as testable claim, 107
See also biblical literalism; evolution; intelligent design; theistic evolution
Crick, Francis, 216
criticality
faith and, 82–86, 121
in science, 26–27, 29, 34–35, 94
See also doubt
crows, 184
cuckoo birds, 176
culture. See learning; social entries
Dalai Lama, 105–6
D’Aleo, Joseph, 249
Darrow, Clarence, 2
Darwin, Charles, 81, 92, 118, 132, 154, 166–67
On the Origin of Species, 2, 14, 33, 70, 154
Darwin, Emma, 81
Darwinism (Wallace), 183
Davies, Paul, 205, 212
Dawkins, Richard, xii, 21, 103, 208, 209–10
Dawson, Charles, 223
Day, Tracy, 20
death, assisted, 243–45
Death of Ivan Ilyich, The (Tolstoy), 191–92
deism, 42, 99, 135
Dembski, William, 54
Demon-Haunted World, The (Sagan), 203
Dennett, Daniel, xxii, 21, 98, 201
Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, The (Darwin), 166–67
determinism, 15–16
Deus absconditus, 79–80
disease and healing
faith as solace for the terminally ill, 252–53
faith healing and medical neglect, xviii, xix, 83, 108, 229–39, 262–63
imputation of epidemics to God, 242–43
miracle healings, 116–17
religious suppression of science and, 217
science’s advances and effectiveness, 206–7
testing the efficacy of prayer, 115–16
See also medicine
disproof. See counterevidence; falsifiability
DNA and DNA structure, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37
Watson’s and Crick’s motivations for their work, 216
See also genetics
dogma, 1–2, 3–4, 25, 43, 66, 70–71
See also religious claims
doubt
faith and, 38, 66, 68
science and, 26–27, 34–35, 38, 65, 94
See also certainty; uncertainty
Doubting Thomas, 68
Draper, John William, 3–4
Earth
age and origins of, 37, 146, 154, 245
global-warming denialism, xix–xx, 245–50, 251
inhospitability to humans, 164–65
Ebola virus, 243
Ecklund, Elaine, 100, 103
ecological niches, 141–42
economics, 40, 186, 187, 188, 199
Edamaruku, Sanal, 122
education
abstinence-based, and sexually transmitted diseases, 242
debates over the teaching of science, 2, 3–4, 5, 7, 11–12, 98, 103–4, 110, 134
religiosity and, 12–13
religious education, Templeton Foundation’s funding of, 20
Ehrman, Bart, 62
Einstein, Albert, 101, 102, 209, 218, 256–57
See also relativity theory
emotion(s)
the arts and, 190–91, 193–94
faith and, xv, 24, 44, 61–62
nonbelief and, xxi, 102–3
as subjective, 193–94, 195
empathy, 169, 170, 171, 175, 191–92
See also altruism
End of Faith, The (Harris), 21
End Times, 22, 164, 248, 249
Englert, François, 36
Enns, Peter, 130–31
entropy, 164
epidemics, 242–43
Epiphany Prize, 20
ethics. See morality; scientific ethics
Eucharist, 61, 84
eugenics, 107, 110, 152, 219, 221
euthanasia, 243–45
Euthyphro Argument, 189
“Evangelical Declaration on Global Warming,” 248–49
evidence
absence of evidence as provisional disproof, 23, 66, 80, 95, 118, 202–4
considering alternative explanations, 122–24
evidence-based beliefs, xii, 181–82, 208
evidence standards, 77, 83–86, 116–17, 121–23, 124
faith as belief without evidence, xxi, 152, 259
independent confirmation, 29, 121, 124, 186
religious claims as empirical claims, 21–25, 49, 51, 66, 90–91
science and, 9, 13, 30, 65
yearning for evidence of religious claims, 152–53
See also confirmation bias; counterevidence; falsifiability; replicability
evil and suffering
caused by misuses of science, 110–11, 152, 217–21
theological explanations for, 16, 81, 147–49, 244
See also religious harm
evolution
accommodationist statements about, 8–9, 98
characteristics of, 33, 157
as contingent process, 144–45
convergences, 142–44, 171–72
creationist critiques of, 32–33
as cruel process, 134
Dalai Lama’s critique of, 106
debates over teaching of, 2, 5, 7, 98, 103–4, 134
development of, 32
implications of acceptance, 133–34
as indeterminate process, 145–47
mechanisms of, 133, 138, 139–40, 146–47
Muslim belief and, 105, 134
nonacceptance rates and reasons, xiii, xviii, 51, 59–61, 132, 245
of prosocial animal behaviors, 171–72
as scientific fact, 15, 31, 126
seen as conspiracy, 35, 72
theistic and natural-theological interpretations of, 60, 61, 66–67, 77–78, 154
See also adaptation(s); creationism; human evolution; natural selection; theistic evolution
evolutionary biology
incompatibilities with religion, xiii, 7, 133–34, 135
research funding, 18, 19–20
See also science
evolutionary psychology, 15, 167, 199
exaptations, 182
