The Laws of Manu
Page 42
The Mānava Dharmaśāstra, I–III, and the Bhaviṣya Purāṇa (Varanasi: All India Kashi Raj Trust, 1974).
Bibliography of Dharma and Artha in Ancient and Medieval India (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1973), updated in subsequent issues of Revue historique du droit français et étranger.
STOKES, W., Hindu Law Books (Madras, 1865).
SUDA, JYOTI PRASAD, Manu, Marx and Gandhi (Meerut: Jai Prakash Nath, 1967).
TADPATRIKAR, S. N., ‘Cosmic Account in Manu-smṛti’, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 31 (1950/51), pp. 297ff.
TIWARI, C., Śūdras in Manu (Delhi, 1963).
VERMA, PRATIVA, ‘Family as a Social Institution according to the Mahābhārata and the Manu Smṛti’, Vedanta Kesar 64:4 (1977), pp. 123–7.
WINTERNITZ, MORIZ, A History of Indian Literature, vol. II, pt. II, Scientific Literature, trans. Subhadra Jha (Delhi, 1967).
4. OTHER SANSKRIT TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS CITED
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, 2 vols., Ānandasrama Sanskrit Series, 32 (Poona: Anandasrama, 1931).
Āpastamba Dharma Sūtra, ed. U. C. Pandeya, Kashi Sanskrit Series, 93 (Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1969).
Āpastamba Śrauta Sūtra, 3 vols., ed. R. Garbe (Calcutta: Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1882–1902).
Āśvalāyana Śrauta Sūtra, ed. R. Vidyaratna (Calcutta: Bibliotheca Indica, 1974).
Atharva Veda Saṃhitā, 4 vols., ed. V. Bandhu (Hoshiapur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, 1960–62).
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, Kaṭha Upaniṣad, and Taittirīya Upaniṣad, in Eighteen Principal Upaniṣads, ed. V. P. Limaye and R. D. Vadekar (Poona: Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, 1958).
Bṛhaddevatā of Śaunaka, Harvard Oriental Series (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1904).
Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa, ed. H. Bhattacharya, Calcutta Sanskrit College Research Series, 73 (Calcutta: Sanskrit College, 1970).
Mahābhārata (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1933–60).
Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa, Bibliotheca Indica, 29 (Calcutta, 1862).
Pañcaviṃśa Brāhmaṇa, 2 vols., ed. P. A. Cinnaswami Sastri and P. Pattabhirama Sastri, Kashi Sanskrit Series, 105 (Benares: Sanskrit Series Office, 1935).
Rāmāyaṇa (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1960–75).
ṛg Veda Saṃhitā, with the commentary of Sāyaṇa, 4 vols., ed. F. Max Müller (London, 1890; Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1966).
Śānkhyāyana Gṛhya Sūtra, ed. and trans. S. R. Sehgal (Delhi: Munshi Ram Manoharlal, 1960).
Śānkhyāyana Śrauta Sūtra, 2 vols., ed. A. Hillebrandt (reprinted, New Delhi: Meharchand Lachhmandas, 1981).
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, 5 vols. (Bombay: Laxmi Venkateshwar Steam Press, 1940).
Taittirīya Āraṇyaka, 2 vols., Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Series, 36 (Poona: Anandasrama, 1981).
Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa, 3 vols., Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Series, 37 (Poona: Anandasrama, 1979).
Taittirīya Saṃhitā, 8 vols., Ānandāśrama Sanskrit Series, 42 (Poona: Anandasrama, 1978).
Taittirīya Upaniṣad, see Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad.
Vājasaneyī Saṃhitā of the White Yajur Veda, ed. Pandit Jagdishlal Shastri (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1971).
5. OTHER SECONDARY SOURCES
ALSDORF, LUDWIG, Beiträge zur Geschichte von Vegetarismus und Rinderverehrung in Indien. Abhandlungen der Geistes und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, no. 6 (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1962).
BENJAMIN, WALTER, ‘The Task of the Translator’, in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, trans. Harry Zohn, edited and with an introduction by Hannah Arendt (New York, 1969).
BIARDEAU, MADELEINE, and MALAMOUD, CHARLES, Le Sacrifice dans l’Inde ancienne (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1976).
COMMARASWAMY, ANANDA K., Spiritual Authority and Temporal Power in the Indian Theory of Government (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1942).
DUMONT, LOUIS, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications, trans. Mark Saisbury, Louis Dumont, and Basia Gulati (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
ELIADE, MIRCEA, Yoga: Immortality and Freedom (Princeton: Bollingen, 1958).
