The Anxious Triumph
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and states 37, 288
survival of xxii, 515, 528–30
and trade 156–7
Washington Consensus 136–7
and workers 84, 310, 365–85
see also anti-capitalism; entrepreneurs; industrial capitalism; Long Depression
capitalists 386
American 234
characteristics of 260–61
as film villains 513
Jews as 290, 292
and laissez faire 222–3, 236
and nation-building 260–61
and ownership of capital 385
and regulation 367, 370–71
Caprivi, Leo von, German chancellor 357–8, 435–6, 493
Carlos I, King of Portugal, assassination (1908) 179, 441
Carlyle, Thomas
and Eyre case 466
‘The Sign of the Times’ (1820) xxix
Carnegie, Andrew 234, 236, 266, 380, 443
Carolingian empire xv
Carp, Petre 124
Catalonia 17, 28, 277
Catherine the Great, empress of Russia 199
Manifesto (1763) 135
Cattaneo, Carlo 249
Cavafy, Constantin, ‘Waiting for the Barbarians’ 508
Cavour, Camillo Benso, Count of 186
Chaadayev, Pyotr 197
Challemel-Lacour, Paul-Armand 184
Chamberlain, Joseph 146–7, 360, 415, 434
and colonialism 456, 466
and free trade 494
charity
Christian feminists and 354
see also philanthropy; poor relief
Chartism xxii, 28, 171
and universal suffrage 328, 329
Chateauneuf, Benoiston de 51
Chávez, Hugo 519
Chechnya 26
Cheng Kuan-ying, Chinese reformer 103, 135
Chernyshevski, Nikolai, What Is To Be Done? 202
Cheverny, Château de 67
Cheysson, Émile 378, 488
Chiang Kai-Shek 35
Chicago, meat-packing industry 70
Chicherin, Boris 198
children
restrictions on working 280, 358, 368–9, 375
see also education
Chile 274, 276, 518
agrarian capitalism 128
nitrates exports 127
China 17, 91–108, 144, 182, 423
ancient cities 46
attempts at reform 101–5
banking 424–5, 527
communist takeover (1949) 105; Cultural Revolution 106; ‘Great Leap Forward’ (1958–61) 106; New Culture Movement 104
economy: foreign dominance 424–5; GNP 81, 108; standard of living 84–5; state intervention 92, 135
education 92
foreign relations 94–6, 97–8, 99
Hundred Days Reform Movement (1898) 101, 102
increasing consumption 529–30
and industrialization 98–9, 103, 107–8
and Japan 100, 116–17; invasion of Manchuria (1931) 105; wars with 97, 100, 105, 113, 116, 427
Ming Dynasty 92, 93
and modernization 98–100
Mongol invasion (1271) 92
move towards market economy (from 1978) xxvii, 106, 521–2, 524–7
natural disasters 97, 107; bubonic plague (1855) 76
political instability 35, 97, 98, 267
and political reforms (1905) 103
political stability 28, 107
population 46, 92; emigration from 97, 301–3; life expectancy 74
Qing Dynasty 93, 97–8, 102–3, 105, 251, 387
railways 96, 98, 99
sea explorations 3–4
shipping 425
silk production 92, 107, 389
state: bureaucracy 154; development of 34–5, 250–51; lack of central government 96–7, 105; role of emperor 93
Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) 97, 167
taxation 162, 167–8
technological superiority 91–2, 106
Tongzhi Restoration (1860s) 98
treaty ports 96
view of capitalism 366
view of trade and commerce 94–6, 103–4
and the West: 19th-century ‘humiliation’ 34–5, 100, 136; Opium Wars 94, 96, 424; Western expeditionary force (1900) 101–2
women in 90–91
Xinhai revolution (1911) 91, 104, 250, 267, 509
Xinzheng (New Policy) (1906–11) 104–5
Yuan Dynasty 92, 93
Zhou dynasty 387
Chinese
in England 307
in United States 301–3
Chirac, Auguste 299
Christianity
colonial missions 474
Japanese ban lifted 110
social xxvi–xxvii, 397–400
and social change xxxiv
see also Protestantism; religion; Roman Catholicism
Chulalongkorn the Great, King of Siam 267
Chumik Shenko, massacre (1903) 427
Churchill, Winston xx
and 1909 ‘people’s budget’ 362
on Africans 306–7
and India 418
on wealth gap 263–4
cities
ancient 45–6
and globalization 193
life in 45–63
overcrowding 60
City of London 260
civil rights
Britain 138
United States 334
Cixi, dowager empress of China 98, 99, 101–2, 105
Clarendon, Lord, Foreign Secretary 156
classes
and nation-building 256–65
of poverty (Booth’s classification) 53–4
see also aristocracy; bourgeoisie; middle classes; working classes
Clemenceau, Georges 350, 468, 470
Cleveland, Grover, US President 237, 334, 444
Clinton, Bill, US President 518
Clinton, Hillary 521
Coal Mines Inspection Act (1850) 375
coal production
