asanza, Miguel, Viceroy of New Spain, 40
Audiencia de Caracas, 33, 34
Aurora, 442–43
Austria, 174
Aux Cayes, Haiti, 178
Avila, Pedro de, 471
Ayacucho, Battle of (1824), 333–36, 338, 356, 357, 503
Ayacucho, Peru, 323
Aymara Indians, 346
Aymerich, Ramón, 114, 281, 287
Azuero, Vicente, 389, 392, 393, 397, 444, 445
Banda Oriental, Uruguay, 347
Baralt, Luis Andrés, 543
Barcelona Province, Venezuela, 136, 150, 159, 161, 192, 200
Barinas, Venezuela, 140, 144, 149, 153, 263
Barranca, Colombia, 129–30, 131
Barranquilla, Colombia, 448
Barreiro, José María, 233–34, 237, 240–41
execution of, 241–43
Barrero, Vicente, 378, 543
Bayonne, France, 61
Beauharnais, Eugène de, Prince, 54, 62–63, 67, 478
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 59
Bello, Andrés, 34, 35–36, 77, 79, 87–89, 91, 93, 95, 102, 131, 273
Beluche, Renato, 185, 499–500
Beresford, William, 272
Bermúdez, Bernardo, 136, 502
Bermúdez, José Francisco, 136
on Arismendi, 192
Boves and, 164
Caracas captured by, 262–63
Castillo and, 173
in escape from Cartagena, 173
Mariño and, 161, 162, 213, 229–30, 244–45
on SB, 434
SB and, 161, 187, 188, 197–98, 203, 262–63, 266, 425, 434
victories of, 191, 230, 262–63, 425
Bilbao, Spain, 47
blacks, 83, 102
Caracas junta mistrusted by, 95
in patriot army, 186
in post-liberation South America, 409–10
recruitment of, 166
revolutionaries feared by, 151
in San Martín’s army, 274, 277
in SB’s army, 183, 185
as slaves, 11, 12, 27, 28, 30
see also Legions of Hell; pardos
Blanco Herrera, Francisca, 18
Bogotá, Colombia, 86, 128, 129, 134, 136, 138, 233, 249–50, 278, 299, 306, 314, 347, 427
1827 earthquake in, 381–82
SB’s 1826 return to, 365–66
SB’s 1827 March on, 374–75, 376
SB’s capture of (1819), 2–3, 6, 168, 235, 236–37
victory celebration in, 238–39
Bolívar, Fernando, 369, 399, 450
Bolívar, Juana, 7, 18, 24, 126, 160, 251, 369, 539
Bolívar, Juan de (SB’s grandfather), 13, 37
Bolívar, Juan Vicente (SB’s brother), 7, 18, 24, 36, 37, 43, 50, 71, 81, 83, 87
death of, 101–2, 519
Juan Félix Palacios as guardian of, 25
Bolívar, María Antonia, 7, 18, 24, 32–34, 71, 160, 250–51, 349, 369, 433–34
Bolívar, Simón, 18, 81
aborted 1816 invasion by, 179, 183–88
Admirable Campaign of (1813), 139–47, 165, 421
alliance building by, 192
Andes crossing of, 231–32, 239, 323–24
in Angostura, 213–16, 222–25, 245–46
animosity between San Martín and, 303
anthrax contracted by, 212–13, 219
appearance of, 3, 227, 525
in Arequipa, 342–43
Argentine campaign contemplated by, 347–48
and armistice with Spain, 254–55, 277
arms purchases by, 216
Aroa copper mines of, 81, 433
assassination attempts against, 396–405, 407–8
in Barranca, 131–32
in Barranquilla, 448
in Battle of Junín, 326
Bermúdez and, 162, 179, 187, 188–89, 192
birth of, 7–8, 13
in Bogotá, 235, 236–41, 249–50
Bolivian constitution written by, 350–52
British mercenaries recruited by, 217–20, 221, 258
British system of government favored by, 386–87
in Bucaramanga, 390–92
in building of Peruvian army, 319–20
in call for plebiscite on future of Colombia, 420, 425–26
capture of Bogotá by (1819), 2–3
in capture of Valencia, 104–5
and Caracas earthquake, 108–9
Caracas evacuated by, 159–61
Caracas reinterment of, 460
