and law, 231, 234–35, 237
medicine
abnegation of, 5, 83, 149, 229, 242–43, 251
assisted dying, 243–45
science’s advances and effectiveness, 5, 206–7, 261–62
stem cell research, xix–xx, 217, 240–41
vaccinations, xix, 5, 217, 235–36, 241–42
See also alternative medicine; disease and healing; medical neglect
Mencken, H. L., 38
metaphorical interpretations of scripture, 44, 54–59, 74–75, 129–30
methodological naturalism, 92
See also naturalism; science; scientific method(s)
methods, incompatibility between religious and scientific, 64, 65–89
authority as arbiter of truth, 69–72
cherry-picking, 74–77, 129–30
fabricated answers to difficult/insoluble questions, 78–81
progress vs. stasis, 87–89, 157
religion’s dependence on faith, 67–69
See also counterevidence; evidence; falsifiability
Mill, John Stuart, 110
millennialism, 123
Miller, Kenneth, 100, 102, 137–38, 143, 160, 202, 217
miracles, 109, 116–17, 120–24
missionizing, xvii, 229, 239
Mohler, Albert, 128
monkeys, 171
“Monkey Trial,” 2, 5, 134
monogenism, 55–58, 105
See also Adam and Eve’s historicity
moral intuitions, 167–68, 169–70, 174–75
morality
animal behavior and, 171–72, 175–76
as argument for God’s existence, 21, 156, 168–77, 226
conflicting moral codes in different religions, 84
cultural differences, 170, 176, 189
as key feature of religion, 42, 219–20
near-universality of, 169–70, 189
and NOMA argument, xviii, 107, 110–11
nonbelief and, 91, 189–90, 250, 252, 255, 261
scientific study of/explanations for, 15, 134, 166–68, 171–76, 189–90, 199–200
scientism and, 197, 198
secular ethics discourse, 110, 111, 189
socially driven changes, 88, 170–71, 177, 189
as subjective, 189–90
See also evil and suffering; religious harm; scientific ethics
Moreland, J. P., 89
Mormonism, 62, 71, 82, 83, 125, 131–32
Moroni, 82, 125
Muhammad, 44, 53, 66, 83, 259
multiverse theory, 163
Mumbai Jesus statue, 122
music. See arts and humanities
mutations, 106, 133, 137, 138, 146–47
suffering caused by, 81, 148
See also natural selection
Nanda, Meera, 105
Napoleon Bonaparte, 92, 255
National Academies, 112
National Academy of Sciences, 12, 249–50
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 238
National Center for Science Education, 8, 9, 93–94
National Science Foundation, 18
National Science Teachers Association, 112
Native American origins, 82, 125, 131–32
natural disasters, 248
naturalism
methodological, 91–95
philosophical, 37, 94–95
seen as based on faith, 204–11
See also science; scientific method(s)
naturalistic fallacy, 111
natural laws. See physical laws
natural selection, 78, 92, 106, 133–34, 138–39, 144–45
altruism and, 174–75
human intelligence and, 134, 183–86
suffering inherent in, 81, 147, 148
See also evolutionary biology; evolution entries
natural theology, 21, 105, 152–85
before Darwin, 77–78, 153–54, 213
consciousness argument, 158
evaluating natural theological explanations, 156–57
fine-tuning argument, xix, 156, 159, 160–66, 227
“god of the gaps” arguments, xiii, 153, 154–56, 161, 178, 226–27
human inevitability argument, 140–47, 156, 157, 226
“Moral Law” argument, 156, 168–77, 226
origin-of-life argument, 156, 157
overviews, xix, 151, 153–56
physical and mathematical laws arguments, 156, 158–60, 227
seen as progenitor of science, 211–12
superfluous intelligence argument, 134, 183–86
true beliefs/rationality argument, 156, 177–83, 226
“you can’t prove God doesn’t exist” argument, 152, 201–4
Natural Theology (Paley), 154
Nature, 205
NCCAM (National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine), 238
neuroscience, 15, 158, 199
neutrinos, 35
New Atheism, xii–xiii, 14, 20–21
See also atheism
new natural theology. See natural theology
Newton, Isaac, 92, 99, 153, 159, 213, 216
Nicene Creed, 49–51, 70–71
Noah’s flood, 1, 57–58, 87, 104, 124
Nobel Prize, 30
NOMA (non-overlapping magisteria) argument, xviii, 4, 64–65, 106–12, 196, 226
nonbelievers
as accommodationists, 98
nontheistic modern Europe, 250, 254–55, 261
scientists as, xviii, 12–14, 95, 216
statistics, 9, 12–13, 16, 47
See also agnosticism; atheism; nonreligious societies; nontheistic religion; religiosity
non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA) argument, xviii, 4, 64–65, 106–12, 196, 226
nonreligious societies
considering a world without faith, xxi–xxii, 250–56, 260–61
modern northern Europe, 252, 254–55, 261
Stalinist Soviet Union, 220–21
