The Great War

by Peter Hart

  5. See http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/harrachmemoir.htm.

  6. H. von Moltke, quoted in A. Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke and the Origins of the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 182.

  7. H. Asquith, quoted in D. Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer: Why the World Went to War in 1914 (London: William Heinemann, 2004), p. 188.

  8. H. Asquith, quoted in Fromkin, Europe’s Last Summer, p. 233.

  9. E. Grey, quoted in War Speeches by British Ministers, 1914–1916 (London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd, 1917), p. 158.

  10. E. Goschen, , http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/scrapofpaper1.htm

  11. Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Twenty-Five Years, 1892–1916 (New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company, 1925), p. 20.

  2. The Western Front, 1914

  1. H. von Moltke the Elder, quoted in D. J. Hughes (ed.), Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings (New York: Presidio Press, 1993), pp. 45–7.

  2. E. von Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story (New York: Harper & Bros, 1919), pp. 43–4.

  3. G. Leman, http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/lemandiary.htm. Also C. F. Horne, ed., Source Records of the Great War, Vol. II (Indianapolis: National Alumni, 1923).

  4. http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/joffre_alsace.htm.

  5. Captain Ignard, quoted in J.-C. Delhez, Le Jour de deuil de l’armée française (Thonne-la-Long: Jean-Claude Delhez, 2011), p. 383.

  6. P. Lebaud, quoted in J.-C. Delhez, La bataille des Frontières racontée par les combattants (Thonne-la-Long: Jean-Claude Delhez, 2007), p. 162.

  7. A. Grasset, quoted in P. Young, ‘Battle of the Frontiers: The Ardennes’ in B. Pitt, ed., Purnell’s History of the First World War, Volume I (London: Purnell and Sons Ltd, 1969–70), pp. 154–5.

  8. P. Lintier, My 75: Journal of a French Gunner (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1917), pp. 91–3.

  9. Lintier, My 75, pp. 94–5.

  10. A. Joubaire, quoted in Delhez, La bataille des Frontières, p. 153.

  11. D. E. Renault, quoted in J.-P. Guéno and Y. Laplume, Paroles des Poilus 1914–1918 (Paris: Librio, 2003), p. 27.

  12. M. Genevoix, Ceux de 14 (Paris: Flammarion, 1950), pp. 93–4.

  13. J. Cisterne, quoted in Delhez, La bataille des Frontières, pp. 34–5.

  14. Lintier, My 75, pp. 119–20.

  15. Lintier, My 75, pp. 119–20.

  16. C. de Gaulle, quoted in P. M. de la Gorce, De Gaulle entre deux mondes: une vie et une époque (Paris: Fayard, 1964), p. 102.

  17. W. Hermanns, The Holocaust: From a Survivor of Verdun (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), p. 74.

  18. H. Smith-Dorrien, Smith-Dorrien: Isandlwhana to the Great War (Driffield: Leonaur, 2009), pp. 423–4.

  19. G. Roupell, quoted in D. Ascoli, The Mons Star: The British Expeditionary Force, 1914 (London: Harrap Ltd, 1981), p. 69.

  20. T. Bradley, quoted in Ascoli, The Mons Star, p. 63.

  21. W. Bloem, G. Wynne, trans., The Advance from Mons, 1914 (London: Peter Davies Ltd, 1930), p. 56.

  22. IWM DOCS: W. Morritt, manuscript letter, 3/9/1914–4/9/1914.

  23. T. Zuber, The Mons Myth: A Reassessment of the Battle (Stroud: History Press, 2010). I am also indebted to the work of J. Sheldon.

  24. Again see Zuber, The Mons Myth, p. 167.

  25. IWM DOCS: H. Rees, transcript memoir, A Personal Record of the First Three Months of the War, p. 12.

  26. IWM DOCS: B. T. St John, typescript account, part I, pp. 35–6

  27. IWM DOCS: B. T. St John, typescript account, part I, p. 40.

  28. J. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. I (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1932), pp. 137–8.

  29. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. I, p. 185.

  30. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. I, pp. 183–4.

  31. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. I, p.190.

  32. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. I, p. 197.

  33. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre Vol. I, p. 227.

  34. A. von Kluck, The March on Paris and the Battle of the Marne, 1914 (London: Edward Arnold, 1920), p. 69.

  35. H. von Moltke order, quoted in von Kluck, The March on Paris and the Battle of the Marne, 1914, p. 94.

  36. Von Kluck, The March on Paris and the Battle of the Marne, 1914, p. 99.

  37. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. I, pp. 254–5.

  38. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. I, p. 255.