Carlos Palacios as guardian of, 25, 32, 37
in Cartagena, 128–29, 167–68, 439, 441, 445–48
Cartagena Manifesto of, 130–31, 133, 489
Castillo vs., 136, 138–39, 169–70
character of, 4, 459
childhood of, 22–23, 24–25, 31, 32–37
civic projects of, 9
Clay’s criticism of, 383–85
Colombian constitutional convention called by, 378
Colombian criticisms of, 364, 389
Colombian presidency resigned by, 338, 430–33, 435
colored classes recruited by, 179, 186
compromises of, 458
Congress of Panama and, 346, 353–55, 356
Costas, José Antonio, and, 361
courtship and marriage of María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro and, 46–49
in Cúcuta, 250, 252–53
in Curaçao, 127–28
in Cuzco, 343–44, 360
dancing as passion of, 243–44
death of, 6, 454
and death of María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro, 50, 56
as deeply opposed to monarchical systems, 416
in departure from Bogotá, 436–37
in departure from Peru, 357–59, 362
as dictator, 149–50, 154, 366, 374, 458
disillusionment and pessimism of, 5, 409–10, 418, 419, 423, 430, 446–47, 449–50, 458, 463
division of Greater Colombia recommended by, 427
educational reform by, 343
educational system as priority of, 224
education of, 34–35, 44–45
effect of Santanderist assassination plot on, 403, 405
egalitarianism of, 463
1814 exile of, 166–67
in 1816 (December) return to Venezuela, 191–92
in 1826 return to Bogotá, 365
in 1826 return to Colombia, 362–63
in 1827 march on Bogotá, 374–75, 376
in 1827 return to Caracas, 369
elected president of Bolivia, 346
elected president of Gre
ater Colombia, 247, 271
elected president of Venezuela, 225
elections seen as problematic by, 351
final words of, 453–54
in first address to Venezuelan congress, 222–25
in first trip to Spain, 38–41
in flight from Venezuela, 124–28
fortitude of, 3, 210
funeral of, 456
in Guayaquil, 295–96, 520–21
in Guayaquil dispute with San Martín, 286, 298
in Haiti, 178–80, 190–91
Haitian soldiers of, 183, 185
Harrison’s criticisms of, 385–86, 387
hatred toward Spain by, 65–66, 80, 176
as head of Caracas Junta’s London delegation, 87–95
Humboldt and, 57–58
illnesses of, 284, 315, 391, 399, 406, 417, 418, 438, 448
Indians recruited by, 192
interior campaign of in Guayana, 193–95, 200, 201–2
international reputation of, 4, 385–86, 447
Italian trip of, 61–66
Jackson on, 386
in Jamaica, 174–77
J. Q. Adams on, 386
as lacking troops for Peruvian campaign, 314
in La Paz, 345
La Quinta home of, 377, 381, 382, 394, 406, 432, 544
legacy of, 457–59, 463–64
legend of, 455, 459–60
“Letter from Jamaica” of, 175–77, 222
and liberation of Peru, 309, 310–36
in Lima, 348, 349, 356–57
llaneros’ respect for, 209–10
in London, 272–73
loneliness of, 250–51
as lover of nature, 292–93
Machado, “Pepita,” and, 147–48, 149, 151, 160, 183–84, 187, 188, 213, 220–21, 240, 244, 453, 500
in Madrid, 42–43
Magdalena campaign of, 132–34, 136
mass execution of Spanish prisoners ordered by, 157, 185, 493, 494
in meetings with Wellesley, 89–91
as military strategist, 458–59
Miranda arrested by, 121–22, 123
Miranda seen as traitor by, 119, 124
Monte Sacro vow of, 66, 82, 256, 270
Monteverde’s seizure of property of, 127
Morillo’s meeting with, 255–57
