The Unseen War

by Lambeth, Benjamin S.

  Ullman, Harlan K., and James P. Wade. Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, December 1996.

  Woods, Kevin M., with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey. Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam’s Senior Leadership. Norfolk, Va.: Joint Center for Operational Analysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006.

  Articles, Reports, and Theses

  Anderson, Capt. John W., USAF. “An Analysis of a Dust Storm Impacting Operation Iraqi Freedom, 25–27 March 2003.” Master’s thesis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, Calif., December 2004.

  “Army to Reevaluate Apache Tactics.” Air Force Magazine, October 2003.

  “Baghdad Raid Takes 12 Minutes from Targeting to Attack.” Flight International, April 15–21, 2003.

  Baumgardner, Neil. “101st Airborne Division Packaged Apaches, ATACMS during OIF.” Defense Daily, May 14, 2003.

  ———. “RAF Spokesman: Enhanced Paveway ‘Outstanding’ in Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Defense Daily, April 2, 2003.

  ———. “V Corps Commander: Army ‘Altered Use’ of Apaches Following Failed Attack.” Defense Daily, May 8, 2003.

  Bennett, John T. “Smaller Bombs among Needs Revealed In Iraq, Navy Officers Say.” Inside the Pentagon, August 7, 2003.

  ———. “USAF Constellation, Navy FORCENet Step Up Interoperability Efforts.” Inside the Pentagon, July 31, 2003.

  Biddle, Stephen. “Speed Kills? Reassessing the Role of Speed, Precision, and Situation Awareness in the Fall of Saddam.” Journal of Strategic Studies, February 2007.

  Boyne, Sean. “Iraqi Tactics Attempted to Employ Guerilla Forces.” Jane’s Intelligence Review, July 2003.

  Brown, Air Commodore Geoff, RAAF. “Iraq: Operations Bastille and Falconer —2003.” In Air Expeditionary Operations from World War II until Today, ed. Commander Keith Brent, RAAF. Canberra, Australia: Proceedings of the 2008 RAAF History Conference, April 1, 2008.

  Burger, Kim, Nick Cook, Andrew Koch, and Michael Sirak. “What Went Right?” Jane’s Defence Weekly, April 30, 2003.

  Butler, Amy. “As A-10 Shines in Iraq War, Officials Look to JSF for Future CAS Role.” Inside the Air Force, May 23, 2003.

  ———. “Data Links a Solid Weapon against Scuds, Friendly Fire, Jumper Says.” Inside the Air Force, April 11, 2003.

  ———. “Iraq War Underscores Need for Improved and Standardized AOCs.” Inside the Air Force, May 16, 2003.

  ———. “JSTARS Faced ‘Learning Curve’ for CAOC Officials Unfamiliar with System.” Inside the Air Force, May 30, 2003.

  ———. “Lack of Embedded Reporters a Hurdle for Air Force Media Ops.” Inside the Air Force, April 4, 2003.

  ———. “Moseley: Time-Sensitive Targeting Improved from Afghanistan to Iraq.” Inside the Air Force, June 20, 2003.

  Byman, Daniel, Kenneth Pollack, and Matthew Waxman. “Coercing Saddam Hussein: Lessons from the Past.” Survival, autumn 1998.

  Capaccio, Tony. “U.S. Commanders Wore General Dynamics Transmitters.” Bloomberg.com, April 30, 2003.

  Carpenter, Col. Mason, USAF. “Rapid, Deliberate, Disciplined, Proportional, and Precise: Operation Iraqi Freedom Air and Space Operations—Initial Assessment.” Unpublished paper.

  “CENTCOM, Pentagon Confirm Destruction of GPS Jamming Equipment.” Defense Daily, March 26, 2003.

  Chapman, Suzann. “The ‘War’ before the War.” Air Force Magazine, February 2004.

  Cook, Nick. “Shock and Awe?” Jane’s Defence Weekly, April 2, 2003.

  Cordesman, Anthony H. “The ‘Instant Lessons’ of the Iraq War: Main Report.” Third working draft. Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., April 14, 2003.