Britain xviii, 170, 194
USA xix, 69, 301, 526
Cobbett, William 60–61
Cobden, Richard 145, 171, 452
Coca-Cola 57, 242
coffee 6, 127–8
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 150, 161, 444, 498
Cold War
anti-capitalism 512–13
and consumption 523–4
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 454
collective bargaining 366–7, 376–7, 516
Collini, Stefan 195
Colomb, John, MP 295
colonial wars 460
colonialism xl, 414–15
and anti-colonialists 433, 451–2, 463
and free trade 456–7
great debate on 450–77
and modernization 415
and racism 475–6
and relations with rulers 433–4, 466
settler states 28–34, 127, 422–3, 437
and state formation 18, 34, 425
support for 456–7; popular 459–61
see also British Empire; French Empire
colonies
administration 433–4, 476
defence costs 448, 451
export of primary products 127–8, 187, 422, 446
rebellions 431–2, 509–510
as repository for convicts 437–8
and settler states 28–34, 127, 422–3, 437
variable profitability 447–8
colonization 413–49, 431
and Christian missions 474
and civilizing mission 415, 453–4, 466, 473–5
and economic development 421–2
fear of 267
and industrialization 423–4
late expansion 426–7, 430
origin of empires 444
and scramble for Africa 426, 466
and ‘Treasury test’ 451
violence 431–3, 455
Colt firearms 242
Comitè de l’Afrique 473
communist regimes 181
see also China; Soviet Union
Compagnie française des Indes orientales 444
competition, international 192–4
computer revolution 8, 526
Comte, Auguste 144
Condorcet, marquis de 7, 348
Confucianism 99, 100, 104, 107, 387
Congo
Belgian colonization 432–3
civil war 20
Congress of Berlin (1879) 296–7
conservatism
of elites 179–80
enlightened xxxii–xxxiii, 262–3
reactionary xxxiv, xxxvi
United States 223
Conservative Party (UK) 263, 330–31
and empire 457
and labour reforms 371–2, 374–5
and protectionism 488, 502
and social reforms 360–61, 398
view of capitalism 517
and welfare legislation 362–3
Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act (1875) 374
Constant, Benjamin 322
Constantinople (Istanbul) 46
consumption 195, 288
debt-driven 527
democratization of xxvii, 337–43, 523
ecological threat to 529–30
and economic growth 82, 84
as goal of production 141–2
and marketing 338–9
mass 514–15
negative views of 341
and prosperity 340–42
as social point of capitalism 513
and US Cold War propaganda 523–4
The Contemporary Review 193
Coolidge, Archibald 303
Corbyn, Jeremy 521
Corn Laws, abolition of 146
Correa, Raffael 519
Corriere della Sera, and labour movement 384
corruption
Africa 518
and capitalism 232–3
Latin America 519
political 320
Russia 198
in weak states 135–6
Corsica 13, 28
Cortés, Juan Donoso, on liberalism xxix
cosmopolitanism 7
as capitalist tendency 190–92
classical economists and 138, 140
opposition to 8–9
Costa, Andrea 440
cotton 6
American production 219, 229
Egyptian industry 272–4
Indian industry 416–17
Lancashire 51–2
creationism xxxvii
1925 Scopes ‘Monkey’ trial 238
Crédit Lyonnais 299
Crémieux, Adolphe 469
Crete 270
crime, global expansion of 5
Crimean War (1853–6) 118
Russia and 197–8, 278
taxation and 163
Crispi, Francesco, Italian prime minister 148, 311, 312
and colonialism 439
and state welfare provision 363
Croatia 55
Cromer, Lord, in Egypt 90, 273–4, 466–7
Cromwell, Thomas 6
Crosby, Alfred 77
Cross, Gary 371
Crouch, Colin 517
Cuba 518
United States and 441
Cunningham, Revd William 192
Curci, Carlo Maria 397
Curzon, Lord 457, 464
Persia and the Persian Question 271–2
Cuza, Alexandru 497
Czech Agrarian Party 400
Czech Republic 28
political parties 400
Daily Telegraph 176
Damascus, Christians in 414
Danilevsky, Nikolay 210
Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy 386
d’Anvers, Count Cahen 299
Darwin, Charles 143, 466
Darwinism, opposition to xxxvii
Dawson, William Harbutt, Bismarck and State Socialism 356
D’Azeglio, Massimo 249
de-industrialization
of colonies 416
modern 526
Deaton, Angus 83
Debs, Eugene 343–4
debt
and consumption 527
debtor countries 119, 127, 419–20, 481–2
‘decadence’, use of word 509
Déclaration des droits de l’homme (1789) 159
Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen (1793) 348
decolonization
France 446
Great Britain 447
Netherlands 446–7
and state formation 34
Decurtins, Gaspar 394