  39. J. French, 1914 (London: Constable & Co. Ltd, 1919), pp. 197–8.

  40. F. Foch, quoted in M. S. Neiberg, Foch (Washington DC: Brasseys, 2003), p. 22.

  41. E. von Falkenhayn, quoted in R. Foley, German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 102.

  42. W. Kaht, quoted in J. Sheldon, The German Army at Ypres, 1914 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2010), pp. 105–6

  43. IWM DOCS: H. M. Dillon, letter, 25/10/1914.

  44. IWM DOCS: W. A. Quinton, typescript account, p. 16.

  45. IWM DOCS: W. A. Quinton, typescript account, p. 16.

  46. IWM DOCS: W. A. Quinton, typescript account, p. 16.

  47. J. Charteris, Field Marshal Earl Haig (London: Cassell & Co. Ltd, 1929), pp. 118–19.

  48. F. Foch, quoted in J. Marshall-Cornwall, Haig as Military Commander (London: B. T. Batsford Ltd, 1973), p. 132.

  49. IWM DOCS: B. T. St John typescript account, part 2, p. 44.

  50. IWM DOCS: B. T. St John typescript account part 2, pp. 44–5.

  51. P. Dupouey, quoted in Ce Qui Demeure: Lettres de soldats tombés au champ d’honneur, 1914–1918 (Paris: Bartillat, 2009), p. 86.

  52. IWM DOCS: W. A. Quinton, typescript account, pp. 23–4.

  53. IWM DOCS: W. A. Quinton, typescript account, pp. 24–6.

  54. G. Berthier, quoted in Guéno and Laplume, Paroles des Poilus, 1914–18, pp. 79–80.

  3. The Eastern Front, 1914

  1. E. von Ludendorff, Ludendorff’s Own Story (New York: Harper & Bros., 1919), p. 68.

  4. The Sea War, 1914–15

  1. J. Jellicoe, quoted in A. Temple Patterson (eds.), The Jellicoe Papers, Vol. I (London: Naval Records Society, 1996), p. 252.

  2. A. von Tirpitz, My Memoirs, Vol. I (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1919), pp. 9–10.

  3. Von Tirpitz, My Memoirs, Vol. 1, p. 77.

  4. Quoted in O. Parkes, British Battleships (London: Seely Service & Co., 1957), p. 435.

  5. J. Fisher, quoted in J. T. Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914 (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 259.

  6. Von Tirpitz, My Memoirs, Vol. I, pp. 170–72.

  7. Von Tirpitz, My Memoirs, Vol. II, pp. 26–7 and 29–30.

  8. R. Drax, quoted in R. Hough, The Great War at Sea, 1914–18 (Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 1986), p. 132.

  9. IWM Library: J. Speiss, Six Years of Submarine Cruising, Office of Naval Intelligence, 2/1926, pp. 2–3.

  10. O. Weddigen, quoted in The Times, 12/10/1914, p. 3.

  11. A. Temple Patterson (ed.), The Jellicoe Papers, Vol. I, (London: The Naval Records Society, 1966), pp. 75–9.

  12. Temple Patterson (ed.), The Jellicoe Papers, Vol. I, pp. 75–9.

  13. A. D. P. R. Pound diary entry for 16/8/1914, quoted in P. G. Halpern ‘Dudley Pound in the Grand Fleet, 1914–15’ in Michael Duffy (ed.), The Naval Miscellany, Vol. VI (Aldershot: Ashgate on behalf of the Naval Records Society, 2003), p. 398.

  14. Knoop, quoted in G. Bennett, Coronel and the Falklands (London: Pan Books, 1967), p. 33.

  15. H. Pochhammer, Before Jutland: Admiral Spee’s Last Voyage (London: Jarrolds, 1931), pp. 202–3.

  16. Pochhammer, Before Jutland, p. 212.

  17. Pochhammer, Before Jutland, p. 217.

  18. H. T. Bowen, quoted in J. D. Grainger (ed.), The Maritime Blockade of Germany in the Great War: The Northern Patrol (Aldershot: Ashgate on behalf of the Navy
Records Society, 2003), p. 61.

  19. G. W. Vivian, quoted in Grainger (ed.), The Maritime Blockade of Germany in the Great War, pp. 120–21.

  20. W. Schwieger, quoted in D. Schmidt, The Folly of War: American Foreign Policy, 1898–2004 (New York: Algora Publishing, 2005), p. 70.

  21. IWM Sound Archive, J. Lewis, AC 7361.

  22. L. Holland, quoted in Memorandum of the German Government in Regard to Incidents Alleged to have Attended the Destruction of a German Submarine and Its Crew by His Majesty’s Auxiliary Cruiser Baralong on August 19, 1915 and Reply of His Majesty’s Government Thereto (London: HMSO, 1916), annex 5.

  5. The Western Front, 1915

  1. Bonaparte, quoted in A. F. Becke, Napoleon and Waterloo (London: Kegan et al, 1914), p. 9.

  2. E. von Falkenhayn, General Headquarters, 1914–1916 and Its Critical Decisions (Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004), p. 56.

