The Anxious Triumph
Page 104
44. Feinstein, ‘Structural Change in the Developed Countries during the Twentieth Century’, p. 38.
45. Rowthorn and Ramaswamy, ‘Deindustrialization – Its Causes and Implications’, p. 5.
46. A. B. Atkinson, ‘The Distribution of Income in the UK and OECD Countries in the Twentieth Century’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 15, no. 4, 1999, pp. 59, 60, 65.
47. Feinstein, ‘Structural Change in the Developed Countries during the Twentieth Century’, pp. 35–7.
48. Ibid, pp. 47–8.
49. Liyan Chen, ‘How Uber Surpasses Ford and GM in Valuation in 5 Years’, Forbes Magazine, December 2015: http://www.forbes.com/sites/liyanchen/2015/12/04/at-68-billion-valuation-uber-will-be-bigger-than-gm-ford-and-honda/#3fff593c5858
50. Alex Hern and Nick Fletcher, ‘Fangs: The Lighting Rise of Facebook, Amazon, Netflix and Google’, The Guardian, 29 April 2017.
51. Christopher Ingraham, ‘The Entire Coal Industry Employs Fewer People than Arby’s’, Washington Post, 31 March 2017: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/03/31/8-surprisingly-small-industries-that-employ-more-people-than-coal/?utm_term=.38c8e500b1f3
52. https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/20/heres-why-google-and-amazon-probably-will-never-be-included-in-the-dow.html
53. Marx, Capital, vol. 3, p. 401.
54. Robert Brenner, ‘The Boom and the Bubble’, New Left Review, no. 6, November– December 2000, pp. 6, 27, 39–40.
55. The argument is explained in detail in Barry Z. Cynamon and Steven M. Fazzari, ‘Inequality, the Great Recession and Slow Recovery’, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 40, no. 2, March 2016, pp. 373–99; see also Robin Blackburn, ‘The Subprime Crisis’, New Left Review, no. 50, March–April 2008, pp. 64–6.
56. Susan Strange, Casino Capitalism, Blackwell, Oxford 1986, p. 1.
57. Hyman P. Minsky, ‘The Financial-Instability Hypothesis: Capitalist Processes and the Behavior of the Economy’, in Financial Crises: Theory, History, and Policy, ed. Charles P. Kindleberger and Jean-Pierre Laffargue, Cambridge University Press and Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Cambridge and Paris 1982, pp. 22, 36; see also Hyman Minsky, Can ‘It’ Happen Again? Essays on Instability and Finance, Routledge, London 2016 (first published 1982), pp. viiff.
58. Doug Guthrie, China and Globalization: The Social, Economic and Political Transformation of Chinese Society, Routledge, London 2012; on the size of the car market see http://www.statista.com/statistics/416036/largest-automobile-markets-worldwide-based-on-new-car-registrations/; for statistics on carbon emissions and coal production see The Guardian, 30 January 2013, using data from US Energy Information Administration.
Index
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Abbe, Ernst 370
Abd el-Kader, Emir of Algeria 413–14
Abdülhamid II, Sultan 118–19, 268, 269
Aceh, sultanate of 438
Achebe, Chinua, Things Fall Apart 508
Act of Union, with Ireland (1801) 162
Act of Union with Scotland (1707) 162
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr 235
Adams, Henry 304
advertising 338, 341
Adwa, Battle of (1896) 36, 438, 459
Afghanistan 427, 431
Africa
civil conflicts 19–21
colonization 426, 430, 436
inequality 83
lack of development 181, 423, 458
and pro-market kleptocracies 518
states 19, 20, 34
African National Congress (ANC) 518
African Union 19
Africans, stereotypes of 306, 454–5
agriculture xiv–xv, 5
Britain 170, 194, 480, 502
China 85, 92
exports 122–3, 127–9, 130–31
productivity 78, 191, 484
Romania 45, 122, 123, 188, 496
Russia 130, 207, 210, 215, 495
in settler colonies 127
technological improvements 123, 241
see also wheat
Aguinalda, Emilio 431, 442
Ahmad Shah, Shah of Persia 271
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1668) 14
Aizawa Seishisai, New Thesis (1825) 110
Aksakov, Konstantin 200
Al Muqtataf journal 144
Alaska 29
Alaskan Independence Party 29
Albania 25, 509
Alexander II, Tsar 281, 289
assassination 205, 279, 510
Alexander III, Tsar 167, 205, 279–81
Alger, Horatio 236
Tony the Tramp 372
Algeria 415, 448, 475
decolonization 446
French occupation 413–14, 451
French settlers 469–70
Jews 469, 471
Alien III (film) 513
Alkalai, Judah 35
Alkio, Santeri 399
Allard, Maurice 305
Alliance d’hygiène sociale (1904–11) 353
Alsace and Lorraine 14, 27
