Weir, Fred. “Iraqi Defeat Jolts Russian Military.” Christian Science Monitor, April 16, 2003.
Weisman, Jonathan. “Patriot Missiles Seemingly Falter for Second Time.” Washington Post, March 26, 2003.
———. “Rumsfeld and Myers Defend War Plan.” Washington Post, April 2, 2003.
Williams, Carol J. “Navy Does Battle with Sandstorms on the Sea.” Los Angeles Times, March 27, 2003.
———. “Super Hornet Creates a Buzz in the Gulf.” Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2003.
Briefings
“Air Support Operations Center (ASOC) Employment.” Briefing presented at the Air Force Doctrine Summit IV, sponsored by the Air Force Doctrine Center, Maxwell AFB, Ala., November 17, 2003.
Darnell, Maj. Gen. Daniel J., USAF. “Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Undated briefing.
Moseley, Lt. Gen. T. Michael, USAF. “Operation Iraqi Freedom: Initial CFACC Roll-up.” Briefing given at a CENTAF-sponsored symposium to assess and document allied air operations during the three weeks of major combat in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Nellis AFB, Nev., July 18, 2003.
Neal, Curt. “JAGO [Joint Air Ground Office of Air Combat Command] ASOC Tiger Team: ASOC/TACP Reorganization to Support UEx [Unit of Employment ‘X’].” Briefing slides, USAF Air Ground Operations School, Nellis AFB, Nev., 2005.
Nichols, Vice Adm. David C., USN. “Operation Iraqi Freedom: CFACC/CAOC/NALE.” Briefing by the then deputy combined force air component commander, Operation Iraqi Freedom, no date.
“Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Briefing charts, 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Fort Bliss, Tex., September 2003.
“RAF Contribution to Operation Iraqi Freedom.” Briefing by 23 Squadron, RAF Waddington, October 29, 2004.
Simpson, Lt. Col. Mark, USAF. “Air Power Lessons from Operation Iraqi Freedom.” ACC/XPSX, Headquarters Air Combat Command, Langley AFB, Va., November 25, 2003.
Thompson, Loren B. “ISR Lessons of Iraq.” Briefing prepared for the Defense News ISR Integration Conference, Washington, D.C., November 18, 2003.
Wallace, Lt. Gen. William S., USA. “Joint Effects in OIF [Operation Iraqi Freedom]: A V Corps Perspective.” Briefing slides, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., no date.
———. “Joint Fires in OIF [Operation Iraqi Freedom]: What Worked for the V (U.S.) Corps.” Briefing slides, U.S. Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., no date.
Interviews
Brown, Group Captain Geoff, RAAF, Operation Falconer air component commander, April 9, 2008. Official interview provided to the author by the RAAF Air Power Development Center, Canberra, Australia.
Halupka, Group Captain Otto, RAAF, Operation Falconer air planner, May 14, 2008. Official interview provided to the author by the RAAF Air Power Development Center, Canberra, Australia.
Henman, Group Captain Bill, RAAF, Operation Falconer commander of the air combat wing, April 9, 2007. Official interview provided to the author by the RAAF Air Power Studies Center, Canberra, Australia.
Hill, Senator the Honorable Robert, Minister for Defense. Press interview, RAAF Base Richmond, New South Wales, Australia, February 7, 2003.
Hupfeld, Wing Commander Melvin, RAAF, Operation Falconer commanding officer No. 75 Squadron, September 16, 2003. Official interview provided to the author by the RAAF Air Power Development Center, Canberra, Australia.
Keir, Wing Commander Richard, RAAF, Operation Falconer air element headquarters chief of intelligence and targeting, February 19, 2007. Official interview provided to the author by the RAAF Air Power Development Center, Canberra, Australia.
McKiernan, Lt. Gen. David D., USA. Interview, U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C., June 30, 2003.
