Dworsky, Lt. Bertha, 233
Dyess, Capt. William, 233
East Solomons, Battle of (24 August 1943), 261
Eben Emael fort, Belgium, 53
Ebisawa, Petty Officer Kisao, 672
Eden, Anthony (later 1st Earl of Avon): sounds out army morale, 90; and Polish refugees, 498; meets Karski, 516; and Anders’ bitterness at war’s end, 654; and Stalin’s control, 665
Eder dam, 481–2
Egypt: British position in, 107–8, 364; Italy attacks, 109; Wavell mounts offensive, 110; threatened by Rommel, 115, 137, 364–5; conditions, 134; anti-British sentiments, 414–15; see also Alexandria; Cairo
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 385
Eichelberger, Lt.Gen. Robert, 266, 574
Eighth Army: in North Africa, 128, 130–2, 133–4, 137; lacks confidence in higher commanders, 132; motivation and low morale, 364–5; Montgomery commands, 366, 369–70; Churchill demands offensive, 369; Alamein victory and advance westward, 372–4; in Italian campaign, 451
Einsatzgruppen (Nazi death squads), 508–9
Eisenhower, Gen. Dwight: foresees US entering war, 185; on Wainwright and MacArthur, 235; promoted to general, 326; negotiates ceasefire with Vichy French in North Africa, 376; command in North Africa, 378–9; reputation, 439; suppresses US atrocity story in Sicily, 446; overrules Clark at Salerno, 451; approves bombing of French targets, 531–2; as Supreme Commander for invasion of Europe, 531–3; forces established in Normandy, 535–6; assumes operational command of Anglo-American forces, 557; military strength in Europe, 564, 611; over-optimism, 577; strategy in NW Europe, 579, 584, 594; competition among subordinates, 582; held up by weather, 585; manpower shortage, 585; winter conditions of armies, 589; restores front after Ardennes battle, 594; advance into Germany, 605, 608; entrusts final stages of campaign to Montgomery, 610; abandons Berlin as objective, 611; insists on unconditional German surrender, 630; qualities, 667
Eisymont, Vyacheslav, 617
El Alamein: British defensive line, 138, 365; Montgomery’s victory at, 298; First Battle of (1 July 1942), 366; Second Battle of (October 1942), 371–2
Elbe, river, 612
Elliott, Capt. David, 329, 335
el-Masri, Gen. Aziz, 414
Engel, Col. Georg, 76
Engelbrecht, Gen. Erich, 44
Engineer, Miroo, 417
England, Len, 124, 328, 515
Enigma: Allies capture from Germans, 367
Enola Gay (B-29 Superfortress), 650
Eppler, Hans, 414
Epsom, Operation, 554
Eriksen, Col. Birger, 44
Eritrea, 109
Esders, Wilhelm (‘Doc’), 248
Esperance, Cape, 261
Estonia: anti-Russian actions, 145; and extermination of Jews, 611
Europe: post-war settlement, 611–12
euthanasia: as Nazi policy, 507
evacuees (British), 28
Evans, Redd and John Jacob Loeb: ‘Rosie the Riveter’ (song), 353
Fahmy, Hikmet, 414
Falaise Gap, Normandy, 530, 555–6
famines: in British Empire, 351, 422–5
Farouk, King of Egypt, 107, 414
Farrell, Capt. Charles, 540
Farrow, Ernie, 69
fascists: interned in Britain, 29
Feiner, S/Sgt. Harold, 234
Feldt, Gen. Kurt, 71
Felix, Charles, 606
Fellers, Col. Bonner, 130, 571
Fenet, Henri, 625–6
Fennema, S/Sgt. Harold, 330, 359
Ferguson, George, 235
Ferińć, Mirosław, 12
Fermi, Enrico, 646
Fermi, Laura, 646
Ferreira, Lt. Pedro, 460
Fibich-Savchenko, Aleksandra, 162
Finland: resists Russian invasion (1939–40), 31–7; armistice with Russia (1940), 37–8; receives help from Germany, 38; allies with Germany against Russia, 168–9; Russians advance into (1944), 549–50; armistice (1944), 550; casualties, 670
Finucane, Lt. Tony, 588
First Army (British), 378
Fitch, Adm. Aubrey, USN, 240
Fitt, Sgt. Bert, 562
Flanner, Janet, 17
