Tories

by Thomas B. Allen

  61. Broadside, Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, document number GLC04781. http://www.gilderlehrman.org/search/display_results.php?id= GLC04781; accessed 4/29/2009.

  62. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 115.

  63. Ibid., p. 116.

  64. A. J. Langguth, Patriots (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), pp. 217–271; Thomas J. Fleming, Now We Are Enemies (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1960), pp. 9–11.

  65. Royal Navy History. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server?show=nav.1301& outputFormat=print; accessed 4/29/2009. Patrick O’Brian used the real Lively as a command for his fictional hero Jack Aubrey.

  66. Paul K. Walker, Engineers of Independence: A Documentary History of the Army Engineers in the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981), pp. 51–57.

  67. James Thacher, Military Journal of the American Revolution: From the Commencement to the Disbanding of the American Army (Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827), p. 71.

  68. Allen French, The Siege of Boston (New York: Macmillan Co., 1911), pp. 260–261.

  69. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 51, publishes the anecdote but does not identify Willard. Frothingham does identify him, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 126. Slightly different words are attributed to Willard in Alexander Graydon and John Stockton Littell, eds., Memoirs of His Own Time: With Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1846), p. 424. The biographical information about Willard comes from Henry S. Nouse, “The Loyalists of Lancaster, Massachusetts,” Bay State Monthly 1, no. 6 (June 1884).

  70. Letter from Charles Stuart to Lord Bute, April 28, 1776, as quoted in Commager and Morris, eds., The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1, pp. 181–182.

  71. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 151.

  72. This account is based on Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 178–182; Fleming, Now We Are Enemies, pp. 17, 80–92, 132–137, 234–240, 313–314; John Fortescue, The War of Independence (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001 [originally published in 1911 as part of the second, revised edition of vol. 3 of A History of the British Army]), pp. 8–14; Langguth, Patriots, pp. 271–277; Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 19; and Burgoyne’s description. http://americanrevwar.homestead.com/files/bunker.htm; accessed 4/29/2009. Accounts vary on casualty numbers; the numbers here are based on a consensus of sources.

  73. George F. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It (New York: Da Capo Press, 1957), p. 62.

  74. Timothy Ruggles, founder of the Loyalist American Association, refers to the firewood duties in a letter, written on January 13, 1776. http://www.royalprovin cial.com/military/rhist/loyaa/laalet2.htm; accessed 3/8/2009.

  75. A short biography (Archibald, Gideon White Loyalist, p. 3) says only that “when the Battle of Bunker Hill exploded, Gid was in Boston and fought as a volunteer with the British Army.”

  76. “John Coffin,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3321&&PHPSESSID = uug6tgdqile5b9qs5 edh9li2c3; accessed 5/1/2009.

  77. Piers Mackesy, The War for America: 1775—83 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993), p. 88.

  CHAPTER 5: THE WAR FOR BOSTON

  1. James Thacher, A Military Journal During the American Revolutionary War (Boston: Cottons & Barnard, 1827), p. 23. Dr. Thacher joined the Continental Army in 1775 and served during the entire war.

  2. Albert Bushnell Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. 2, p. 550.

  3. Copley, Letters & Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914, p. 318.

  4. “Military pass,” Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 16.

  5. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 237.

  6. Ibid.

  7. “Maps of North America, 1750–1789,” Library of Congress. The map and Pelham’s pass are shown at http://www.ushistoricalarchive.com/cds/boston.html; accessed 3/25/2010.

  8. Copley, Letters & Papers, pp. 320, 322.

  9. “An association, proposed to the loyal citizens,” Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 35. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/rbpebib:@field%28NUMBER+@band%28rbpe+03803500 %29%29; accessed 3/25/2010.

  10. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 29.

  11. Wilbur H. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” The New England Quarterly. Vol. 4, No. 1 (January 1931), pp. 113–114.

  12. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 235.

  13. Ibid., p. 208.

  14. Justin Winsor, ed. The Memorial History of Boston (Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1882), p. 77.

  15. Stark, Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 94.

  16. Batchelder, The Life and Surprising Adventures of John Nutting, p. 68.

  17. “Letter from Falmouth to Watertown, May 11, 1775,” American Archives, series 4, vol. 2, pp. 552–553, as cited in Richard Irving Hunt, “The Loyalists of Maine” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Maine, 1980), p. 116. (Hereafter, Hunt.)

  18. Hunt, pp. 114–121.

  19. John Howard Ahlin, James Lyon, Patriot, Preacher, Psalmodist (Machias, ME: Centre Street Congregational Church, 2005), p. 10.

  20. Journal of the Second Provincial Congress of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, February 1, 1775, p. 86 (as cited by Cahill in citation below).

  21. This detail occurs in the report to the Reverend Lyon, as chairman of the Committee of Safety and Correspondence, sent to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, June 14, 1775.

  22. Thomas P. Cahill, A Short Sketch of the Life and Achievements of Captain Jeremiah O’Brien of Machias, Maine (Worcester, MA: Harrigan Press, 1936), pp. 1–8; Jack Coggins, Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution (New York: Courier Dover Publications, 2002), pp. 13–16.