  ———. “Understanding the New ‘Effects-Based’ Air War in Iraq.” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., March 15, 2003.

  Cortes, Lorenzo. “Air Force F-117s Open Coalition Air Strikes with EGBU-27s.” Defense Daily, March 21, 2003.

  ———. “Air Force Integrated Litening Pods for Block 40 and Block 50 F-16s Before OIF.” Defense Daily, June 20, 2003.

  ———. “Air Force Offered Improved Networking Capabilities during OIF.” Defense Daily, June 4, 2003.

  ———. “B-1 Crews Moved Quickly with JDAM Loads during Iraqi Freedom, Pilot Says.” Defense Daily, April 22, 2003.

  ———. “B-2 Drops Pair of 4,700-Pound GBH-37 GAMs on Iraqi Communications Tower.” Defense Daily, March 31, 2003.

  ———. “Coalition Forces Have Fired 15,000 Guided Munitions during Iraqi Freedom.” Defense Daily, April 11, 2003.

  ———. “Combined Air Operations Center Crews Credit TBMCS and IWS for OIF Success.” Defense Daily, June 3, 2003.

  ———. “Leaf: Iraq Air Defenses Were Dense, Antiquated in OIF; Stealth Needed in Future.” Defense Daily, June 9, 2003.

  ———. “Leaf Says Severe Weather Accelerated Iraqi Forces’ Defeat.” Defense Daily, June 5, 2003.

  ———. “Operation Iraqi Freedom Required Unique Wartime Use of E-8C Joint STARS.” Defense Daily, June 11, 2003.

  ———. “Patriots Intercept Eight Iraqi Ballistic Missiles, Involved in Two Friendly Fire Incidents.” Defense Daily, March 28, 2003.

  ———. “Seizure of Tallil Base Improved A-10’s Effectiveness in Iraqi Freedom, Commander Says.” Defense Daily, April 18, 2003.

  Costa, Keith J. “Draft JFCOM ‘Lessons Learned’ Study Examines Early Iraq War Moves.” Inside the Pentagon, March 18, 2004.

  “Defense Watch.” Defense Daily, November 12, 2002.

  Deptula, Lt. Gen. David A., USAF. “Toward Restructuring National Security.” Strategic Studies Quarterly, winter 2007.

  Di Pasquale, Cynthia. “Russian Planes Expand U.S. Airlift Capability Strained during OIF, OEF.” Inside the Air Force, April 2, 2004.

  Dobbins, James. “Iraq: Winning the Unwinnable War.” Foreign Affairs, January–February 2005.

  “DoD Says Russian Sale of GPS Jammers to Iraq Not Affecting Air Campaign.” Inside the Pentagon, March 27, 2003.

  Dolson, Paul. “Expeditionary Airborne Battlefield Command and Control.” Joint Force Quarterly, no. 38, fourth quarter, 2005.

  Ebbutt, Giles. “UK Command and Control during Iraqi Freedom.” Jane’s Intelligence Review, July 2003.

  Feiler, Jeremy. “CSIS Report: U.S. Victory in Iraq Showed ‘Flexibility’ of U.S. Planning.” Inside the Pentagon, May 1, 2003.

  ———. “Draft Study Says Technology, Iraqi ‘Ineptitude’ Key to Victory.” Inside the Pentagon, October 2, 2003.

  ———. “Goldwater-Nichols Changes Key to U.S. Success in Iraq, Pace Says.” Inside the Pentagon, September 25, 2003.

  ———. “Iraqi Campaign Lessons Show Shift to ‘Overmatching Power’ Doctrine.” Inside the Pentagon, October 9, 2003.

  ———. “Officials: UAV Lessons among Most Vital Gleaned in Iraq War.” Inside the Pentagon, July 17, 2003.

  ———. “Pentagon Officials Examine UAV ‘Lessons Learned’ in Iraq.” Inside the Pentagon, December 11, 2003.