Fleet Air Arm: weak performance, 270, 287, 293
Fletcher, Rear-Adm. Frank, USN, 238–41, 244–5, 247, 251, 254–5
Focke-Wulf 190 (German aircraft), 474, 482
Focke-Wulf Condor (German long-range aircraft), 288
Folcher, Gustave, 58–9
Foley, Frank, 46
Force Publique (Belgian Congo), 411
Formica, Lt. Vincenzo, 372–3, 380
Fortitude, Operation, 536
France: declares war on Germany, 1, 8–11; guarantees to Poland, 2–3; fails to support Poland, 11, 15; reluctance to take offensive against Germany, 17, 39; confronts Germany, 25–6; army demoralisation, 27; differences with Britain, 41, 50, 62–3; and Norway campaign, 48, 50–1; German advance in, 53–60, 63, 67–9; refugees from German advance, 59–60; soldiers evacuated at Dunkirk, 66–7; holds off Germans at Dunkirk, 67; defeat and surrender, 71–4; casualties, 72; Italy makes war on, 76; fleet bombarded by British, 80–1; servicemen repatriated by British, 80, 125; anti-Semitism, 81, 126, 403, 514, 660; resists British advances on territories, 81; Vichy government, 81; in Syria, 107; Vichy intervention in Iraq, 124–5; divided loyalties and anti-British sentiments, 125–7; Resistance movement, 126–7, 403; German naval bases in, 274; individual physical decline in war, 348; Vichy forces resist US landings, 376, 403; gendarmes send Jews to death camps, 402; German sympathisers and collaborators in, 402–4; colonies, 407; Vichy naval forces fight Siamese, 407; dictatorship, 458; colonial troops commit atrocities in Italy, 461, 463; pre-invasion bombing of, 485, 531–2; German economic exploitation, 503; Service de Travail Obligatoire (German forced labour), 503; Allied advance in, 554–5, 577–85; liberation, 577; Allied landings in south (August 1944), 579; post-war recriminations (l’épuration), 631, 660; maintains colonial rule in Indochina at war’s end, 658; antagonism to Britain, 660; enters war as act of principle, 660
Franco, Gen. Francisco, 105, 111–14
Frank, Anne, 402
Frank, Hans, 501
Frank, Richard, 255
Fraser, Lt. David, 10, 339, 630–1
Fredendall, Lt.Gen. Lloyd, 377
Freeman, Air Marshal Sir Wilfred, 476
French Expeditionary Corps: in Italy, 529
Freyberg, Gen. Bernard, VC, 123
Friedmann, Lt. George, 72
Friedrich, Ruth-Andreas, 620
Friend, Midshipman Charles, 285–6
Frier, J.B., 9
Fritsche, Hans, 613
Fromm, Corp. Helmut, 618, 623
Frost, Lt.-Col. John, 325, 580
Frunze, Mikhail, 152–3
Frykman, Sven, 625
Fuchida, Cdr. Mitsuo, 250
Fuchs, Karl, 148, 160
Fulton, Capt. Michael, 562
Gabor, Edith, 501
Gagliardi, Pfc Eugene, 330
Galland, Adolf, 83
Gambia: recruits from, 409
Gamble, Alan, 492
Gamelin, Gen. Maurice: preparations for war, 9; confidence in Polish resistance, 11; proposes major offensive for 1941 or 1942, 26; on public demand for action, 39; on Reynaud’s proposed strategy, 41; and German advance, 53–6, 58, 61; on French soldiers’ behaviour, 74
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 418–21
Gariepy, Sgt. Leo, 534
Garland (Polish destroyer), 290
Gaulle, Gen. Charles de: defends against German advance (1940), 68; forms ‘Free French’ force, 81; wartime French hostility to, 126; Syrian French recruits, 128; recruits from colonies, 403
Gavin, Brig.Gen. James M., 581
Gay, George, 249, 251
Gazala Line (North Africa), 136
Gebel, Ursula, 489
Gebfi, Kofi, 409
Gehlen, Col. Reinhard, 301, 527
Gensoul, Adm. Marcel-Bruno, 80–1
/> Georges, Gen. Joseph, 56–7
Geresomo, Batison, 409
German navy see Kriegsmarine
German Philharmonic Orchestra, 621