INDEX
Afghanistan: Anaconda operation, 39–40, 187, 189, 297, 324n121; collateral damage and casualties in, 276; Iraqi Freedom plans and concurrent war in, 31; study of war in, xiii; terrorist attacks and offensive against Taliban, 11–12. See also Enduring Freedom, Operation
Air Combat Command, 29, 32–33, 274, 276, 293–94, 320n77
air component coordination element (ACCE), 39–40, 187–88, 191–92, 324n121, 324n123
Air Force, U.S.: adaptability of, ix; ASOC operations, 266–69, 384n93; deployment orders and flow of forces, 38–39; Iraqi Freedom role of, 1–2, 4; munitions requirements and interservice trading, 320n76; no-fly zones, enforcement of, 1, 147, 313n1; professionalism of, ix; reporters embedded with units, 6; traditional roles of land and air power, 239–41; training exercises and air-ground integration training, 38, 147, 176–77, 361n105; Turkey airspace and operations of, 55; working relationship between Navy and, 137, 350n321
Air Forces Central (AFCENT), xiii. See also Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF)
Air Forces in Europe, U.S. (USAFE), 32, 319n60
air offensive: accounts of and writings about, 6–7, 315–16n18, 371n122; achievements and success of, 51, 123–29, 137–46, 236, 242–43, 289–92, 310–11; A-day and ATOs, 41, 48–49, 50, 51, 82–84, 90–95, 339n133, 339n143; air assets, coordination between and integration of, x–xi; air strikes and fighting capacity of enemy, 4, 5, 7, 295–97, 304; air-only operations, 22, 23–24, 48–49, 53–55, 75, 82–84, 289–90, 327n156; concurrent air-ground operations, x, 1–2, 18, 19–20, 74, 95–111, 299–300; effects on Iraqi ground forces, 4, 5, 7, 127–29, 137–46, 236, 295–97, 304; effects-based operations, 23, 33, 295–97; embedded journalist restrictions, 6–7; force improvements for, ix; ground offensive liaison, 40–41; ground-air power integration and coordination, x, 1–2, 4–5, 18, 20, 27–28, 33, 48–49, 53–55, 187–97, 315nn15–16, 321n89; kinetic operations, 16, 36; management organization and structure, 33; merge meeting about, 24; multiple mission demands, x; munitions requirements, 24, 29, 31, 320n76; objectives for, 20, 34, 53–54; objectives for, success in securing, xiii; on-call strike operations, 35; planning and execution concerns, 44, 46; planning and preparations for, 24–25, 31–36, 43–44, 317n18, 321nn88–89, 322n102; quality-control checks on plans, 49; sorties flown, 81, 137, 178–80, 199, 212, 241, 295; speed and tempo of operations, 102–11, 145–46, 178, 344n207; SPINs release to aircrews, 57–58, 329–30n197; strategic air operations, 5, 35, 315n15; strategic role of, ix; tactical objectives and tasks, 34; timing of and timeline for, 28–30, 35–36, 46, 53–55, 57–58, 75, 93, 329n194; training for, ix; trust relationships and cross-service harmony, x, 28, 29, 290–91, 292, 302–4, 319n60, 391n12. See also fuel supplies and refueling operations
air power: achievements during campaign, 178–87; air asset advances and, 304–5, 395n73; air-ground integration training, 269, 292–93, 383–84n89, 385n104, 385–86n110, 391–92n17; campaign strategy and success of, 311; contributions of allied air power to outcome of air campaign, 1–2, 3–7, 74, 334n74; control of air and air supremacy of allied forces, x, 2, 4, 127–29, 137–46, 239, 289–90, 293–97, 301–2, 327n156, 351n327; traditional roles of land and air power, 239–41; warfighting models, 352–53n352
Air Power against Terror (Lambeth), xiii
