The Laws of Manu

by The Laws of Manu (retail) (epub)

  [63] The word translated as ‘oil-drinker’ is tailapaka, which no lexicographer seems to know, but which may be used here through a pun on sesame oil (taila); the commentators say it is a winged animal or bird (pakṣin) that drinks oil, and Bühler says it may be a cockroach. The cormorant is a madgu and the cricket a cīrīvāka.

  [64] The partridge is a tittiri; the frog a dardura; the curlew a krauñca; the iguana a godhā (perhaps punning on cow, go); and the bat a vāgguda (perhaps punning on molasses, guḍa).

  [65] The muskrat is a chucchundarī. For the porcupine and hedgehog (and, indeed, for a list parallel to this in many ways), see 5.18.

  [66] The house-builder wasp is a gṛhakārin; the pheasant a jīvajīvaka.

  [67] The sparrow is a stokaka.

  [71] The ‘comet-mouth’ is a ulkāmukha; the ‘false-stinking’ is a kūṭapūtana.

  [72] The ghost ‘who sees by an eye in his anus’ is the maitrākṣijyotika; the ‘moth-eater’ is a cailāśaka.

  [75] See 4.84–91 for hells.

  [81] That is, if he commits an act when his disposition is predominantly characterized by lucidity, he will be reborn in the body of god.

  [83] For other lists of the standard virtues, see 6.91–4 and 10.63.

  [86] Vedic activity, which is described in the following verses, may refer either to Vedic ritual or to the more general activities prescribed in the Veda.

  [92] A similar passage in favour of renunciation, even in preference to the Vedic ritual that is otherwise Manu’s first concern, appears at 6.86 and 6.96.

  [94] The meaning of aśākya (here translated as ‘impossible to master’) is that humans cannot have composed the Veda, which is beyond the range of human powers, and cannot comprehend it.

  [98] That is, the Veda produces the five sensory powers within matter, each with its own set of qualities (guṇas) and innate activities (karmans), as is described in 1.20–21.

  [99] ‘This living creature’ is presumably the man entitled to carry out Vedic activity.

  [109] This verse refers to the three authorities for knowledge mentioned in 12.105: eye-witness perception, revealed canon (religious texts), and argument (inference). The final compound may be variously interpreted, and is, by the commentaries; it may also mean ‘those who use eye-witness perception, the revealed canon, and agrument’ (i.e. all three authorities), or ‘those who make their arguments using the revealed canon as their eye-witness’.

  [120] He should meditate upon the superimposition, or identity, of these two orders of being, or upon the connections (bandhus) between them, first established in ṛg Veda 10.90.13–14.

  [124] His five physical forms are the five great elements.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  The basic bibliography is Ludwik Sternbach’s Bibliography of Dharma and Artha in Ancient and Medieval India (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1973), updated in subsequent issues of Revue historique du droit français et étranger.

  1. SANSKRIT EDITIONS OF The Laws of Manu

  DAVE, JAYANTAKRISHNA HARIKRISHNA, Manusmṛti, with the commentaries of Medhātithi, Sarvajñanārāyaṇa, Kullūka, Rāghavānanda, Nandana, Rāmacandra, Maṇirāma, Govindarāja and Bhāruci, 5 vols. (Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bharatiya Vidya Series, vol. 29ff., 1972- ).

  JOLLY, J., Mānavadharmaśāstra, with extracts from four commentaries (London: Trübner, 1887). Manu-ṭikā-sangraha, collection of commentaries (Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica 556, 584, 724).

  KURUNDAKARA, N., Manusmṛti (Mumbai: Lokavamaya Grhya, 1983).

  MANDLIK, VISHVANATH NARAYAN, Mānava-Dharma Śāstra (Institutes of Manu), with the commentaries of Medhātithi, Sarvajñanārāyaṇa, Kullūka, Rāghavānanda, Nandana, and Rāmachandra, and an Appendix by the Honourable Ras Saheb, 2 vols. (Bombay: Ganpat Krishnaraji’s Press, 1886). Vol. 3 appends the commentary of Govindarāja, edited by Rao Saheb.

  MOTWANI, K., Manu Dharma Śāstra (Madras 1959).

  STERNBACH L., Mānavadharmaśāstra (Varanasi: All India Kashiraj Trust, 1974).