Germany: bomber offensive against, xvii, 200, 270, 363, 441, 443, 470–2, 477, 480–95, 576, 663; Britain and France declare war on, 1, 8–9; invades Poland, 1–7; non-aggression pact with Soviet Russia, 2–3; attitude to outbreak of war, 8–9; annexes western Poland, 23; Allies blockade, 26; gives aid to Finland, 38; economic and industrial problems, 40–1, 98–9, 101, 482–3; military strength, 41; invades Norway, 42, 43–5, 184; casualties and losses in Norway, 52; advance into France, 53–60, 63, 67–70; military efficiency, 60–1; casualties in 1940 campaign in France, 67, 72; and defeat of France, 73–4; triumphs in west, 77; invasion threat to Britain, 80, 90–1; intelligence weakness, 82, 87; aircraft production, 89–90, 307, 480, 482, 487; advantages from occupation of European countries, 98; military expansion (1940–41), 98; fuel shortages, 99, 163; incompetent administration of conquered lands, 101; invades and occupies Greece, 119–22; military victories, 124; invades Russia, 139, 143–5; behaviour in Soviet Russia, 141–2, 148–9, 153, 179, 319–20, 383; material aid from Russia, 144; early advances in Russia, 146–9, 158, 165; casualties and losses against Russia, 158–9, 166, 177, 181, 397, 441, 597, 614; forces and equipment worn down in Russia, 159; physical difficulties in Russia, 160–1, 165–6; questions outcome of war, 163–4; Stalingrad defeat, 165, 308–11, 316–18, 320–1, 380; retreats before Soviet offensive, 167; troops’ suffering in Russia, 178, 180; underestimates Russian resources, 178; US view of as enemy, 190; anticipates US involvement in war, 191; recognised as priority enemy, 199, 254, 432–3, 564; surface raiders, 270; iron-ore imports from Norway, 285; renewed successes in Russia (1942), 300–2; armaments output, 301, 306, 322, 381, 483; advance on Stalingrad, 302–3, 305–6; manpower shortage, 307; setbacks in Russia, 307, 320; sentimentality over Christmas, 316–17; prisoners ill-treated in Russia, 321; cause of disasters in Russia, 322; retreat from Russia, 323; total casualties, 324, 669; fighting qualities, 336–7; deserters executed, 337; uses V-weapons against Britain, 343; civilians’ experiences, 346; food and consumer goods, 347–8; female workers, 352; codes broken, 367–8; defeats in Russia (1943), 381; army deserters in Russia, 386; recruits from subject nations, 405; defensive strategy in Italy and Sicily, 443–9, 528; superiority in wireless communications, 446; casualties in Italy, 453, 529; reprisals against Italians, 460–1; casualties from bombing raids, 480; effect of bombing on civilian morale, 485–6, 489–91; slave labour, 486; downed Allied aircrew killed by crowds, 488; looters shot, 489; forced deportations and labour, 503–6; Jews deported, 512–13; numbers in Russia, 527; and Russian deception methods, 527, 550–1; escapes from Russian encirclement and entrapment, 530; infantry weapons, 539–40; casualties in Normandy, 544, 556; continues to fight in face of defeat, 552–3; military executions, 553; expectation of defeat, 576; defensive actions against Allied advance in West, 582–6; soldiers’ behaviour in Belgium, 592; Western Allies’ advance in, 605–7, 612; Allied soldiers’ behaviour in, 606; condition of army at war’s end, 609; refugees flee before Russians, 615–16; Russian army advances in, 615–18; end-of-war massacres by Nazis, 620–1; Red Army behaviour in at war’s end, 631; Western Allies’ behaviour in at war’s end, 631; reaction to war’s end, 653; material damage, 654; strategic mistakes, 662; reaction to war, 671; war criminals, 671; see also Kriegsmarine; Luftwaffe; Nazism
Geyr von Schweppenburg, Gen. Leo, Baron, 535, 557
Gibraltar: Germans propose seizure of, 81, 98, 105, 113; population evacuated, 105; bombed by Vichy aircraft, 125; and Malta convoys, 295