Deere, John, farm machinery 123
Defoe, Daniel xvii
Defuisseaux, Alfred 331
Delacroix, Eugène 107
Delafosse, Jules 470
Delecroy, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph 348
democracy
bourgeois 173–4, 189
Britain 171
and capitalism xxxi, 181
and fear of the mob 322–3
and industrialization 189
and inequality 524
and nation-building 247–51
and nationalism xxxix
and political reforms 267–87
and public health 73–4
and taxation 163
see also suffrage
democracy, index of 318–20
electoral mechanism 318–19
flaws of methodology 320–21
impediments to elected deputies 319
and payment of members of parliament 319–20
political freedoms 319–20
political power 320
power of elected assembly 318
and proportional representation 318–19
secret ballots 319
Deng Xiaoping xxvii, 221
Denis, Hector 483–4
Denmark 26, 27, 444
bourgeois democracy 173
exports 174
Old Age Compensation Act (1891) 355
tax levels 165
department stores 338, 339
dependency theory 415
Derby, Lord 329
Déroulède, Paul 471
Deschamps, Hubert Jules 462
Desprez, Hippolyte 123
d’Estournelles, Paul Henri 471
development theory 181
Dewey, John 444
diasporas, and commerce 389
Díaz, Porfirio, Mexican dictator 267, 274–5
Dicey, A. V. 308, 328, 330, 367, 375
Dickens, Charles 227, 372, 466, 468
Didion, Joan, Slouching Towards Bethlehem 508
Dien Bien Phu, French defeat at (1954) 448
Digby, William 417
Dilke, Sir Charles 359, 456
Diogenes, and cosmopolitanism 9
disease 74–8
bubonic plague 76
cholera 58, 75–6
deficiency 42
global spread of 5–6, 75–6
influenza 76
and public health 58, 69, 74, 75–6
rural 45
smallpox 75
tuberculosis 42, 48
typhoid 73
typhus 58
vaccination 75
Disraeli, Benjamin xxxii, xxxvi, 295
and colonialism 456, 464–5
housing reforms 360
and labour reforms 374–5
and suffrage 329–31
Sybil or the Two Nations 261–2
Dmowski, Roman, Polish nationalist 256, 294
Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Constantin 148
Dogali, Battle of (1887) 438
Dominican Republic 31
Donbass, Ukraine 58
Donne, John 7, 220
Dostoevsky, Fyodor 210, 280
anti-Semitism 290
The Devils 202
dot.com revolution 524
Douglass, Frederick 408
Doumer, Paul 474
Dow Jones listings 526
Dreyfus affair (1894) 256–7, 396, 471
Drumont, Édouard 471
Antisemitic League of France 298
DuBois, W. E. B. 224
Ducos, Pierre-Roger 348
Ducpétiaux, Édouard 51
Dufaud, Georges 172
Duke, James Buchanan 234
Dunant, Henri 470
Dutch East India Company 444
Dutch Republic
industry xvii, 169
see also Netherlands
East India Company 416, 418, 444–5
and Charter Act (1833) 445
East, the
view of from the West 89–90
see also Asia; China; Japan
Eastern Europe
agrarian parties 399–400
economic backwardness 179–80, 187–8
Eastman, George 234
Eastman Kodak 234, 242
ecology, and limits to capitalist development 60–61, 529–30
economic development
cycles of 181–2, 485
human costs of 189
and popular support 190
stages of 180–81
using borrowed technologies 191
economic growth
early 19th century xviii–xix
GDP Europe 80–83, 80, 81
GNP 81–3
role of state 11, 37
The Economist 136, 152, 330
and Long Depression 483, 484
Ecuador 315, 391, 519
education 511
China 92
Egypt 273
and nation-building 254–5
and poverty relief 361
Egypt 419–21
1952 revolution 420
British rule 466–7
cotton industry 272–4
indebtedness 419–20
political reforms 272–7
Suez Canal shares 419
Urabi revolt (1881) 420
Einaudi, Luigi, President of Italy 177–8, 384
Elementary Education Act (1880) 361
Elgin, Lord 96
Eliot, George 293
Eliot, T. S., The Waste Land 507
elites
American capitalists 234
conservatism of 179–80
wealth and modernization 129
Elizabeth I, Queen 444
employment
casual labour 54, 517
public sector 154–5, 517
self-employment 517
wage workers 58–9
see also unemployment; working classes
enclosures, Britain 194, 522
Engels, Friedrich 189, 323, 399
on America 342
on anarchists 510
and colonialism 437
on French occupation of Algeria 413
on role of state 143
on suffrage 330
on urban conditions 49–50
England
established church 254
poverty in 61–2
rise of industries xvii–xviii
as state 13
urbanization xvii–xviii
see also Great Britain
English Land Restoration League 360
enlightened (compassionate) conservatism xxxii–xxxiii, 262–3
Enlightenment, The 64, 89, 424
and progress xviii, xxx, 415