  2. TRANSLATIONS OF The Laws of Manu

  BÜHLER, G., The Laws of Manu, SBE vol. 25 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1886; reprinted, New York: Dover Press, 1969).

  BURNELL, A., and HOPKINS, E. W., Manavadharmaśāstra (London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd, 1891; reprinted, New Delhi: Oriental Books Reprint Corp., 1971).

  DERRETT, J. D. M., Manuśāstravivaraṇa, trans. of text and Bhāruci’s commentary on Books 6–12, 2 vols. (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1975).

  ELMANOVICH, S. D., (Russian) (St Petersburg, 1913).

  IL’IN, F. F., (Russian) (Moscow, 1960).

  JHA, G., Manu Smṛti with Bhāṣyā of Medhātithi, 5 vols. (Calcutta: University of Calcutta Press, 1920).

  JOLLY, JULIUS, German trans. of Chapter 8 and part of Chapter 9 in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, vols. 3 and 4, 1882.

  JONES, SIR WILLIAM, Institutes of Hindu Law, or the Ordinances of Menu [sic] according to the Gloss of Culluca, comprising the Indian System of Duties, Religious and Civil (Calcutta, 1794).

  LOISELEUR-DESLONGCHAMPS, A., Lois de Manou (Paris: L’Imprimerie de Crapelet, 1833).

  MACFIE, JOHN MANDEVILLE, The Laws of Manu: A Summary in English (Madras: The Christian Literature Society for India, 1921) (131 pp.).

  STREHLY, G., Les Lois de Manou (Paris, 1893).

  3. SELECTED SECONDARY STUDIES OF The Laws of Manu

  ACHYUTHAN, M., Educational Practices in Manu, Panini, and Kautilya (Trivandrum: College Book House, 1975).

  AGARWALA, V. S., India as Described by Manu (Varanasi, 1970). The Science of Social Organization or the Laws of Manu in the Light of Theosophy (Adyar, 1919).

  ALTEKAR, A. S., Sources of Hindu Dharma in its Socio-Religious Aspects (Sholapur, 1952).

  AYER, U. A. K., Hindu Śāstras and Saṃskāras (Bombay: Bharatiya, 1971).

  AYYAR, R. S. VAIDYANATHA, Manu’s Land and Trade Laws (Delhi: Oriental Publishers and Distributors, 1976).

  BAGCHI, S. C., Juristic Personality of Hindu Deities (Calcutta, 1933).

  BANERJEE, N. N., Manu and Modern Times (New Delhi: Hindutva Publications, 1975).

  BANERJEE, N. V., Studies in the Dharmaśāstra of Manu (New Delhi: Mushiram Manoharlal, 1980).

  BANARJI, GOOROODAS, Hindu Law of Marriage and Strīdhana, 2nd ed. (Tagore Law Lectures, 1st ed. 1878; 5th ed., by S. C. Banerji, Calcutta: S. K. Lahiri, 1923).

  BANERJI, S. C., Dharma Sūtras: A Study in their Origins and Development (Calcutta, 1962). Smṛti Material in the Mahābhārata (Calcutta, 1972).

  BEAMAN, G. B., On the Sources of the Dharmaśāstras of Manu and Yajñavalkya (Leipzig, 1895).

  BETAI, R. S., A Reconstruction of the Original Interpretation of the Manusmṛti (Ahmedabad, 1970).

  ‘Criminal law from Manu to Yajñavalkya to Nārada: A positive transition’, Journal of the Oriental Institute 22:3 (1973), pp. 265–89.

  ‘State of Criminal Law in Manusmṛti’, Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute 24 (1968), pp. 279–98.

  ‘Revisions of the Manusmṛti and the Background of These: A Fresh Study’, Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute 22:3–4 (1966), pp. 193–201.

  ‘The textual problem of Manusmṛti’, Journal of the Gujarat Research Society 24, pp. 271–6.

  BHATTACHARYA, B., Studies in Dharmaśāstra (Calcutta, 1964).

  BÖHTLINGK, O., ‘Bemerkungen zu Manu’s Gesetzbuch’, in Königlichen Sachsiche Geschichte der Wissenschaften (7 November 1896), pp. 245–50.

  BOSE, Η. A., ‘Manu’s Mixed Castes’, Indian Antiquary (1923), pp. 24–9.