named president-liberator of Colombia, 394
in New Granada, 167–71
New Granada campaign of, 220–21, 229, 230–35
New Granada command resigned by, 170–71
Páez’s alliance with, 203, 207–11, 213, 215, 220
on Páez’s ambition, 370
Páez’s disputes with, 211
Páez’s personality issues and, 249–50
Páez’s reunion with, 367–68
Panama Canal envisioned by, 389
in Paris, 52, 66–67, 71
in peace negotiations with Peru, 418, 420
in peace negotiations with Spain, 261–62
penury of, 433–35, 438, 455
as persona non grata in Colombia, 434–36, 455
Peruvian assassination plot against, 357
Peruvian criticisms of, 356–57
Peruvian government reorganized by, 338
on Peruvian national character, 344, 533
Peruvian strategy of, 298–99
as Peruvian supreme military commander, 312
Piar and, 162, 163, 193, 195–98, 202
portrayed as crypto-monarchist, 419–20, 424, 427, 553, 555, 556
in Potosí, 361
property expropriated from, 182
as Puerto Cabello commander, 112, 114–17, 119, 124, 126, 129, 157
in Quito, 287, 289
in Quito campaign, 278
racial background of, 14–15
recruiting by, 132, 137, 140, 185, 238, 243, 244
as regent of Caracas, 9
in return to Europe, 51–52
Ribas’s exile of, 163
Sáenz and, 289, 307–8, 316–17, 322–23, 329, 340, 342, 359–60, 361–62, 381, 382, 394–405, 432, 436, 438, 453
San Martín and, 277–78, 291–92
San Martín’s meetings with, 294, 296–97
in Santa Marta, 450
Santander’s break with, 371, 377, 380, 394
Santander’s jealousy of, 330
Santander’s reunion with, 365, 366
and scheme to impose monarchy in Colombia, 415, 416, 553, 556, 562
and shortage of guns, 155
slavery abolished by, 350, 351
slaves freed by, 186, 200, 224, 249, 270, 457
social graces of, 3–4, 40, 45, 54–55
social reforms by, 344
soldiers’ hardships shared by, 227–28, 231, 447–48, 457–58
on Sucre, 285
and Sucre’s assassination, 441, 445–46
Sucre’s political disagreements with, 345
Sucre’s reunion with, 344–45
sworn in as president of Colombia, 378
third Venezuelan republic proclaimed by, 184
in Trujillo, 319
tuberculosis of, 315, 391, 406, 418, 432, 441, 445–46, 448, 451–53, 455–56
unified South America as goal of, 4, 5, 204–5, 240, 246, 271, 301, 314, 331–32, 338, 353–55, 359, 409, 463
Ustáriz and, 44–45, 46
U.S. trip of, 71–72
Venezuelan constitutional proposals of, 222, 225
Venezuelan invasion planned by, 136–37, 138–39
“war to the death” proclaimed by, 2, 142–43, 151, 154, 157, 165, 184, 185, 196, 233, 235, 254, 458, 495
Washington compared with, 4–5, 447
wealth of, 23
womanizing by, 4, 147, 239–40, 244, 250, 316–17, 322–23, 360–61
writings of, 130, 175, 215
Bolívar, Simón de (El Viejo), 8, 9, 13, 15
Bolívar family:
as Creoles, 13, 19
as Mantuanos, 17–18
Bolívar y Ponte, Don Juan Vicente de (SB’s father), 14, 37, 68, 472, 480
anti-Creole laws and, 18–19
death of, 21–22
marriage of Concepción and, 17–18
as procurator of Caracas, 15
wealth of, 7, 15
womanizing by, 17, 55–57
Bolivia, 343, 354, 454, 456, 463
congress of, 352
founding of, 345–46, 349
post-liberation discord in, 376, 411
SB elected president of, 346
SB’s constitution for, 350–52
Sucre elected president of, 352
Sucre’s liberation of, 342, 344–45
Bomboná, Battle of (1822), 281–83, 285
Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Spain, 78, 79