  3. W. Ambroselli, quoted in P. Witkop, German Students’ War Letters (Philadelphia: Pine Street Books, 2002), pp. 189–90.

  4. A. Hopp, quoted in Witkop, German Students’ War Letters, pp. 56–7. Hopp was killed on the Heights of Combres on 18 March 1915.

  5. M. Genevoix, Ceux de 14 (Paris: Flammarion, 1950), pp. 774–5.

  6. D. Haig, quoted in Duff Cooper, Haig, Vol. I (London: Faber & Faber, 1935), pp. 223–4.

  7. H. M. Trenchard, quoted in A. Boyle, Trenchard: Man of Vision (London: Collins, 1962) p. 128.

  8. D. Haig diary entry 22/2/1915, quoted in G. Sheffield and J. Bourne (eds.), Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–18 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p. 102.

  9. W. L. Andrews, Haunting Years: The Commentaries of a War Territorial (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1930), pp. 48–9.

  10. M. Kennedy, quoted in G. Bridger, The Battle of Neuve Chapelle (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2009), pp. 48–9.

  11. H. Rawlinson, quoted in R. Prior and T. Wilson, Command on the Western Front: The Military Career of Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1914–18 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992), p. 78.

  12. The French nickname for their African soldiers, loosely translated as ‘the happy ones’.

  13. H. Mordacq, Le drame de l’Yser: la surprise des gaz (avril 1915) (Paris: Editions des Portiques, 1933).

  14. J. A. Currie, The Red Watch: With the First Division in Flanders (London: Constable & Co. Ltd, 1916), pp. 216–17.

  15. W. Watson-Armstrong, My First Week in Flanders (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1916), pp. 24–7.

  16. IWM DOCS: W. A. Quinton, typescript account, pp. 50–51.

  17. IWM DOCS: W. A. Quinton, typescript account, pp. 50–51.

  18. J. Joffre, quoted in R. A. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 156.

  19. L. F. Sotheby, quoted in D. C. Richter, Lionel Sotheby’s Great War: Diaries and Letters from the Western Front (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1990), pp. 98–9.

  20. L. F. Sotheby, quoted in Richter, Lionel Sotheby’s Great War, p. 102.

  21. A. Millerand, quoted in J. Joffre, The Memoirs of General Joffre, Vol. II (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1932), pp. 357–8.

  22. E. Morin, Lieutenant Morin: Combatant de la guerre, 1914–1918 (Besançon: Cêtre, 2002), p. 93.

  23. H. Laporte, Journal d’un poilu (Paris: Editions Mille et Une Nuits, 1998), pp. 64–5.

  24. H. G. Picton Davies, quoted in C. H. Dudley Ward, Regimental Records of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, Vol. III (London: Forster Groom & Co. Ltd, 1920), pp. 141–44.

  25. IWM Sound Archive: R. Thorpe-Tracey, AC 00036.

  6. The Eastern Front, 1915

  1. E. von Falkenhayn, General Headquarters, 1914–1916 and Its Critical Decisions (Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004), p. 88.

  7. Gallipoli, 1915

  1. W. Churchill, quoted by G. Riddell in M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. III, 1914–1916 (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1971), p. 411.

  2. A. R. Perry, quoted in S. Chambers, Anzac: The Landing (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2008), p. 44.

  3. IWM DOCS: S. Aker, ‘The Dardanelles: The Ari Burnu Battles and 27th Regiment’ in the Rayfield Papers Collection.

  4. IWM PRINTED BOOKS: Atatürk Memoirs, K03/1686, pp. 8–9.

  5. National Army Museum: D. French, manuscript letter, 4/1915.

  6. Frederick Royle, 1/7th Manchester Regiment, killed 4 June 1915. No known grave but commemorated on Helles Memorial.

  7. IWM DOCS: J. S. Gatley, typescript diary account, pp. 30–31.

  8. IWM DOCS: G. G. A. Egerton, typescript account, pp. 2–3.

  9. Brotherton Special Collections Library, Leeds University, Liddle Collection, C. R. Duke, typescript account, pp. 99–100.

  10. A. Crawford, ’3rd Light Horse Brigade on Gallipoli’, Reveille, 1/8/1932, p. 38.

  11. W. B. Shannon, quoted by S. Chambers, Suvla: August Offensive (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2011), p. 38.

  12. C. F. Aspinall-Oglander, History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Gallipoli Vol. II Military Operations: May 1915 to the Evacuation (London: William Heinemann & Co., 1932), p. 325.