  BROWN, C. MACKENZIE, ‘Some Modern Views of the Manusaṃhitā’, Adyar Library Bulletin 31:2 (1967–8), pp. 95ff.

  CHOBE, B. N., Principles of Dharmashastra (Allahabad, n.d.).

  DAS, R. M., Women in Manu and His Seven Commentators (Varanasi, 1962).

  DERRETT, J. D. M., ‘Dharmaśāstra and Juridical Literature’, in Jan Gonda (ed.), History of Indian Literature, vol. 4, pt 1 (Wiesbaden: Har
rassowitz, 1973).

  Essays in Classical and Modern Hindu Law (Leiden: Brill, 1976).

  Hindu Law, Past and Present (Calcutta, 1957).

  ‘History of Indian Law (Dharmaśāstra)’, in B. Spuler (ed.), Handbuch der Orientalistik, vol. 2, ed. J. Gonda (Leiden, 1973).

  Religion, Law and the State in India (London: Faber and Faber, 1968).

  DONIGER, WENDY. See O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger.

  DUTT, M. N., The Dharma Śāstras or the Hindu Law Codes (Calcutta, 1908).

  FRAUWALLNER, E., ‘Untersuchungen zum Moksadharma’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 45 (1925), pp. 51–67.

  GALANTER, MARC, Competing Equalities: Law and the Backward Classes in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

  GHARPURE, J. R., Manusmṛti with the Bhāshyā of Medhātiti (Bombay: Collection ot Hindu Law Texts, 1917).

  Teachings of Dharmaśāstra (Lucknow, 1956).

  GHOSE, J. C., Principles of Hindu Law (Calcutta, 1917–19).

  GHOSHAL, U. N., ‘The Status of Śūdras in the Dharmasūtras’, Indian Culture 14:1 (1947), pp. 21–7.

  ‘The Status of Brāhmaṇas in the Dharmasūtras’, Indian Historical Quarterly 23:2 (1947), pp. 83–92.

  GLUCKLICH, ARIEL, Religious Jurisprudence in the Dharmaśāstra (New York: Macmillan, 1988).

  ‘Dharma and Social Justice in the Criminal Code of Manu’, Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.) 16:1 (1982), pp. 57–78.

  ‘Images and Symbols in the Phenomenology of Dharma’, History of Religions 29:3 (February, 1990), pp. 259–87.

  GOPAL, RAM, India of the Vedic Kalpasūtras (Delhi: National Publishing House, 1959).

  ‘Manu’s Indebtedness to Śānkhyāyana’, Poona Orientalist 27 (1962), pp. 39–44.

  GOSWAMI, KRISHNAGOPAL, ‘The Mānava Principle in Manu and Nietzche’s [sic] Appraisal’, in Dr Satkari Mookerji Felicitation Volume (Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1969), pp. 685–95.

  GUPTA, A. S., ‘Manu on the Duties of Kings’, Journal of Indian History 48:2 (1970), pp. 399–404.

  GUPTA, R. Κ., Political Thought in the Smṛti Literature (Allahabad, 1961).

  HAZRA, R. C., ‘Dharma: Its Early Meaning and Scope’, Our Heritage 7:1 (1959), pp. 15–35; 8:1 (1960), pp. 7–34.

  ‘The Sources of Dharma’, Our Heritage 2:2 (1954), pp. 249–63; 3:1 (1955), pp. 65–88; 3:2 (1955), pp. 221–38; 52 (1957), pp. 87–102.

  HOPKINS, E. W., ‘On the Professed Quotations from Manu found in the Mahābhārata’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 11 (1885), pp. 239–75.

  The Mutual Relations of the Four Castes according to the Mānavadharmaśāstra (Leipzig: Breitkopf & Hartell, 1881).

  JAYASWAL, K.P., Manu and Yajñavalkya, a Comparison and a Contrast: A Treatise on the Basic Hindu Law (Calcutta: Butterworth, 1930).

  JHA, A., Essentials of Mānava-dharmaśāstra (Hyderabad, 1950).

  JHA, G., Hindu Law in its Sources (Allahabad, 1930–31).

  JHA, V. N., ‘Varṇasaṃkara in the Dharmasūtras: Theory and Practice’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Leiden) 13:3 (1970), pp. 273–88.