nontheistic religion and spirituality, xvi, 42, 65, 111
deism, 42, 99, 135
pantheism, 65, 100, 101–2
Nowak, Martin, 19
N rays, 30
nuclear weapons, 111, 152, 217, 218
Nurbaki, Halûk, 105
Obama, Barack, 240
observation, 32–33, 65, 153
See also scientific method(s)
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 2, 14, 33, 70, 154
original sin, 21–22, 54, 56, 124, 125–26, 128–29, 130
See also Adam and Eve’s historicity; salvation
other ways of knowing. See ways of knowing
“Outsider Test for Faith” (OTF), 85–86
Paine, Thomas, 259
Paley, William, 154
pantheism, 65, 100, 101–2
paradise, 57, 84
See also afterlife
paranormal phenomena. See supernatural and paranormal phenomena
parasites, 139
Park, Robert L., 261–62
parrots, 184
parsimony, 36–37, 122
Paul, the Apostle, Saint, 68, 121, 126, 130–31, 260
Pennock, Robert, 113
Pentecostalism, 22
Perry, Rick, 241
Philipse, Herman, 123, 153, 165
philosophical naturalism, 37, 94–95
philosophical religions. See nontheistic religion and spirituality
philosophy, secular, xii, 110, 111, 154, 168–69
as way of knowing, 65, 188–89, 198
See also specific philosophers
&nb
sp; physical laws
and anthropic principle, 159, 160–66
faith seen as required for acceptance of, 204–5, 210
seen as arising from Christianity, 212–13
seen as God’s creation, 135, 156, 158–60, 226
physics, 16, 145–46, 150, 156
multiverse theory, 163
quantum mechanics, 137–38, 145–47, 159
Piltdown Man, 223
Pinker, Steven, 53, 169, 170, 172, 179, 199
Pius XII, Pope, 55–56, 71, 128–29, 133
Plantinga, Alvin
on Bible’s literal truth, 62–63
on complex intelligence, 184
on naturalistic evolution, 135
on nature of God, 48–49, 63
sensus divinitatis notion, 177–79, 180–81
on suffering, 148–49
Plato, 189
plumbing, 40–41
polio, 235
politics
global-warming denialism and, 246–47
religiosity and, 7, 249
Polkinghorne, John, 46, 79, 88–89
polygenism
religious rejection of, 55–58, 105
scientific proof of, 126–27
See also human evolution
Pope, Stephen J., 103
Popper, Karl, 221
Porco, Carolyn, 208
postmodernism, 204, 222
prayer, 114, 115–16, 237–39
See also faith-based healing
progress
directionality in evolution, 135–36, 138–40
scientific, vs. religious stasis, 86–89, 157
proselytizing, xvii, 229, 239, 253
psychology, 168–69, 187, 188
See also evolutionary psychology
quantitativeness and quantitative methods, 33, 36, 196
See also mathematics
quantum mechanics, 137–38, 145–47, 159
Quran, 83, 105, 134, 259
Quranic literalism, 53, 58, 75, 76, 106
rationality. See reason and rationality
Rationality in Science, Religion, and Everyday Life (Stenmark), 45
rats, 171
reason and rationality
faith and, 9–10, 68, 69, 74
morality and, 170–71
science and, xii, 23, 24–25, 210–11
true beliefs/rationality argument for God’s existence, 156, 177–83, 226
See also intelligence; scientific method(s)
reciprocity, 169, 173–74
Redlawsk, D. P. (quoted), 205–6
Rees, Martin, 18
reincarnation, 41, 66, 106
relativity theory, 33, 72, 209, 216
religion, nontheistic. See nontheistic religion and spirituality
religion, theistic, xvi
as “another way of knowing,” 24–25, 66, 151, 185, 186, 195–96
key features of, 41–43
in the NOMA view, xviii, 64–65, 106–11, 195–96, 226
number and diversity, 84–85
possible origins of, xxii, 182
as progenitor of science, 151, 211–17
See also faith; religion/science incompatibility; religiosity; religious claims
religionism, 201
religion/science incompatibility
accommodationism as evidence of, 6–8
atheism among scientists as evidence of, xviii, 12–14
compatibility assurances and discussion as evidence of, xviii, 5–10
conflict thesis, 2–3, 4–5
current public perception of, 11
incompatibility defined, 63–65
incompatibility of method, 64, 65–89, 129–30, 157
incompatibility of outcomes, 64, 65, 90–91, 103–4
incompatibility of philosophy, 64, 65, 91–96
overviews, xi–xiii, xv–xviii, 258–60
potential for/value of dialogue, 256–58
before twentieth century, 1–5
See also accommodationism
religiosity
declines in, 11–12, 16–17
and political attitudes, 7, 249
statistics, 9, 12–13, 16, 47, 100, 101
and well-being, 254–55
See also faith; scientist-believers
religious claims, 21–25, 43–49, 226
belief statistics, 47, 51–53
diversity and contradictions among, 24, 51, 82–86
as empirical claims, 21–25, 49, 51, 65, 90–91
faith and, 61–63, 67–69
of faiths other than one’s own, skepticism about, 82–86, 121
as metaphors or allegories, 44, 54–59, 74–75, 129–30