  ———. “Speed, Unpredictability Led to Victory in Iraq, Defense Officials Say.” Inside the Pentagon, March 4, 2004.

  Flibbert, Andrew. “The Road to Baghdad: Ideas and Intellectuals in Explanations of the Iraq War.” Security Studies, April–June 2006.

  Fox, Capt. Mark I., USN. “Air Wing of Destiny.” Foundation (published by the Naval Aviation Museum Foundation), fall 2004.

  Fulghum, David A. “Fast Forward.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 28, 2003.

  ———. “Frustrations and Backlogs.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, March 10, 2003.

  ———. “New Bag of Tricks: As Stealth Aircraft and Northern Watch Units Head Home, Details of the Coalition’s Use of Air Power Are Revealed.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 21, 2003.

  ———. “Tanker Puzzle: Aggressive Tactics, Shrinking Tan
ker Force Challenge Both Planners and Aircrews.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, April 14, 2003.

  Gething, Michael J., Mark Hewish, and Joris Hanssen Lok. “New Pods Aid Air Reconnaissance.” Jane’s International Defence Review, October 2003.

  Gildea, Kerry. “Air Force Says TBMCS Played Critical Role in Air War Execution.” Defense Daily, May 6, 2003.

  ———. “Ammunition Stocks Ready for War, Navy, Marine Corps Leaders Report.” Defense Daily, February 27, 2003.

  ———. “Next-Generation Imaging Satellite Team Formed with News of Bush Policy Shift.” Defense Daily, May 14, 2003.

  Givens, Lt. Col. Rob, USAF. “‘Let Slip the Dogs of War’: Leadership in the Air War over Iraq.” Term paper, National War College, Washington, D.C., 2005.

  “Global Hawk Feats in Iraq Could Lead to ISR Fleet Lessons.” Inside the Pentagon, May 29, 2003.

  Gordon, John IV, and Bruce Pirnie. “‘Everybody Wanted Tanks’: Heavy Forces in Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Joint Force Quarterly, October 2005.

  Grant, Rebecca. “Saddam’s Elite in the Meat Grinder.” Air Force Magazine, September 2003.

  Green, Col. Robert B., USAR. “Joint Fires Support, the Joint Fires Element and the CGRS: Keys to Success for CJSOTF West.” Special Warfare, April 2005.

  Grossman, Elaine M. “A-10 Aircraft Took Heavy Fire while Performing Unusual Mission.” Inside the Air Force, April 11, 2003.

  ———. “Air Chief Won Ability to Hit Iraqi Bridges to Prevent Scud Launch.” Inside the Pentagon, June 12, 2003.

  ———. “Air Force Aims to Redirect $40 Million in FY03 to Counter GPS Jamming.” Inside the Pentagon, January 30, 2003.

  ———. “Air Force May Expand Significantly on Army Battlefield Tracking System.” Inside the Pentagon, November 6, 2003.

  ———. “Battle Damage Assessment Process Found Unwieldy in Iraq Combat.” Inside the Pentagon, June 19, 2003.

  ———. “Coalition Drops ‘Capitulation Leaflets’ over Iraqi Troops.” Inside the Pentagon, March 20, 2003.

  ———. “Coalition Will Calibrate Force to Limit Casualties in Baghdad Attacks.” Inside the Air Force, April 4, 2003.

  ———. “Critics Decry 2002 Air Attacks on Iraq That Predated Key U.S., UN Votes.” Inside the Pentagon, July 24, 2003.

  ———. “Decision to Hasten Ground Attack into Iraq Presented New Risks.” Inside the Pentagon, March 18, 2004.

  ———. “Evolving Threats May Offer Air Force ‘Unlearned Lessons’ in Iraq.” Inside the Pentagon, July 17, 2003.

  ———. “First Attacks on Coalition Were Iraqi Missiles Aimed at Kuwait.” Inside the Air Force, March 21, 2003.

  ———. “General: War-Tested Air-Land Coordination Cell Has Staying Power.” Inside the Air Force, March 12, 2004.