Exodus, 1, 72, 88
exorcism, 237–38
Expanding Circle, The (Singer), 174
extinctions, 134, 139, 144–45, 147, 148, 246
fact, 29, 44
See also scientific knowledge; truth
fairness, 169, 171, 172
faith
acquisition and foundations of, 65–66, 83–84
authority and, 66, 68, 69–72, 209
conflation of religious and secular notions of, 69, 207–8
considering a world without faith, xxi–xxii, 250–56, 260–61
as corrupting, 219–20, 225–26, 229, 231–32
definitions and key features of, xv, 67, 152, 207–8, 225, 259
doubt and, 38, 66, 68
emotion and, xv, 24, 44, 61–62
as essential to religion, 67–69
as a failing, xxi, 260
seen as basis of science, xix, 69, 152, 204–11
seen as progenitor of science, xix, 151, 211–17
seen as social good, xx, 98, 237, 253–54, 256
as solace, xx, 252–54, 255
See also religion entries
Faith Assembly, 236
faith-based healing, xviii, xix, 83, 108, 229–39, 262–63
Fall. See Adam and Eve’s historicity; original sin
false beliefs, 179–80, 182–83, 185
See also doubt; faith; self-deception
falsifiability and disproof, 30–31, 33–3
4, 65, 72, 188
absence of evidence as provisional disproof, 23, 66, 80, 95, 118, 202–4
mathematics and, 188
proving a negative, 201–4
unfalsifiability, 34
See also counterevidence; replicability
Faraday Institute for Science and Religion, 19, 129
federal headship model (Adam and Eve story), 129–30
federal science funding, 7, 18, 240
Feynman, Richard, 28–29, 38, 189, 221
Fibiger, Johannes, 30
fideism, 68
film, 190, 191
Finding Darwin’s God (Miller), 102
fine-tuning argument, xix, 21, 156, 159, 160–66, 227
Fishman, Yonatan, 114
Focus on the Family, 241–42
Followers of Christ, 262, 263
Folly of Fools, The: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life (Trivers), 179–80
Forrest, Barbara, 94–95
Foundational Questions in Evolutionary Biology initiative, 19–20
France, Anatole, 117
Francis, Pope, 68–69, 122
Frank, Neil, 249
Freeman, Charles, 214
free will, 15, 16, 130
Frum cult, 22
fundamentalism, xvii, 14, 16, 55, 88, 108, 110
Galileo, 2, 4, 5, 215
Galton, Francis, 115
Garden of Eden. See Adam and Eve’s historicity
genetic engineering, 224
genetics
genetic counterevidence for religious claims, 126–27, 131–32
genetic drift, 139–40
Lysenko and, 220–21
See also DNA; mutations
Giberson, Karl, 46, 74, 119–20, 204–5
Gilkey, Langdon, 75
Gingerich, Owen, 102
global-warming denialism, xix–xx, 245–50, 251
GMOs, 224
God
anthropomorphic perceptions of, 43, 47–49, 56, 63, 133
as beyond description, 43–44, 49
as interactive in the world, 22, 23
personal connection to, 42
as supernatural agent, 41, 42–43
See also deism; God’s existence; theistic evolution
God Delusion, The (Dawkins), 21
God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (Hitchens), 21
“god of the gaps” arguments, xiii, 153, 154–56, 161, 178, 226–27
See also natural theology
God’s existence, 44–49
as answer to unsolved questions (“god of the gaps” arguments), xiii, 153, 154–56, 161, 178, 226–27
and NOMA argument, 111
possibility of scientific evidence for, 23–24, 118–19, 203–4
See also natural theology
God: The Failed Hypothesis; How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist (Stenger), 21
golden rice, 224
Goldstein, Herbert, 101
Gould, Stephen Jay, 6, 182
on compatibility of science and religion, 99
on human inevitability, 144–45
NOMA thesis, xviii, 4, 64–65, 106–12, 226
scientific fact defined, 31
Gray, Asa, 81, 118
Grayling, Anthony, 110, 149
Greece, ancient, science in, 212, 213, 214
Greene, Brian, 20
Gyatso, Tenzin, Dalai Lama, 105–6
Haack, Susan, 196–97
Haidt, Jonathan, 62, 167–68
Hamelin, L. R., 23–24
Harris, Martin, 121
Harris, Sam, xii, xxi, 21, 190, 260
Hart, David Bentley, 49
Harvard University’s Foundational Questions in Evolutionary Biology initiative, 19–20
Haught, John, 73–74, 79, 111, 135, 147–48, 206
health and disease. See disease and healing; medicine
hell, 54, 58, 71, 87, 88
See also afterlife
Henry, Fred, 242
heresy, 58, 70, 72, 85, 214, 215
Higgs, Peter, 36
Higgs boson, 36, 39, 205, 209
Hinduism, 22, 84, 105, 108
Hindutva, 105
Hippocrates of Cos, 155
history, 32, 39, 40, 186, 187, 198–99
history of religion scholarship, 257–58
History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science (Draper), 3, 4
History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom, A (White), 3–4
Hitchens, Christopher, 21, 23, 91, 166, 253