miracles, 109, 116–17, 120–24
and NOMA argument, 108–10
nonnegotiable claims, 61, 72, 124–25
overviews, 21–25, 43–46
as scientifically testable, xii–xiii, 114
socially driven changes to, 70–71, 77
testing Adam and Eve’s historicity, 125–31
testing efficacy of prayer, 114, 115–16
testing Mormon claims about Native American origins, 131–32
as untestable or unfalsifiable, 24–25, 34, 49, 66, 72–74, 90–91
See also counterevidence; evidence; God’s existence; scriptural literalism; supernatural and paranormal phenomena; specific claims and stories
religious harm, xiii, xvi, xix–xx, xxi, 225–50
accommodationism as harmful to science, 226–28
faith as corrupting, 219–20, 225–26, 229, 231–32
global-warming denialism, xix–xx, 245–50
harmful impacts on societal well-being, 254–56
imputation of epidemics to God, 242–43
opposition to assisted dying, 243–45
rejection of vaccination, 235–36, 241–42
religious strife, 85, 220, 252, 259
scriptural literalism and, 53, 58
sharia law, 251–52
suppression of medical research, 240–41
See also medical neglect
religious texts. See Bible; Book of Mormon; Quran; scriptural literalism
replicability, 35–36, 120, 223
research funding, 7, 18, 19–20, 228, 240
Resurrection, 44–45, 54, 77, 109
scientific analysis of, 72–73, 120–24
retrodictions, 33
revelation
as “another way of knowing,” 150, 186, 195
the arts and, 193
faith and, 25, 61, 65, 67, 153, 210
Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life (Gould), 106, 107
Rome, ancient, science in, 212, 213, 214
Roosevelt, Franklin, 218
Rosenberg, Alex, 198
Russell, Bertrand, xii, 260
Sagan, Carl, 93, 118, 119, 203
salvation, 15–16, 84, 125–26
See also original sin
Santorum, Rick, 247
Sarewitz, Daniel, 205, 209
Sartre, Jean-Paul, xii
Satan, 149
Sceptical Essays (Russell), 260
science, 27–41
and authority, 65, 70, 72, 205, 208–9
confirmation bias in, 29
denigration of, 151–52
harm done by accommodationism, 226–28
as method(s), 27, 28–29, 187
misuses of/harm caused by, xix, 107, 110–11, 152, 217–21
morality and, 107, 110–11, 212, 216–19
naturalism as guiding principle, 91–95, 216
natural theol
ogy as, 154
in NOMA view, xviii, 64, 106, 107, 110–11
pre-Christian and non-Christian, 212, 214
as pursuit of truth, xii, xx, 1, 5, 28–29, 187
rise of modern science in Europe, 212–16
scientific study of religion, 257–58
supernatural explanations in, 92, 93–94
as way of knowing, 93–94, 185, 187, 195, 198, 206–7, 222–24
See also scientific ethics; scientific knowledge; scientific method(s); scientism
science, criticisms of
“religion gave rise to science” claim, xix, 151, 211–17
“science can’t prove that God doesn’t exist” claim, 152, 201–4
“science does bad things” claim, 152, 217–21
“science is based on faith” claim, xix, 69, 152, 204–11
“science is fallible and unreliable” claim, 151–52, 222–24
science organizations, as promoters of accommodationism, 7–8, 19, 93–94, 98, 112
See also specific organizations
science/religion incompatibility. See religion/science incompatibility
science research funding, 7, 18, 19–20, 228, 240
scientific creationism, 14, 103–4
scientific ethics
science as morally neutral, 218–19
seen as arising from Christian morality, 212, 216–17
unethical misuses of science, xix, 107, 110–11, 152, 217–21
scientific knowledge, 187–89, 198
ability to perceive, seen as gift from God, 178
nature of scientific proof, 30–31, 32–33
as progressive and cumulative, 86–89, 157
as provisional, 28, 30–31, 95, 113–14, 117, 119, 151–52, 202, 222–24
seen as fallible/unreliable, 151–52, 222–24
See also evidence; scientific method(s)
scientific method(s), 31–41, 86, 187, 198
collectivity, 38–39
criticality and doubt in, 26–27, 34–35, 38, 65, 94
falsifiability, 33–34, 65
hypothesis formation and testing, 31–33
parsimony, 36–37
replication and quality control, 35–36
toleration of uncertainty, 37–38
uses outside hard science, 39–41, 187–88
See also evidence; falsifiability; methods, incompatibility between religious and scientific
scientism, xix, 53–54, 152, 185, 196–224
scientist-believers, xviii, 14, 95
as accommodationists, 98, 226
as argument for faith as basis of science, 213, 216
nontheist spiritual views, 101–3
prominent individuals, 99–100
statistics, 12
See also specific individuals
scientists
as arrogant, 198, 227
Faith Versus Fact : Why Science and Religion Are Incompatible (9780698195516) Page 41