  ———. “Giambastiani Flags Battle Damage, Friendly Fire ‘Lessons Learned.’” Inside the Pentagon, March 11, 2004.

  ———. “Iraq War Could Feature Unprecedented Air-Land Collaboration.” Inside the Pentagon, February 13, 2003.

  ———. “JFCOM Draft Report Finds U.S. Forces Reverted to Attrition in Iraq.” Inside the Air Force, March 26, 2004.

  ———. “Key Generals: Response to ‘Fedayeen’ a Vital Milestone in Iraq War.” Inside the Pentagon, May 8, 2003.

  ———. “Land, Air Commands Struggled on Iraq Leaflet Timing, Coordination.” Inside the Pentagon, June 26, 2003.

  ———. “Marine General: Iraq War Pause ‘Could Not Have Come at Worse Time.’” Inside the Pentagon, October 2, 2003.

  ———. “U.S. Air Force Spent Millions on Turkish Bases Unused in Iraq War.” Inside the Pentagon, August 14, 2003.

  ———. “U.S. Forces to Take Close Battlefield Approach into Baghdad Fight.” Inside the Pentagon, March 20, 2003.

  Hardesty, Capt. David C., USN. “Fix Net Centric for the Operators.” Proceedings, September 2003.

  Harrison, Lt. Cdr. Richard K., USN. “TacAir Trumps UAVs in Iraq.” Proceedings, November 2003.

  Hathaway, Lt. Col. David C., USAF. “Operational Assessment during Operation Iraqi Freedom—Assessment or Assumption?” Research report, Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., May 25, 2005.

  Hebert, Adam J. “Building Battlespace Awareness.” Air Force Magazine, October 2003.

  Hewish, Mark. “Out of CAOCs Comes Order.” Jane’s International Defence Review, May 2003.

  Hewson, Robert. “Apache Operations over Karbala.” Jane’s Intelligence Review, July 2003.

  Hinote, Maj. S. Clinton, USAF. “More Than Bombing Saddam: Attacking the Leadership in Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Master’s thesis, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., June 2006.

  Hollis, Patrecia Slayden. “Trained, Adaptable, Flexible Forces = Victory in Iraq.” Interview with Lt. Gen. W. Scott Wallace. Field Artillery, September–October 2003.

  Holmes, Tony. “RAAF Hornets at War.” Australian Aviation, January–February 2006.

  Horner, Gen. Charles A., USAF (Ret.). “Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Transformation of War.” Aviation Week and Space Technology, May 5, 2003.

  Hukill, Lt. Col. Jeffrey, USAF (Ret.), and Daniel R. Mortensen. “Developing Flexible Command and Control of Air Power.” Air and Space Power Journal, spring 2011.

  Iraq Body Count Project. At http://www.iraqbodycount.org

  Irwin, Sandra I. “Iraqi Freedom Tests Naval Aviation’s Flexibility.” The Hook, summer 2003.

  ———. “Naval Aviators Experience Success in Iraq, but Worry about the Future.” The Hook, fall 2003.

  Keating, Vice Adm. Timothy J., USN. “Naval Aviation Key to Iraqi Freedom Victory.” The Hook, winter 2003.

  ———. “This Was a Different War.” Interview in Proceedings, June 2003.

  Keeter, Hunter. “B-1 Drops 2000-Pound JDAMs in ‘Iraqi Leadership’ Strike.” Defense Daily, April 9, 2003.

  ———. “Cartwright: Threat Location, Prediction Capability Should Be Priorities.” Defense Daily, April 30, 2003.

  ———. “Cebrowski: Iraq Shows Network-Centric Warfare Implementation.” Defense Daily, April 23, 2003.

  ———. “Exercise Internal Look to Evaluate Joint Task Force Command Capability.” Defense Daily, December 5, 2002.

  ———. “Navy Fire Control, Targeting Capability Improvements Shorten Strike Timeline.” Defense Daily, March 21, 2003.

  ———.“Next Internal Look to Spotlight Deployable Command and Control.” Defense Daily, October 31, 2002.