GOODY, JACK, ‘What’s in a list?’, pp. 74–111 of The Domestication of the Savage Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
HEESTERMAN, JAN, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays in Indian Ritual, Kingship, and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
Review of Alsdorf in Indo-Iranian Journal 9 (1966), pp. 147–9.
KAKAR, SUDHIR, Intimate Relations: Exploring Indian Sexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
KANE, P. V., History of Dharmaśāstra, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1972).
LÉVI, SYLVAIN, La Doctrine du sacrifice dans les Brāhmaṇas (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1898).
LÉVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE, Structural Anthropology (New York: Basic Books, 1963).
LINCOLN, BRUCE, Myth, Cosmos, and Society: Indo-European Themes of Creation and Destruction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986).
NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH, ‘Zur Kritik des Manu-Gesetzbuches’ and ‘Ausgezogene Stellen aus Manu’, pp. 107–30 of Cultur und Kunst, in Nachgelassene Werke (1882–8), vol. 14 of Nietzsches Werke (Leipzig: C. G. Naumann, 1904).
Twilight of the Idols and The Anti-Christ, trans. R.J. Hollingdale (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968).
On the Genealogy of Morals, ed. and trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage Books, 1959).
O’FLAHERTY, WENDY DONIGER, Dreams, Illusion, and Other Realities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).
The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976).
Other Peoples’ Myths: The Cave of Echoes (New York: Macmillan, 1988).
Tales of Sex and Violence: Folklore, Sacrifice, and Danger in the Jaiminiya Brāhmaṇna (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985).
Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
RAMANUJAN, A. Κ., ‘Is there an Indian way of thinking? An informal essay’, in Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.) 23:1 (1989), pp. 41–58.
RYLE, GILBERT, Dilemmas (Cambridge, 1954).
SAID, EDWARD, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
SCHMIDT, HANNS-PETER, ‘The Origin of Ahiṃsā’, in Mélanges d’Indianisme à la mémoire de Louis Renou (Paris: Editions de Boccard, 1968), pp. 625–55.
SHULMAN, DAVID, The King and the Clown in South Asian Myth and Poetry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985).
SMITH, BRIAN K., Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual, and Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
‘Eaters, Food, and Social Hierarchy in Ancient India: A Dietary Guide to a Revolution of Values’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 50:2 (Summer 1990), pp. 201–29.
and WENDY DONIGER, ‘Sacrifice and Substitution: Ritual Mystification and Mythical Demystification’, Numen 36:2 (December 1989), pp. 189–224.
STAAL, FRITS, ‘The Agnicāyana Project’, in Staal (ed.), Agni: The Vedic Ritual of the Fire Altar, vol. 2 (Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1983).
STEINER, GEORGE, After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (London, 1975).
ZIMMERMANN, FRANCIS, The Jungle and the Aroma of Meats (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
INDEX AND GLOSSARY
Terms frequently encountered in English translation are glossed and indexed under the English term and cross-referenced under the Sanskrit term. Basic and complex Sanskrit terms with several different English renderings, such as adharma, dharma, and karman, are glossed and indexed under the Sanskrit term and cross-referenced under the various English approximations. Technical Sanskrit terms that occur rarely are glossed under the Sanskrit term. The first occurrence of each term is listed and, for significant terms, most other occur
rences.