  JOHAENTGEN, F., Über das Gesetzbuch des Manu (Berlin, 1863).

  JOLLY, J., Recht und Sitte (Strasbourg, 1896); trans. as Hindu Law and Custom (Calcutta, 1928).

  ‘Arthaśāstra and Dharmaśāstra’, ZDMG 67 (1913), pp. 49–96.

  JOSHI, LAXMANSHASTRI (ed.), Dharmakośa 5 vols. (Wai, Dist. Satara: Prajnapathasala Mandala, 1938).

  KANE, P. V., History of Dharmaśāstra, 5 vols. (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1930–62).

  ‘The predecessors of Vijñāneśvara’, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (n. 5), I (1924), pp. 193–215.

  KANGLE, R. P., ‘Manu and Kautilya’, Indian Antiquary (n.s.) 1:1 (1964).

  KETKAR, SHRIDAR V., The History of Caste in India: Evidence of the Laws of Manu, 2 vols. (Ithaca, 1909).

  KUPPUSWAMY, BANGALORE, Dharma and Society (Delhi: Macmillan, 1977).

  LAINE, JAMES W., ‘The Creation Account in Manusmṛti’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 62 (1981), pp. 157–68.

  LASZLO, FRANZ, Die Parallelversion der Manusmṛti im Bhaviṣya-purāṇa (Wiesbaden, 1971).

  LINGAT, R., Les sources du droit dans le système traditionnel de l’Inde (Paris, 1967); trans., by J. D. M. Derrett, as The Classical Law of India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973).

  ‘Buddhist Manu on the Propagation of Hindu Law in Hinayanist Indo-China’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 30 (1949–50), pp. 284–97.

  ‘Time and the Dharma: On Manu, I 85–86’, Contributions to Indian Sociology 6 (1962), pp. 7–16.

  LOSCH, H., Rājadharma (Bonn, 1959).

  MANICKAM, T. M. Dharma according to Manu and Moses (Bangalore: Dharmaram Publications, 1977).

  MEES, G. H., Dharma and Society (The Hague, 1935).

  MERCEREAU, H., Le Droit positif chez les Hindous d’après le Mānava-dharma-śāstra (Paris, 1925).

  MEYER, J. J., Über das Wesen der Altindischen Rechtsschriften und ihr Verhältnis zu einander und zu Kauṭilya (Leipzig, 1927).

  MOTWANI, Κ. Manu: A Study in Hindu Social Theory (Madras, 1934).

  MUIR, JOHN, ‘Notes on the lax observance of caste rules, and other features of social and religious life, in ancient India’, Indian Antiquary 6 (1877), pp. 251–64.

  MUKHERJI, P., ‘Property rights of women as recorded in Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra and Manusmṛti, Our Heritage 9:1 (1961), pp. 49-60.

  ‘Widowhood and niyoga in the Arthaśāstra and Manusmṛti’, Our Heritage 11 (1963), pp. 1–15.

  MULLA, D. F., Principles of Hindu Law, 13th ed., S. T. Desai (ed.) (Bombay, 1966; reprinted 1970).

  NOLD, M. T., Guilt and Expiation in the Hindu Law Codes (Columbia University Ph.D. dissertation, 1978).

  O’FLAHERTY, WENDY DONIGER, and DERRETT, J. D. M., The Concept of Duty in South Asia (London: School of Oriental and African Studies; Delhi: Vikas; 1978).

  ORENSTEIN, HENRY, ‘Logical consequence in Hindu social law: another interpretation’, Contributions to Indian Sociology (n. 5) 4 (1970), pp. 22–34.

  PARADKAR, M. D., Similes in Manusmṛti (Delhi, 1960).

  PATWARDHAN, M. V., Manu-smṛti. The Ideal Democratic Republic of Manu (Delhi, 1968).

  Manuvāda, or the Hindu Socialistic Democracy (Belgaum: H. M. Patwardan, 1973).

  PRABHU, P. N., Hindu Social Organization: A Study in Social, Psychological, and Ideological Foundations, 2nd ed. (Bombay, 1954).

  RAGHAVAN, V., ‘The Manu Smṛti’, in The Cultural Heritage of India, 2nd ed. (Calcutta, 1959), pp. 335–63.