  Kitfield, James. “Attack Always.” National Journal, April 26, 2003.

  Knights, Michael. “Iraqi Freedom Displays the Transformation of U.S. Air Power.” Jane’s Intelligence Review, May 2003.

  ———. “USA Learns Lessons in Time-Critical Targeting.” Jane’s Intelligence Review, July 2003.

  Koch, Andrew. “Did Washington Underestimate Iraqi Resolve?” Jane’s Defence Weekly, April 2, 2003.

  ———. “Information War Played Major Role in Iraq.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, July 23, 2003.

  ———. “Information Warfare Tools Rolled Out in Iraq.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, August 6, 2003.

  Kopp, Carlo. “Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance in Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Defence Today, June 2004.

  ———. “Iraqi Freedom—the Hammer and Anvil.” Australian Aviation, May 2003.

  Koven, Maj. Alexander L., USAF. “Improvements in Joint Forces: How Missteps during Operation Anaconda Readied USCENTCOM for Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Research report, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 2005.

  Krane, Jim. “Pilotless Warriors Soar to Success.” CBS News, April 25, 2003.

  Laird, Melvin R. “Iraq: Learning the Lessons of Vietnam.” Foreign Affairs, November–December 2005.

  Lake, Darren. “How Different It All Is from the Last Gulf War.” Jane’s Defence Weekly, March 26, 2003.

  Lambeth, Benjamin S. “Aerial Partners in Arms.” Joint Force Quarterly, 2nd quarter 2008.

/>   ———. “Air Force–Navy Integration in Strike Warfare: A Role Model for Seamless Joint-Service Operations.” Naval War College Review, winter 2008.

  Liang, John. “JFCOM Commander Outlines ‘Good’ and ‘Ugly’ in Iraq Lessons Learned.” Inside the Pentagon, March 25, 2004.

  ———. “Myers: Saddam Hussein Is a Legitimate Target.” Inside the Air Force, March 21, 2003.

  Lok, Joris Janssen. “Communication Weaknesses Endanger Allied Integration in U.S.-Led Air Campaigns.” Jane’s International Defence Review, March 2004.

  Malone, Vice Adm. Michael, USN. “They Made a Difference.” The Hook, summer 2003.

  Matthews, Maj. Joseph G., USA. “The E-8 Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System Support to Counterinsurgency Operations.” Research report, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 11, 2006.

  Mazetti, Mark, and Richard J. Newman. “The Seeds of Victory.” U.S. News and World Report, April 21, 2003.

  McCarthy, Terry. “What Ever Happened to the Republican Guard?” Time, May 12, 2003.

  McGee, Lt. Col. Michael B. Jr., USAF. “Air-Ground Operations during Operation Iraqi Freedom: Successes, Failures and Lessons of Air Force–Army Integration.” Research report, Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., February 25, 2005.

  McNamara, Lt. Col. Steve, USAF. “Assessing Air Power’s Importance: Will the QDR [Quadrennial Defense Review] Debate Falter for Lack of Proper Analytic Tools?” Armed Forces Journal International, March 1997.

  “Moseley Details ‘The War before the War.’” Air Force, October 2003.

  Muradian, Vago. “Allied Special Forces Took Western Iraq.” Defense News, May 19, 2003.

  ———. “Payoffs Aided U.S. War Plan.” Defense News, May 19, 2003.

  Neuenswander, Col. Matthew D., USAF. “JCAS in Operation Anaconda—It’s Not All Bad News.” Field Artillery, May–June 2003.

  Newman, Richard J. “Ambush at Najaf.” Air Force Magazine, October 2003.

  ———. “The Joystick War.” U.S. News and World Report, May 19, 2003.

  Nichols, Rear Adm. David C. Jr., USN. “Reflections on Iraqi Freedom.” The Hook, fall 2003. “No Satisfaction, No Resignation.” The Economist (London), October 29, 2011.

  Pape, Robert A. “The True Worth of Air Power.” Foreign Affairs, March–April 2004.