Gibson, Wing Cdr. Guy, VC, 481–2
Gilding, Walter, 65
Gloan, Pierre le, 127
Globocnik, SS-Brigadeführer Odilo, 519
Glorieux (French submarine), 403
Gnade, Lt. Hartwig, 521
Godau, Capt. Karl, 381
Godfroy, Adm. René, 125
Godłewski, Capt., 5
Goebbels, Joseph: justifies attack on Poland, 14; on Russia, 144; disbelieves quick conclusion to war in Russia, 153; propaganda successes with young Germans, 317; on deportation of Jews, 513
Goering, Hermann: anger at outbreak of war, 8; and Luftwaffe at Dunkirk, 66–7; and air attack on Britain, 81–2, 87; on exploitation of Soviet Russia, 142; on final solution of Jewish question, 153, 506–7; on Luftwaffe at Stalingrad, 317; on RAF’s bombing of Ruhr, 484; on use of Russians to build German aircraft, 505; qualities, 662
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 653
Gold Coast: recruits from, 409, 411
Goldberg, Szmulek, 23, 498–9
Goodwood, Operation, 554
Gordeev, Aleksandr, 309, 382
Gort, Gen. John Standish Surtees Vereker, 1st Viscount: commands BEF, 25; disbelieves French offensive, 62; and rescue of BEF, 63
Gothic Line (Italy), 530
Gourmet (magazine), 348
Govorov, Lt.Gen. Leonid, 311, 313
Grafton, Bob, 655
Grand Mufti of Jerusalem see al-Husayni, Mohammad Amin
Grant tanks: in North Africa, 366
Gray, Jimmy, 248, 252
Graziani, Marshal Rodolfo, 109–10, 115
Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (Japanese), 437
Greece: Italy prepares to attack, 109; Axis advance in, 115; Mussolini invades, 115–17; British and Anzac forces sent to, 111, 118–20; Germany invades, 119; British defeat and evacuation, 120, 122, 124; Germans occupy, 122; food shortages and starvation, 352; Germans evacuate (1944), 551; casualties, 670
Green, Muriel, 28, 93, 345, 354, 359, 376, 582
Greer, Lt. Peter, 207
Grensemann, Friedrike, 620
Griffenberg, Maj.Gen. Hans von, 146
Gros, Martha, 489, 491
Grossman, Vasily, 151, 156–8, 177, 182, 307, 310–11, 320, 355, 384, 390, 395, 613, 627
Grosz, Joseph, Bishop of Budapest, 604
Groves, Maj.Gen. Leslie, 648
Grumann, Lt. Kurt, 163, 167
Grunauer, Liselotte, 629
Gryn, Hugo, 621
Guadalcanal, 254–63
Guam, 566, 568
Guderian, Gen. Heinz: in invasion of Poland, 4; in defeat of France, 73; dismissed in Russia, 176; interrogated over evacuation of Warsaw, 615; qualities, 668
Guernica, 473
guerrillas see resistance groups and partisans
Guest, Lt. John, 499
Gunther, Helmut, 334
Gurkhas: qualities, 132, 435; in Malaya, 207; oppose Japanese, 434; at Monte Cassino, 457
Guzzoni, Gen. Alfredo, 444
Gwynn-Browne, Arthur, 65
gypsies: killed by Nazis, 510
Haakon VII, King of Norway, 43, 46, 50
Haape, Heinrich, 160
Haase, Maj. Karl-Günther von, 327
Hachiro, Sasaki, 201
Hahne, Dellie, 345
Halder, Gen. Franz, 70, 76, 147, 155, 164, 300, 307–9
Halifax, Frederick Edward Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of, 39
Halsey, Vice-Adm. William (‘Bull’), 261, 263, 435, 567, 570–4, 646
Hamburg: bombed, 482, 484
Hamlin, Maj. Albrecht, 631
Hanák, Capt. Sándor, 600
Hando, Kazutoshi, 431, 575, 673
Hansell, Gen. Heywood, 638
Hargreaves, Capt. Charles, 464, 466
Harnack, Helmut, 178
Harper, Tim, 500
Harris, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 275, 476, 481–2, 483–4, 494, 531, 577
Harrison, Earl, 674
Hartmann, Hans-Jürgen, 159, 175
Haskil, Clara, 404
Haslsti, Wolf, 37
Hazra, Matongini, 419
Headlam, Cuthbert, 9, 90
Heinemann (SS officer), 145
Heinrici, Gen. Gotthard, 177, 180, 623
Hellcat (US fighter plane), 253, 567
Helli (Greek cruiser), 116
Henderson Field se
e Guadalcanal