  13. IWM DOCS: G. Nightingale, letter 25/8/1915.

  8. Salonika, 1915–18

  1. A. Winnington-Ingram, quoted in Balkan News, December 1918.

  2. C. von Clausewitz, Principles of War (New York: Dover Publications, 2003), p. 45.

  3. R. Skilbeck-Smith, A Subaltern in Macedonia and Judaea (London: Mitre Press, 1930), p. 98.

  4. IWM Documents, F. T. Mullins, transcript account, p. 6.

  5. IWM Documents: F. T. Mullins, transcript account, p. 7.

  6. IWM Documents: R. W. Townsend, Letters, 9/1918.

  7. IWM Documents: R. W. Townsend, Letters, 9/1918.

  9. The Western Front, 1916

  1. J. Charteris, At G.H.Q. (London: Cassell & Co., 1931), p. 134.

  2. E. von Falkenhayn, quoted in R. Foley, German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 187.

  3. E. von Falkenhayn, General Headquarters, 1914–1916 and Its Critical Decisions (Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2004), p. 224.

  4. J. Hacquin, quoted in M. Brown, Verdun, 1916 (Stroud: Tempus, 2000), p. 48.

  5. H. Pétain, quoted in Foley, German Strategy and the Path to Verdun, p. 221.

  6. R. Arnaud (translated by J. B. Donne), Tragédie Bouffe (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1966), p. 54.

  7. S. E. Reynel, Le Drame du Fort de Vaux (Verdun: Editions Lorraines, 1949), pp. 171–2.

  8. W. Hermanns, The Holocaust: From a Survivor of Verdun (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), pp. 79 and 104–5.

  9. Hermanns, The Holocaust, p. 112.

  10. Hermanns, The Holocaust, pp. 116–18.

  11. D. Haig, letter to Viscount Bertie of Thame, 5/6/1916, quoted in G. Sheffield and J. Bourne (eds.), Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–18 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p. 189.

  12. J. Charteris, Field Marshal Earl Haig (London: Cassell & Co., 1929), pp. 205–6.

  13. IWM DOCS: T. Hughes, transcript diary, 1/5/1916.

  14. IWM DOCS: C. G. Lawson, typescript letter, 24/6/1916.

  15. M. Gerster, quoted in J. Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2005), pp. 121–2.

  16. M. Gerster, quoted in Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme, pp. 133–4.

  17. IWM DOCS: C. C. May, typescript diary and letter, 17/6/1916.

  18. IWM DOCS: W. T. Colyer, manuscript account, ‘War Impressions’.

  19. O. Lais, quoted in Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme, p. 142.

  20. Lieutenant Kienitz, quoted in Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme, pp. 159

  21. J. Foy, quoted in I. Sumner, They Shall Not Pass: The French Army on the Western Front, 1914–1918 (Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2012), p. 135.

  22. H. von Wurmb, quoted in Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme, p. 111.

  23. F. von Below, quoted in Sheldon, The
German Army on the Somme, p. 179.

  24. E. Gerhardinger, quoted in Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme, pp. 197–8.

  25. F. von Below, quoted in H. A. Jones, History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force, Vol. II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928), pp. 270–71.

  26. H. Preston, Reveille, vol. 8, no. 12, p. 30.

  27. IWM DOCS: P. H. Pilditch, typescript memoir, p. 315.

  28. Pvt. Rabe, quoted in Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme, p. 201.

  29. H. Kohl, quoted in Sheldon, The German Army on the Somme, 1914–1916, p. 292.

  30. B. Henriques, Indiscretions of a Warden (London: Methuen & Co., 1937), pp. 118–19.

  31. Sgt. Weinert quoted in T. Pidgeon, The Tanks at Flers Vol. I (Cobham: Fairmile Books, 1995), p. 132.

  32. D. Haig, quoted in Sheffield and Bourne, Douglas Haig, p. 237

  33. M. von Richthofen, The Red Airfighter (London: Greenhill Books, 1990), pp. 93–4.

  34. National Army Museum: E. R. Buckell, typescript account, ‘The Somme’, p. 6.

  35. E. Ludendorff, My War Memories (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1920), p. 307.

  36. IWM DOCS: P. H. Pilditch, typescript memoir, p. 331.

  10. The Eastern Front, 1916

  1. P. von Hindenburg, Out of My Life (London: Cassel), p. 273.

  11. The Sea War, 1916

  1. IWM DOCS: J. C. Croome, typescript account.

  2. http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Wilson_on_the_Sussex_Case

  3. R. Scheer, Germany’s High Seas Fleet in the World War (London: Cassell & Co., 1920), p. 176.

  4. IWM DOCS: J. C. Croome, typescript account.

  5. IWM DOCS: T. M. Field Collection: E. Francis: ‘Impressions of a Gunner’s Mate at Jutland’.

  6. A. E. M. Chatfield, The Navy and Defence: The Autobiography of Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Chatfield (London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1942), p. 143.