Alzola, Pablo de 131
Amadeo, King of Spain 27
Amazon (company) 526
America, pre-Columbian
cities 46
indigenous populations 77–8
American Anti-Imperialism League 443–4
American Civil War 29, 221–5
as capitalist victory 224
economic consequences 229–30
and Reconstruction Amendments 334
and religion 408–9
American colonies, and British taxation 162
American Colonization Society, Liberia 36
American Economic Association, on immigrants 303
Amsterdam xvii
An Jung-geun, Korea 429
anarchist movements 510
Anderson, Benedict 33
Andorra 21
Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later BP) xx, 237
Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 270, 427
Anglo-Turkish Convention (1838) 119
Angola, Portugal and 440–41
Annan, Noel 227
anti-capitalism
Cold War 512–13
in literature 511, 512–13
and Long Depression (1873–96) 487–8
modern 522
popular 513–14
United States 234–5, 241–2
anti-Semitism 293–5, 297–9, 403–4
and Jewish nationalism 251
left-wing 293
and non-Russian nationalists 292–3
pogroms 290–91
and riots 293–4
of Romanian peasants 123
see also racism
anxiety xxiii
about capitalism 231–2, 365–6, 506–7, 528
about modernity xviii–xxx
about social changes xxviii–xxix, xxxiv, 312–13
and First World War 507–9
in peasant life 41–2
Apple (company) xxv, 526
Arab Spring (2011) 518
Arenal, Conceptión 354
Argentina 274, 426, 519
exports 127
Italian immigrants 439
manufacturing 422
suffrage 315
Arion, Charles 45
aristocracy
and capitalists 260–61
and finance 457
and industrialization 505
life style 63–4, 66–7
and nation-building 259–60
see also landowners
Arkhangel’skii, Dr G.I. 55
Armenia, and Turkish genocide (1915) 300
Arnal, Pier-Marc 351
Arnold, Matthew, Culture and Anarchy (1869) 326–7
art and culture
&nb
sp; China 92–3, 106–7
literature 372, 511–12
and nationalism 10–11
Ashanti Empire, Ghana 431
Asia
modern manufacturing 525–6
and state formation 34
and Western model of industrialization 136–7
see also China; India; Japan; Korea; Taiwan
Asquith, H. H. 456
assassinations 510
Atlanta, Georgia (USA), anti-black riots (1906) 300–301
austerity policies 520–21
and anti-austerity movements 520
Australia 30, 33, 343, 446
exports 187
franchise 315, 319
pensions 355
socialist party 510
White Australia Policy 304–5
working hours 373
Austria
anti-Semitism 403–4
Catholicism 403–4
economic liberalism 152
political parties 403, 404, 515, 521
state intervention 148
suffrage 403
Austria-Hungary (Austro-Hungarian Empire) xxxix, 26
annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 270
Catholic parties 404–5
Jews in 289
languages 252
and nation-building 257
religions 253
Social Democrats 404
authoritarianism 181, 320–21, 529
France 320, 396
Latin America 129, 274, 391
modernizing 269
Russia 321, 369
Avatar (film) 513
Avon beauty products 242
Babylon 46
Hammurabi Code (c.1750 BC) xvi
Baghdad 46
Bailly, Jean-Sylvain 248
Baines, Edward 328–9
Baker, George M., A Tight Squeeze 372
Balfour, Arthur 291, 427
Balfour Declaration (1917) 291
Balkan Wars (1912–13) 269–70, 300, 504, 509
Balkans, and Congress of Berlin (1878) 25
Baltic states 26
Balzac, Honoré de 227
bankers and banking
American view of 226–7
failures 483
modern 527
Bardo, Treaty of (1881) 421
Baring Brothers Bank 299, 483
Baring, Evelyn see Cromer
Barrès, Maurice 256–7, 392
Barton, Edmund (‘Toby’) 305
Barzaghi, Ilaria 178
Basque nationalism 28
Bastiat, Frédéric 171
Harmonies économiques 151
and laissez-faire 150–51
Baumol, William J. 137
Beauclerk, William N. 40
Bebel, August 437
Beccaris, General Bava 312
Beckert, Sven 224
Beijing, population 46
Belarus, industrialization 215
Belgium 27, 51, 151–2, 252
anti-clerical Liberal Party 405–6
bourgeoisie 151–2, 260
Confessional Catholic Party 152, 331, 332, 405–6
and Congo 430, 432–3
constitution as model 296
exports 480, 489
general strike (1893) 406
industrialization 131, 132, 389
labour regulations 368–9, 405–6
miners’ strike (1886) 310–11
philanthropic paternalism 379
political Christianity 400
political parties 331–2, 405
School Wars 331, 405
Socialist Party 331–2, 405, 406, 433
Belinsky, Vissarion 9, 202, 366
Bellamy, Edward, Looking Backward 340, 511
Bemis, Edward Webster 303
Benedict XV, Pope 391
Benin 432
Benjamin, Walter 125
Bentham, Jeremy 7, 142
on East India Company 444–5
on poor relief 347
on taxation 164
Bentley, Michael xxxiii
Berar province, India 417