Hennessy, Peter, 540
Hermann Goering Division: ineptness in Sicily, 445
Hersey, John, 328
Hess, Rudolf: flees to Britain, 143
Heydrich, Richard, 519
Heyl, Lt. von, 179
Heyn, Allan, 243
Hichens, Lt. Robert, 325
Higgins, Andrew, 361–2
High Frequency Direction Finding (‘Huff-Duff’), 275, 280
Highett, Lt. Trevor, 561
Hill, Lt.Cdr David, 295
Himmler, Heinrich, 405, 508–11, 513, 514, 518, 520, 597, 662
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 193, 437, 649, 651
Hiroshima: atom bombed, xvi, 649–50
Hitler, Adolf: blames Jews, xvii; restricts public information, xix; invades Poland, 1–4; expansionist policy, 3, 99; and Franco-British declaration of war, 8; derided, 10; on ruthlessness of Polish invasion, 14; visits Warsaw, 22; Pope congratulates on escaping assassination attempt, 30; dominance, 41; invades Norway, 41–3; maintains large force in Norway, 52; restrains tanks at Dunkirk, 67; Mussolini’s view of, 75–6; misjudges state of Britain, 76; ambitions, 77; air assault on Britain, 79, 81, 97, 661; qualities, 79; and invasion threat to Britain, 80, 91; postpones invasion of Britain, 92; plans attack on Russia, 98–100, 113, 140–1; oratory and magnetism, 101; ambitions for African colonies, 112; Franco meets, 112; aims to seize Gibraltar, 113; and Mussolini’s attack on Greece, 115–17; abandons airborne operations after Crete, 123; meets Pétain, 125; invades Russia, 139, 144, 661; on German successes in Russia, 147–8, 153; plans for new empire, 153; conduct of war in Russia, 156, 159; and prospect of German defeat, 163, 165, 551; demands resistance to Russian offensive, 167; policy of starving Leningraders, 169–70; self-appointment as army C. in C., 175; injunction against yielding ground in Russia, 176; military interventions, 177; indifference to sufferings in Russia, 180; war aims, 182; US view of, 186; anticipates US involvement in war, 191; reluctance to acknowledge Japanese as allies, 193; view of USA, 195; declares war on USA, 196; fears US involvement in European war, 196; idolised by U-boat officers, 279; failure of campaign against British shipping, 284; demands capture of Sevastopol, 300; and renewed German successes in Russia, 301–3; orders advance on Caucasian oilfields, 305–6; diverts Fourth Panzer Army to Stalingrad, 306; and conduct of Stalingrad battle, 311; praises Manstein, 322; urges aggression on Afrika Korps, 366; sends Rommel reinforcements to Tunisia, 377, 379; agrees to withdrawal from Rzhev salient, 384; sends reinforcements to Russia, 387; and Battle of Kursk, 387; authorises withdrawal behind Dnieper, 393; rescues Mussolini after fall, 447; and German defence strategy in Italy, 454, 458; and German reprisals in Italy, 460–1; forces Yugoslavia to sign Tripartite Pact, 465; policy in Yugoslavia, 466; personal air raid shelters, 488; policy in conquered eastern lands, 503–4; anti-Jewish policy, 507, 512, 519–20, 674; refuses reinforcements to Eastern Front, 525; dismisses field marshals, 526; misjudges Russian offensive strategy, 527; accepts retreat in Italy, 530; and impending Allied invasion of Europe, 530; refuses to allow strategic wirhdrawal before Bagration, 546; and July bomb plot (1944), 551–2; orders counter-attack in Normandy, 554; orders strategic withdrawal from Normandy, 555; and Soviet winter 1944 offensive, 590; final confrontation with Russia, 608; and Soviet assault on Berlin, 623; suicide, 626; anticipates conflict between Soviet Union and West, 659; errors of judgement, 661; see also Germany
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