air support: altitude for CAS delivery, 269; bomber holding areas, 340n158; CAS management, 208, 209, 369n90, 380–81n60; CAS stacks, 95–96, 195, 258, 381–82n64; CAS types, 125, 348n273; close air support, concept of, 256; close air support and interdiction operations to support ground offensive, 5, 33, 46, 239, 289, 315n15; corps CAS and corps shaping, 257–58, 261, 262, 364n35; effectiveness and success of, 110–11, 190–96, 262, 263, 343n206, 364n41, 383n83, 385–86nn109–10; effectiveness of KI operations, 261, 382n76; kill-box operations and KI/CAS, 33, 74, 96–99, 175, 257–63, 341nn163–65; length of missions, 199, 389n149; no-drop incidents and weapons bring-back rate, 258–59, 382n65, 383n81; number of missions flown, 262, 383n81; push-CAS, 96, 341n163; RAF–British Army CAS operations, 270–71; refueling of aircraft providing, 278, 281, 389n149, 389n150; sorties flown, 179; training for, 270, 271, 292, 385–86n110; types of aircraft for, 264–65, 289. See also fire support coordination line (FSCL)
air support op
erations center (ASOC), 97, 175, 188–89, 192, 243, 255–65, 266–67, 268–69, 363n27, 364n29, 369n90, 380–81n60, 384n93
air tasking orders (ATOs): A-day and ATOs, 41, 48–49, 50, 51, 82–84, 90–95, 339n133, 339n143; dual-ATO development, 284, 390n159; processing cycle, 207–15, 219–20, 369n93, 370n101; space tasking order, synchronizing with, 222–23
Air Warrior program, 269, 383–84n89, 385–86n110
airborne battlefield command and control center (ABCCC), 216–18, 370–71n113
aircraft: advances in and digital warfighting, 304–5, 395n73; for airlift operations, 38–39, 111, 183–84; for air-only operations, 53–54; bed-down bases, 41, 178, 278; for CAS operations, 264–65, 289; crew ratio, 41; deployment of bombers and strike aircraft, 37, 43; multiple aim points from single aircraft, 23, 181; tanker aircraft, availability of, 20, 277, 280; tanker aircraft, types of, 277, 280; types and numbers of, 32, 43–44, 45, 178
aircraft carriers: achievements during campaign, 182; A-day air tasking orders, 41; air support from, 74, 81, 129–37, 349n300; concurrent wars and demands on, 31; deployment of carrier battle groups, 37–38, 39, 43, 44, 326n136; flex-deck operations, 280, 388n146; positioning of, 18, 55–56; return home by, 140; tanker support for aircraft, 279–81; Turkey airspace and operations of, 55–56
airlift and air bridge operations, 18, 35, 38–39, 46, 111, 179, 183–84, 370n98
Allied Force, Operation, 69, 164, 284, 390n159
allied forces. See coalition forces
anticipatory self-defense doctrine, 288, 317n19, 390–91n2
Apache deep-attack operation, 99–100, 240–41, 251–55, 379n42, 380n52
Army, U.S.: air-ground integration, 255–63, 265–69, 380–81n60, 381–82n64, 382n76; Apache deep-attack operation, 99–100, 251–55, 379n42, 380n52; ASOC operations, 263–64, 265, 266–69, 384n93; attack helicopter doctrine, 254–55, 380n52; deployment orders and flow of forces, 322–23n106; forward-deployed lead division, 18; planning and preparations for ground offensive, 30–31; reporters embedded with ground units, 6; traditional roles of land and air power, 239–41
Australia: decision to go to war, 148–51; relationships among coalition forces, 149, 163
Australian Defence Forces (ADF): air-ground power integration, 386n112; command and control structure, 154; force strength, 159–60; information sharing and force interoperability, 282–87, 389n153, 390n156, 390n161; planning, participation in, 156–57; Special Air Service (SAS), 172–73; target identification and selection, 162–63, 357n59. See also Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF)
Baghdad: attacks on, 91–93, 110–11, 113, 128, 345n224; civilian population in, 338n125; defense of, 69; Desert Storm and failure to invade, 9–10, 11, 316n2, 316–17n4; ground forces advancement to, 30–31, 291; ground thrust toward, 2; inside-out plan for Fortress Baghdad, 27; loitering operations over, 278; peace activists in, 53; SEAD operations, 84–89, 338n118, 338n121; seizure and occupation of, 4; targets in, 46