Berdyaev, Nikolai 207, 217
The Russian Idea 201
Berenberg Bank 299
Berlin, urban mortality 69
Berlin, Congress of (1878) 24–5
Berlusconi, Silvio 521
Bervi-Flerovskii, Vasil 366
Besant, Annie 310
Bessemer, Henry 172
Biafra, secessionist movement 21
Bibas, Yehuda 35
Bierce, Ambrose 443
Birnbaum, Nathan 35
birth rates, and contraceptives 78
Bismarck, Otto von xxxii, 297, 332, 402–3
and colonialism 425
and tariffs 492–3
and welfare state 356–7
Bissolati, Leonida 440
Black Death 6
Black and Decker 242
Blackstone, William 321
Blaine, James G. 302
Blatchford, Robert, Merrie England 399
Blok, Alexander
‘New America’ 220
‘Retribution’ 280
Boer War (1899–1902) 360, 457, 459, 460
Bogolepov, Nikolai 279
Bohemia 148
Böhm-Baker, Eugene 152
Boissonade, Gustave, and Japanese law 110–11
Bolívar, Simón 31–2
Bolivia 519
Bologna, medieval xv
Bolsonaro, Jair 518
Bonald, Cardinal 394
Bonald, Louis de xxix
Bond, James, films 512–13
Bonghi, Ruggero 395
Bonneff, Léon and Maurice 48
Bonomi, Ivanoe 440
Booth, Charles 193, 264
causes of poverty 63
colonies for poor relief 361
and free trade 494
Life and Labour of the People of London (1889) 53–4
Booth, William, Salvation Army 53, 264
borders, state 11–15
in colonial empires 18, 19
and history 13–15
Bosco, Rosario Garibaldi 311
Bosnia and Herzegovina 26, 270
Boulanger, Général 471, 488
Bourgeois, Léon 165, 352
Solidarité 352
bourgeois democracy 173–4, 189
bourgeoisie
Belgium 151–2, 260
criticism of 208
and inequality 261
Italy 149
and nation-building 260–61
Russia 204, 208
see also middle classes
Boutmy, Émile 228
Boutwell, George S. 443
Boxer Rebellion (1900) 97, 101, 424
branded goods 57
Brandeis, Louis 304, 385
Brătianu, Ion 296, 297
Braudel, Fernand 44
Brazil 32, 519
exports 127–8
independence (1822) 27
indigenous population 77–8
Saraiva Law (1881) (franchise) 314–15
Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan de 455
Brentano, Lujo 147, 185
Breton nation 28
Bretton Woods agreement 134
Bright, John, MP 145, 329, 420
anti-colonialism 452, 462
and Eyre case 466
Bristol, riots (1831) 325
British Empire
administration of colonies 433–4
costs and benefits 457–9
defence cost 457, 460
exports 445–6
and global trade 434–5, 448–9
ideological value of 463–8
independence from 447, 447
and internationalization of capital 481
later acquisitions 430
popular support for 459–61
as protected market 501–2
size 429, 431, 434
British South Africa Company 444
British–Ottoman treaty (1838) (Trea
ty of Balta Liman) 273
Broglie, duc Albert de 471
Brontë, Charlotte, Shirley 372
Brouckère, Louis de 433
Brown, Gordon 518
Brown, John 408
Brunhes, Henriette Jean 338
Bryan, William Jennings 233, 238, 313, 344
Bucher, Lothar 425
Buckingham, James Silk 445
Budapest 404
Buddhism, China 107
Bugeaud, Maréchal Thomas 414
Bulgakov, Sergei 387
Bulgaria 270
Agrarian Union 399–400
Bulgarian Liberal Party, welfare programme 354
Bunge, Nikolai 153, 167, 205–6, 211–12
and Jews 289
labour market regulation 369
Burdett-Coutts, Angela 468
bureaucracies
growth of 154
need for 135
Buret, Eugène 50
Burke, Edmund
on East India Company 444, 445
limits to state 142–3
on taxation 158, 164
Butler-Johnstone, H. A. M. 330
Caillaux, Joseph 165
Calabria 58, 61
calendar, international conventions 7
California, indigenous population 77
Calvin, John 386
Calvinism 387–8
Canada 30, 33
suffrage 314, 333
Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio, Spanish prime minister 278
Canton (Guangzhou), China 46, 60
capital
global market for 4, 503
ownership of 385
capital outflow 482–3
France 500
see also foreign investment
capitalism
acceptance of 155, 515–16
alternatives to 195, 522–3
anxieties about 231–2, 365–6, 506–7, 528
characteristics: as anarchic xl, 134, 506; as collective enterprise 155–6; ethical basis of 388
and colonialism 450
and consumption 84, 288; modern consumers xxvi–xxvii, 522–3
and corruption 232–3
and cycles of crisis xxviii, 485–6
ecological limits to 529–30
and First World War 504–5
and globalization xi, 481–4
and individualism 138–9
and inequalities xxiv–xxv, 82–3, 264
and labour movement 384–5
late 20th-century growth 85
and management 385
and markets xxxiii–xxxiv, 486, 516
modern changes 525
and nationalism 190
origins of xiv–xv, 117, 153
paternalistic 378–81
and political regimes 520–22
and religion 386–409
requirements of xxxi–xxxii, 37, 195, 288, 365