Holocaust denial, 187
homeopathy, 89, 96, 113, 236
Homo divinus explanation (Adam and Eve story), 129–30
HPV vaccine, 241–42
Hubbard, L. Ron, 82
Hubble, Edwin, 28
Huff, Toby, 214
human dispersal, 127
Native American origins, 131–32
human evolution, 126–27, 131–34, 140–47
inevitability of, 140–47, 156, 157, 226
morality and, 15, 134, 166–68, 170–76
time required for, and anthropic principle, 165–66
See also Adam and Eve’s historicity; creationism; evolution entries; human inevitability; theistic evolution
human exceptionalism, 54, 59, 132–35, 183–86, 243
Humani Generis, 55–56, 71, 128–29, 133
human inevitability, 140–47, 156, 157, 226
anthropic principle (fine-tuning argument), xix, 21, 156, 159, 160–66, 227
humanities. See arts and humanities
human papillomavirus vaccine, 241–42
Hume, David, 121–22, 124, 154
Humphrey, Nicholas, 152
Hutchinson, Ian, 111, 120–21, 196, 200, 212, 213
hydrodynamic sorting hypothesis, 104
ID. See intelligent design
Ignatius Loyola, Saint, 68
Ikiru (film), 190, 191
Immaculate Conception, 87
immorality. See evil and suffering; morality
immunizations, xix, 5, 217, 235–36, 241–42
income inequality, 255–56
Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 87, 215–16
indigenous science, 40
Ingersoll, Robert Green, 97, 152, 155, 225
integrative medicine, 238–39
intelligence, 139, 143, 144
in other animals, 184–85
superfluous, as argument for God’s existence, 134, 183–86
See also consciousness; reason
intelligent design (ID), 14–15, 109, 136, 154–55, 248–49
Irenaeus, 126
Isaacson, Walter, 101
Islam, xvi, 22, 83
apostasy and, 85, 251–52
and human origins/evolution, 56, 105, 134
Muslim accommodationism, 75, 105
opposition to assisted dying, 245
opposition to vaccination, 235–36
Quranic literalism, 53, 58, 75, 76, 106
sectarian strife, 85, 220, 252
sharia law, 251–52
Islamic science, 212, 214, 215
Jacoby, Susan, 201–2
Jainism, xvi, 42
James, William, 42, 44, 118, 195
Jardin d’Épicure, Le (France), 117
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 47–48, 84, 232
Jesus Christ, 62, 84, 124, 259
and Adam and Eve’s historicity, 125–26, 128
Eucharist, 61, 84
literal belief in, 52, 59, 60
Shroud of Turin, 122
See also Resurrection
Jesus Seminar, 123–24
Jews, persecution of, 220
Job story, 54, 77
John Paul II, Pope, 103, 136–37, 244
Jonah story, 54, 124
Judaism, xvi, 22, 56
justificationism, 206
Kahan, Dan, 246–47
Kant, Immanuel, 110, 154
karma, 22, 41, 106
Kass, Leon, 197
Katme, A. Majid, 235–36
Kaufmann, Walter, 30, 67, 207–8
Kieran, Matthew, 192
Kierkegaard, Søren, 68
King, Ashley, 230–31
King, Catherine, 230–31, 236
King, John, 230–31, 236
Kitcher, Philip, xxii, 86
knowledge
defined, 186
mathematical or philosophical, 188–89, 198
See also scientific knowledge; truth; ways of knowing
Kurosawa, Akira, Ikiru, 190, 191
Laestadianism, 84
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 185
Language of God, The: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief (Collins), 185
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 92, 149
law
assisted dying, 243, 245
religious privileging and exemptions, xviii, 231, 234–36, 242, 263
sharia law, 251–52
stem cell research bans, 240
laws of nature. See physical laws
learning
beliefs and, 181–82
morality and, 170–71, 172, 176, 181
Letter to a Christian Nation (Harris), 21
Lewontin, Richard, 26, 92–93
liberal theology, xvii, 16, 44, 49, 75, 113, 129
See also specific theologians
liberation theology, 87
Liberia, Ebola in, 243
life, origins of, 37, 146, 156, 157
Life After Faith: The Case for Secular Humanism (Kitcher), xxii
Life’s Solution: Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe (Conway Morris), 142–43
linguistics, 39, 187, 199
Linker, Damon, 168, 175
literalism. See scriptural literalism
literature, 190–93
Livingstone, David, 56
Long, Elizabeth, 103
Lotfus, John, 85–86
Lovett, Ryan, 236
Lovett, Tamara, 236
Luhrmann, Tanya, 62
Luther, Martin, 69, 70, 72, 215
Lutheranism, 70
Laestadianism, 84
lyrebirds, 184
Lysenko affair, 220–21
McKown, Delos, 80
marsupials, 142, 143, 149
Marx, Karl, 256
materialism, 91
mathematics, xii, 156, 158, 159, 184, 188, 198
Mécanique Céleste (Laplace), 92
medical neglect, xix, 229–39
harm to adults, 233, 236
harm to children, xix, 230–34, 236, 237, 262–63
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