Bahrain, 41, 45, 79, 178, 333–34n68, 335–36n91
bandwidth capacity, 197, 201, 365n53, 366–67n72
battle damage assessment (BDA), 108, 271–76, 274–75, 276, 387n127, 387n129, 388n135
battlefield coordination line (BCL) and Marine Corps air-land integration, 191, 263–66, 384n92
bin Laden, Osama, 12, 14–15, 36
Blair, Tony, 2, 13, 14
Blue Force Tracker (BFT), 104, 197–98, 342n190, 365n56
bombs and munitions: accuracy, reliability, and performance of, 274–75, 371–72n125, 386–87n124, 387–88n130; advances in, 231–34, 304–5, 395n73; bring-back capabilities, 132, 350n307; cement-filled, 129, 349n299; cluster bombs, 232–33, 276; GPS-aided munitions, 77, 91, 180–81, 220, 304, 335n82, 371–72n125, 391n14; inertially aided munitions, 295, 304; inventory of precision-guided, 38; laser-guided bombs, 56, 184, 231–32, 295, 374n165, 379n42; MOAB bombs, 233–34; munitions effectiveness assessment (MEA), 272; munitions requirements, 24, 29, 30, 31, 320n76; number of attacks in opening days of war, 36, 82–83; precision-guided, 36, 142–44, 178–81, 294–95, 297, 299, 304, 361n3; types and number used, 178–80, 231–34, 361n3. See also battle damage assessment (BDA); cruise missiles; Scud missiles
Bulgaria, 17, 89, 277, 309
Bush, George H. W., 9–10, 11, 13, 316n2
Bush, George W.: axis of evil speech, 12; combat operations planning and briefing sessions, 21, 26, 28–29, 31, 49; commitment to war and Pottery Barn rule, 36; decapitation opportunity, 75; decision to go to war, 49, 142, 352n350; democratic government in Iraq, goal of, 1; doctrine of preemption, 13, 288, 317n19, 390–91n2; Enduring Freedom leadership role, 5; groundwork for and justification of war, 12–15, 288, 317nn18–19, 390–91n2; initiation of war, 42–43, 75, 79; initiation-of-war decision, 2–3, 314nn10–11; Iraqi Freedom leadership role, 5; no-fly zone operations, 64, 65; OPLAN 1003V acceptance, 28; postwar Iraq, planning for, 352n350; prewar briefing, 52; terrorist attacks and decision to invade Iraq, 11–12; ultimatum to Hussein, 43, 52, 150–51; UN Security Council speech by Powell, 322n103; WMD, intelligence failure about, 314n10
Carpenter, Mason, 295–96, 301, 318n47
Central Command, U.S. (CENTCOM): air-ground power integration and coordination, x, 1–2, 4–5, 315nn15–16; command and control of operations, 56, 328n189; coordination of operations between combatant commands, 24; deployment orders and flow of forces, 36–47, 322–23n106; forward-deployed headquarters, 18; joint force huddle, 21–24, 31; MacDill AFB location, 7; planning and preparations for campaign, 7, 31–36, 51, 321n89; trust relationships and cross-service harmony, x, 290–91, 292, 302–4, 391n12; warfighter conference, 29
Central Command Air Forces (CENTAF): chemical weapons threat to, preparations for, 21; command and control of operations, 328n189; deployment orders and flow of forces, 322–23n106; Dream Team meeting, 24; Franks’ leadership role, 64; lessons learned and areas for improvement, 243, 362–63n21, 376–77n6, 377n9; munitions requirements, 24, 29, 320n76; name change of, xiii; planning and preparations for campaign, 7, 31–36, 51, 317n18, 319n60, 321n89; Shaw AFB location, 7; trust relationships and cross-service harmony, 290–91, 292, 302–4, 391n12; trust relationships, development of, 28, 29, 290–91, 319n60
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 13, 15, 32, 50, 53
chemical and biological weapons, x, 21
Cheney, Dick, 13, 15, 141, 288
Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF), 28, 39, 183