  ‘Rājavidyā: Manu and the Bhagavadgītā’, in T. M. P. Mahadevan Commemorative Volume (Madras, 1963).

  RAMAMOORTHY, R., ‘Concept of Punishment under Manu Smṛti’, Indian Philosophical Quarterly 2:1 (1974), pp. 51–64.

  RAMAN, N. S. SUNDARA, Ethical Implications of Manu’s Code: A Study of the Nature, Definition, and Implications of the Concept of Dharma with Reference to Manusmṛti, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rajasthan, 1955.

  RANGASWAMI AIYANGAR, K. V., Some Aspects of the Social and Political System of Manu (Lucknow: Lucknow University, 1949).

  Some Aspects of the Hindu View of Life According to Dharmaśātra (Baroda, 1952).

  ROCHER, L., ‘Ancient Indian Criminal Law’, Journal of Oriental Research 25 (1955), pp. 15–34.

  ‘Schools of Hindu Law’, in India Maior (Gonda Felicitation Volume) (Leiden, 1972), pp. 167–76.

  ‘Droit Hindou ancien’, in J. Gilissen (ed.), Introduction bibliographique à l’histoire du droit et à l’ethnologie juridique (Brussels, 1965).

  ‘Caste and Occupation in Classical India: The Normative Texts’, Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.) 9:1 (1975), pp. 139–51.

  ‘La Sacralité du pouvoir dans l’Inde ancienne d’après les textes de dharma’, Annales du Centre d’Études des Religions (Brussels, 1962),
pp. 123–37.

  SANE, P. S., ‘Use of Mīmāṃsā in Dharma Śāstra’, in Centenary High Court of Judicature of Allahabad (1866–1966), Commemoration Volume 1 (Allahabad: High Court Centenary Committee, 1966), pp. 112–32.

  SASTRI, A. CHINNASWAMI, ‘On the Date and Authorship of Manu’, Our Heritage 1:2 (1953), pp. 307–16.

  SASTRI, H. C., The Law of Debt in Ancient Indian Law (Calcutta, 1971).

  SASTRY, K. R. R., Manu and Thiruvalluvar: A Comparative Study (Madras: Sangam Publishers, 1973).

  The Dharmasūtras and the Dharmaśāstras (Tirupati, 1952).

  Hindu Jurisprudence (Calcutta, 1964).

  SELVANYAKI, M. T., ‘Manu in Ancient Hindu Polity’, Education Review 76:6 (1970), pp. 126–8.

  SEN, P. N., General Principles of Hindu Jurisprudence (Calcutta, 1918).

  SEN-GUPTA, N. C., Sources of Law and Society in Ancient India (Calcutta, 1914).

  Evolution of Ancient Indian Law (Calcutta and London, 1953).

  SETLUR, S. S., Hindu Law Books on Inheritance (Madras, 1911).

  SHAH, H.A., ‘The Manu-smṛti in the Light of Some Recently Published Texts’, Indian Antiquary (1916), 112–15 and 125–9.

  ‘Some Remarks Supplementing “The Manu-smṛti in the Light of Some Recently Published Texts” ’, Indian Antiquary (1917), p. 95.

  SHAH, K. J., ‘Concept of Dharma’, Journal of Indian Academy of Philosophy 12: 1 (1973), pp. 35–45.

  SHANKARA RAMA SASTRI, C., Fictions in the Development of Hindu Law Texts (Adyar, 1926).

  SHARMA, ARVIND, The Puruṣārthas: A Study of Hindu Axiology (Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University, 1982).

  SHARMA, R. N., Ancient India according to Manu (Delhi: Nag Publishers, 1980).

  SHARMA, S. D., ‘The Concept of Justice in Manu’, Indian Sociological Journal (1976), pp. 47–68.

  SHIVASHANKARA, RAO, ‘Was Manu Unfair to Women?’, Indian Express (Delhi, City Edition, 12 October 1959), VI: 1.

  SHREEDHARA, B. H., ‘Manu’s Theory of Kingship’, The Journal of the Karnatak University 15 (1971), pp. 43–50.

  SPELLMAN, J. W., Political Theory of Ancient India (Oxford, 1964).

  STERNBACH, LUDWIK, Juridical Studies in Ancient Indian Law (Delhi, 1965–7).