abhicāra, see magic
abhijit sacrifice, 11.75
ābhīra caste, 10.15
abortion, 4.208, 5.90, 8.317, 11.88, 249. See also restoration for killing embryo
abuse, verbal, 7.48, 8.6, 72, 225, 12.6 anybody may be witness in cases of, 8.72
ācāra, see conduct
ācārya, see teacher
ācārya caste, 10.23
actions, classification of, 12.1–11. See also karman
activity, see karman
actor, strolling (cāraṇa). food of, forbidden, 4.215 punishment for adultery with wife of, 8.362–3 highest level of darkness, 12.44 See also bard, travelling
addiction (prasanga, prasakta), 1.89, 2.93, 4.15–16, 186, 5.37, 6.55, 72, 7.52, 9.5, 10.25, 11.44, 12.45, 52. See also attachment
adharma: irreligion, 1.81, 4.60, 170–74, 6.64, 8.353,381; injustice, 7.16, 8.12–18, 122, 127, 174, 9.249;
wrong 1.26, 29, 2.111, 206, 3.11, 25, 9.169, 10.106, 108, 11.229–30, 12.20–23, 118
adharmika (irreligious), 4.133, 170–72, 8.304, 310
adhvaryu (sacrificing priest), see priest
āditya, see sun
ādityas, group of solar gods, 3.284, 9.222
adoption, see son, adopted
adulteration of merchandise, 8.203, 9.286, 11.50
adulteress food of, forbidden, 3.158, 4.217
husband of, 3.155
son of, excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.156, 174–5
adultery, 8.317, 9.143, 10.44n, 12.7 definition of, 8.356–8
a major crime, 4.133–4, 8.352–3
a minor crime, 11.60
punishments of women for, 8.371–3;
in next life, 5.164, 9.30;
of men, 8.359, 363, 372–9, 382–5;
in next life, 11.52, 12.60
restoration for, 11.177–9
witnesses in cases of, 8.72 See also guru; wife
adversity (anaya), 10.95, 102. See also emergency
Agastya, a sage, 5.22
Age (yuga), 1.68–73, 79–86, 9.298–302. See also dvāpara; kali; kṛta; tretā
agha, see error
aghamarṣaṇa (‘Error-erasing’) hymn, 11.260–61
agni, see fire
Agni, god of fire, 3.85, 86, 211, 11.120, 122, 12.121, 123 king to behave like, 9.303, 310
agnidagdha ancestors, 3.199
agnihotra, see sacrifice, daily fire
agniṣṭoma, see ‘Praise of Fire’
agniṣṭut, see sacrifice
agniśvatta ancestors, 3.195, 199
agnyādheya, see sacrifice
agrajanman (‘high-born’), see priest
āgrāyaṇa, see sacrifice, first-fruits
āhavanīya, see fire
ahīṃsā, see non-violence
ahīna, see sacrifice, several-day
āhiṇḍika caste, 10.37
āhitāgni, see fire
ahuta, āhuti, see offering
Aitareya Brāhmaṇa, quoted 7.97n (AB 3.21), 9.8 (AB 7.13.6), 9.126 (AB 6.3)
Ajīgarta, a sage, 10.105
ājyapa ancestors, 3.197
ākāśa, see ether
Akṣamālā, wife of Vasiṣṭha, 9.23
akṣaya, see incorruptible
alien (dasyu), 5.131,7.143, 8.66, 10.32, 45, 11.18, 12.70 definition of, 10.45
All-gods (viśvadevas), 3.85, 90, 11.29 vaiśvadeva, the ritual to the All-gods, an offering of food to the gods that is to be per-formed daily at dawn, noon, and sunset, 3.83–4, 108, 121
amātya, see minister
amāvāsya, see moon, new
ambassador (dūta), 7.63–8
ambaṣṭha caste, 10.8, 13, 15, 19, 48
ambrosia (amṛta), 2.162, 239, 3.285
Amenable (sādhya), a class of gods, 1.22, 3.195, 11.29, 12.49
āmiṣa, see flesh
amitra (‘not-friend’), see enemy
amṛta, see ambrosia; immortal
anagnidagdha ancestors, 3.199
anantara sons, see son
anaya, see adversity
ancestor (pitṛ) classes and origin of, 1.37, 3.194–201, 284, 12.49
day and night of, 1.66
debt due to, 4.257, 9.28
libations to, see libation rite
part of the hand of, 1.59
propitiatory (bali) offering for, 3.91
sacrifices to, see ceremony for the dead
andhatāmisra, hell, 4.88, 197
andhra caste, 10.36, 48
anga, see member
anger (kopa, krodha), 1.25, 2.178, 214, 3.192, 213, 229–30, 235, 4.207, 6.92, 7.11, 45–51, 8.67, 118, 121, 173, 9.17, 313–15, 223, 12.11; rage (manyu), 8.351
created, 1.25
of the king, 7.9–13
Angiras, a sage, 1.35, 2.151, 3.198 texts of, 11.33
animal, 9.66, 12.40, 68 carnivorous, 5.11, 131, 11.138, 157, 200, 12.58–9
classes of, 1.43–5
eatable and forbidden, 4.11–56 See also food; meat
excluded from conferences, 7.149–50
harness, 4.67–8
killing of, 11.60, 69, 71. See also restoration for killing