Clark, Vern, 31, 38, 320n76
Clinton administration and Bill Clinton, 11, 62
coalition forces: achievements and performance during campaign, 163–77; casualties and fatalities, 3, 4, 32, 180, 313–14n8; command and control structure, x–xi, 151–54, 175–76; deployment orders and flow of forces, 36–47, 322–23n106; deployment spikes and deception about flow of forces, 39, 42, 323n117; equipment for, xi; information sharing and force interoperability, 197–203, 282–87, 389n153, 390n156, 390n161; lessons learned and areas for improvement, 242–43, 376–77n6, 377n9; planning, participation in, 150, 155–57, 175–76, 355n14; professionalism of, ix; relationships among, 28, 29, 147–51, 163, 168, 176–77; target identification and selection, 28, 161–63, 357n54, 357n59; training exercises and air-ground integration training, ix, xi, 147, 176–77, 361n105. See also Australian Defence Forces (ADF); Royal Air Force (RAF); United States (U.S.) military services
collateral-damage avoidance and mitigation, 30, 43, 46, 89, 90–92, 95, 111–12, 113–14, 276, 345n224
combat search-and-rescue (CSAR) operations, 18, 41, 243, 279
combined air operations center (CAOC): air tasking cycle, 207–15, 219–20, 369n93, 370n101; contributions of, 207–20; ISR operations, 215–16, 219, 221, 370n101; Navy personnel, 216; personnel at, 207, 214–15, 218–19; strategy division, 219–20
Congress, U.S., 13–14
cruise missiles, 11, 32, 34, 36, 50, 77, 180, 327n164, 373–74n154
Desert Badger, Operation, 62
Desert Fox, Operation, 11, 16, 26
Desert Storm,
Operation: air and ground combat activity, 1, 9–10, 316n2; air offensive, accounts of and writings about, 6; air power achievements during, ix; air-ground power integration, 270, 385–86n110; casualties during, 180; cease-fire arrangement, 10–11; combat capability development during, ix, 2; congressional support for, 14; difference between Iraqi Freedom and, 51; Hussein opinion about victory, 11; infrastructure, attacks on and destruction of, 33; kill-box operations, 259; Kurdish uprising, failure to support, 13; length of operations, 1, 51; objectives of, 9–10; objectives of, success in securing, 1, 9; outcome of, 1, 9, 316–17n4; precision-guided munitions, 294; Scud missile attacks, 20–21; sorties flown during, 294–95; start of, 82
Desert Thunder, Operation, 62
destruction of enemy air defenses (DEAD), 118–20
Diego Garcia, 41, 43, 140, 147, 159, 160, 161, 178, 277, 280, 285, 354n12
E-3 Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), 22, 183, 200, 217, 226, 279, 370–71n113
E-8 Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS), 22, 68, 128, 182, 200, 217, 224–28, 239, 279, 293, 332n36, 370–71n113
EC-130 Commando Solo and Compass Call aircraft, 112, 122–23, 231
EC-130E airborne battlefield command and control center (ABCCC), 216–18, 370–71n113
effects-based operations, 23, 33, 295–97
Egypt, 17, 41, 55, 277
Enduring Freedom, Operation: air-ground power integration, 270, 385–86n110; ending of and timing of Iraqi Freedom operations, 5, 13; leadership for, 5; munitions requirements and interservice trading, 320n76; planning for, 44, 47; SPINs for, 329–30n197; study of air offensive during, xiii; success of, 5, 391n14; tactics and equipment from and Iraq operations, 5, 59, 391n14; trust relationships built during, x, 74, 290–91, 292
European Command, U.S. (EUCOM), 24, 32, 56, 284, 390n159
F-22 Raptor, 366n62
F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, 115–16, 120, 133–35, 244, 246, 377–78n12
Fedayeen Saddam, 17, 83, 102–3, 228, 238–39, 240, 289, 296, 342n183, 342n185
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