Bonpland, Aimé, 54, 57, 58
Boussingault, Jean-Baptiste, 341–42
Boves, Benito, 306
Boves, José Tomás, 151–53, 155, 156, 158, 159, 166, 173, 186, 193, 206, 212
barbarism of, 152, 163, 165
in Caracas, 163–64
death of, 164
Bowles, W., 516
Boyacá, Battle of (1819), 1, 233–34, 237, 238, 244, 288
Brazil, 353, 354
in border disputes with Argentina, 347–48
Briceño, Antonio Nicolás, 77, 81, 129, 139, 140–41, 142, 173
Briceño, Justo, 449
Briceño Méndez, Pedro, 229, 356, 373–74, 393, 540
Brion, Luis, 175, 177, 178, 179, 187, 188, 191, 193, 198, 201, 202, 216, 500
British Army, postwar reduction in, 217
British Legion, 263, 264
British mercenaries, 252, 257–58, 264, 265
in patriot army, 217–20, 225, 228, 231–32, 234, 247, 263, 387
Bucaramanga, Colombia, 243, 390–92
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 86, 88, 171, 272, 273, 276, 304, 419
Bustamante, José, 372–73, 380, 532, 540, 541
in Guayaquil invasion, 373
Byron, George
Gordon, Lord, 4, 181
Caballero y Gongora, Antonio, Archbishop-Viceroy of New Granada, 519
Cádiz, Spain, 46, 48, 51–52, 253
Caicedo, Domingo, 432, 436, 437, 444, 445
Cajigal, Juan Manuel, 107, 135, 153, 158–59, 163, 172
Calabozo, Venezuela, 210–11, 230
Cali, Colombia, 279
Callao, Peru, 308, 310–11, 328, 329, 331
Argentine mutiny in, 317, 318
surrender of, 348
Callejón de Huaylas, 321–22
Campbell, Patrick, 387–88
Campo Elías, Vicente, 140, 152, 156
Campusano, Rosa de, 291, 316
Canning, George, 316, 347
Canterac, José de, 298, 305, 311, 324–25, 332, 335, 531
in Battle of Junín, 326–27, 528–29
Carabaño, Miguel, 175, 178
Carabaño brothers, 129
Carabobo, Battle of (1821), 263–65, 288
Carabobo Province, Venezuela, 158
Caracas, Bishop of, 15–17, 40
Caracas, University of, 9, 453
Caracas, Venezuela, 6–7, 9, 17–18, 76, 79, 83, 95, 191, 193, 230, 247, 267, 299, 306, 314, 347, 427
Bermúdez’s capture of, 263
blacks and mixed-races in, 28
Boves in, 163–64
contraband trade in, 27
1812 earthquake in, 107–8, 485, 486
republican evacuation of, 159–61
revolutionary euphoria in, 102
royalist surrender of (1813), 145–46
SB’s reinterment in, 461
SB’s return to, 369
Spanish evacuation of, 149
Spanish occupation of, 172, 173, 186, 193, 211–12, 227, 228–29, 238, 248, 252, 262
Carcelén Larréa, Mariana, Marquesa de Solanda, 352, 551
Cariaco, Mount, 281
Carlos IV, King of Spain, 26, 41–42, 77
SB’s contempt for, 80
Carlyle, Thomas, 458
Carreño, Alejandro, 35
Cartagena, Colombia, 109, 121, 134, 136, 138, 167–68, 238, 390
Castillo in, 169
SB in, 128–29, 167–68, 439, 441, 445–48
Cartagena Manifesto, 130–31, 133, 489
Carujo, Pedro, 397, 398–99, 401, 402, 403, 404, 444, 550
Carúpano, Venezuela, 186
Casa Fuerte, 200–201
Casa León, Marquis de, 117–18, 124–25, 145, 160
Casanare, 230
Casas, Juan de, 79, 80–82
Castilla [battleship], 88
Castillo, José María del, 392, 393, 398, 403–4, 414, 429, 546
Castillo, Manuel del, 137, 169, 197
animosity to SB of, 136, 138–39, 169–70, 564
execution of, 182–83, 546
and Spanish siege of Cartagena, 172–73
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 69
Catholic Church, 10, 93
caudillos, 136
Cedeño, Manuel, 190, 192, 265
Cédulas de Gracias al Sacar, 28
Central America, 176
Central America, Federal Republic of, 354