rebirth as, 4.200
sacrificial (paśu), 4.26–8, 126, 5.35–42
sale of, 10.89
skin, 2.41, 174, 6.5, 7.132
wild, 1.39, 43, 5.9, 22–3,34, 7.72, 8.44, 9.43–4, 11.138, 12.9, 42, 55
of the wilderness (āraṇya), 5.9, 10.48–9
anka, see mark
anna, see food
annaprāśana rite, 2.34
ānṛśaṃsya (‘not cruelty’), see mercy
anṛta (‘not-true’), lie, see lie; unlawful, 4.4–6;
dishonest, 4.170
antarātman, see soul
antarīkṣa, see atmosphere
anti-god (daitya), 12.48 ancestors of, 3.196
antya, antyaja (‘of the lowest’ [caste]), 2.238, 3.9, 4.61 final, 5.168
antyāvasāyin (‘one who ends up at the bottom’), a class of Untouchables, 4.79, 10.39
antyeṣṭi rite, 2.16
aṇu (‘small’), atom, small, 1.27, 56, 3.51, 6.40
anūcāna, a man who has learnt the Veda with all of its subsidiary texts, 2.154, 242
anuloman (‘with the hair’), ‘with the grain’, a hypergamous marriage, 10.5, 13, 25. See also confusion; pratiloman
Anumati, goddess of the full-moon day, 3.86
anupūrva, see order
anvaṣṭakā, ritual to the ancestor performed on the day following an aṣṭakā (q.v.), 4.150
āpad, see extremity
apanktya, see row
apasada, see outcast
apasavya (‘from the left’), finishing to the south, 3.214, 279
Āpastamba Śrauta Sūtra, quoted, 9.20 (ASS 1.99)
apātra, see pātra
appointment (niyoga, niyukta) of daughters, see daughter, appointed
of widows and wives, 3.160, 173;
forbidden, 9.64–8;
permitted, 9.57–63, 120–21, 145–6, 159, 162–5, 167, 190–91
apsaras, see nymph
araṇya, see wilderness
Āraṇyaka, see Wilderness Book
arms-dealer, 4.215, 220, 12.45
ārṣa marriage, see marriage of the sages
arsonist (agāradāhin) excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.158
ārti, see distress
artha: goal, 1.83, 2.100;
meaning, 3.185
( tattvārtha, true meaning, 1.3, 3.96, 4.92, 12.102);
money, 2.109, 5.106;
purpose, 4.3;
pursuit, 4.17;
reason, 2.213;
wealth, 4.15, 18;
a cause or lawsuit, legal case, 7.140;
profit, political and economic self-interest, one of the three human goals (puruśārthas), the other two being religion (dharma) and pleasure (or lust or desire, kāma), 2.13, 112, 224, 4.92, 7.26, 46, 8.24, 74, 141, 12.38
arthin, ambiti
ous, 2.37; a plaintiff, 8.52
Arundhatī, wife of Vasiṣṭha, 9.23n
Aryan (‘noble’), 2.39, 4.175, 7.69, 211, 8.75, 179, 395, 9.235, 10.45 acting like non-Aryan, and non-Aryan like Aryan, 10.57–6,73
offspring of Aryan father and non-Aryan motherpreferable to offspring of non-Aryan father and Aryan mother, 10.66–72 See also twice-born
Āryāvarta (‘Land of the Aryans’), 10.34; boundaries of, 2.22–3
asaṃvṛta hell, 4.81
ascetic (yati, tāpasa) 5.137, 6.27, 51, 54 dress and utensils of, 6.41, 44, 52–4
duty of meditation and Veda-recitation, 6.49, 61–84
dwelling and manner of life, 6.41–3
entrance into stage of life, 6.33–40
food and manner of begging, 6.43, 50–51, 55–9
general disposition, 6.41, 44–9, 60
householder, 4.257–8, 6.86, 94–6
not to be made a witness, 8.65
pays no toll at ferry, 8.407
personal purification, 5.13
produced by lucidity, 12.48
punishment for intercourse with women, 8.363
receives alms at ritual for the All-gods, 3.94
wandering (parivrājaka), 6.33–41
‘Ascetic’s Moon-course’ vow (yaticāndrāyaṇa), see vow
ashes (bhasma), 3.97, 168, 181, 4.45, 78, 188
asipatravana hell, 4.90, 12.75
āśrama, see stage of life
assault (pāruṣya, pauruṣa), 7.48 to be avoided by a Vedic graduate, 4.83, 164
a cause of legal action, 8.6, 279–301
on a priest, 4.165–9, 11.207–8
verbal (vākpāruṣya), 8.266
witness in cases of, 8.72 See also homicide; violence
aṣṭakā (‘the eighth’), the eighth day after the full moon ancestors worshipped on, 4.150 Veda-recitation interrupted on, 4.119
astrologer, excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.162
astrology, practice of, forbidden to renouncers, 6.50
asura, see demon
āsura marriage see marriage of the demons
asūyā, see resentment
aśvamedha, see horse-sacrifice