  23. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 595.

  24. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 382–83.

  25. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 208.

  26. “Propaganda hand bills,” Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 30.

  27. History Place documents: http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolu tion/proclaims.htm; accessed 3/25/2010. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 215.

  28. George Washington to John Augustine Washington, July 18, 1755, George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799, http://lcweb2.loc .gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId = mgw2&fileName = gwpage001.db&recNum= 89; accessed 12/24/2008.

  29. Edmund S. Bouchier, ed., Reminiscences of an American Loyalist. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), pp. 109, 113.

  30. Information on the volunteers comes from the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies (http://www.royalprovincial.com/), citing documents from the British National Archives, including Headquarters Papers of the British Army in America and the Orderly Book of Sir William Howe.

  31. Liberty Tree: Constitutional Gazette. September 9, 1775, in Frank Moore, ed., Diary of the American Revolution; From Newspapers and Original Documents (New York: C. Scribner, 1860), p. 131. Court-martial: http://www. royal provincial.com/military/courts/cmwilliams3.htm; accessed 4/29/2009. The court-martial convicted him of manslaughter. In a senseless fight he had hit a fellow officer on the head with a chair.

  32. On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies: http://www.royalprovincial. com/Military/musters/loyamregt/mrlarmain.htm: accessed 4/29/2009.

  33. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 252.

  34. The Encyclopedia of Canada, vol. 2, p. 98.

  35. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 167.

  36. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 134.

  37. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 545.

  38. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/Musters/loyamassoc/laaofficers .htm; accessed 3/24/2010.

  39. “Tra
nsactions 1917–1919,” Publication of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1920), vol. 20, p. 14; Francis S. Drake, The Town of Roxbury (Boston: Municipal Printing Office, 1908), p. 412.

  40. Lucius Robinson Paige, History of Hardwick, Massachusetts (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883), p. 92.

  41. Kemble Orderly Book, Head Quarters, Boston, December 7th, 1775, pp. 207–271. New-York Historical Society Collections 1883, as published by the OnLine Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies: http://www.royalprovincial. com/military/rhist/loyirsh/livform.htm; accessed 4/29/2009.

  42. James Thomas Flexner, Washington the Indispensable Man (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969), p. 18.

  43. Papers of George Washington, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/revolution/itinerary/all.html; Harvard Library biography of Samuel Langdon, http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~hua04005; accessed 3/25/2010. Vassall had died in 1769. In 1775 his widow fled to Boston and then to her estates in Antigua. The mansion was the home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow from 1837 until his death in 1882.

  44. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 213.

  45. Stockbridge Indian Tribe History, http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/stockbridge/stockbridgehist.htm; accessed 4/29/2009.

  46. Letter sent to eastern tribes by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, May 17, 1775, excerpted in Glimpses of the Past, chap. 45, “The Passamaquoddies and the Revolutionary War.” Glimpses is a series of articles that appeared in early 1890s in the Saint Croix Courier, published in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada. See http://members.shaw.ca/caren.secord/locations/NewBrunswick/Glimpses/Intro.html

  47. “Thomas Gage,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1895&&PHPSESSID = bqbfnk p59hqcj4r7c5srdbkhj1; accessed 5/22/2010.

  48. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, pp. 227—228. The rifleman’s uniform was described in the double-named St. James Chronicle or the British Evening Post, September 9, 1775.

  49. Ibid.

  50. General Washington to General Gage, Headquarters, Cambridge, August 11, 1775; General Gage to General Washington, Boston, August 13, 1775. American Archives, Correspondence, Proceedings, Etc. http://colet.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/a march/documentidx.pl?subpart_id = S4-V3-P01-sp01&sortorder=doc_id; accessed 3/25/2010.

  51. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 235.

  52. David C. Hsiung, “Food, Fuel, and the New England Environment in the War for Independence, 1775–1776,” essay at University of Georgia Workshop in Early American History and Culture, December 1, 2006. http://www.uga .edu/colonialseminar/Hsiung%20Essay.pdf; accessed 3/25/2010. (See also article with same title in New England Quarterly, December 2007, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 614–654.)

  53. Ibid. Also, “HMS Rose and the American War of Independence,” Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull, http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/HMSRose.pdf; accessed 5/1/2009.

  54. William Bell Clark, ed. Naval Documents of the American Revolution (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1966), vol. 2, pp. 324–326.

  55. Ahlin, James Lyon, Patriot, Preacher, Psalmodist, p. 11.

  56. “Dispatch from Capt. Henry Mowatt [sic] to Vice Admiral Graves about the destruction of Falmouth,” Maine Memory Network, Maine Historical Society, http://www.mainememory.net/media/pdf/6775.pdf; accessed 3/25/2010.

  57. Nicholas Barker, “An Historical Geography of Middle Street, Portland, Maine, 1727 to 1977, http://www.geocities.com/middle_street_portland_maine/1807 .htm; accessed 3/9/2009.

  58. Hsiung, “Food, Fuel, and the New England Environment.”

  59. Benjamin H. Hall, History of Eastern Vermont (Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1865), vol. 2, pp. 602–603; text of commission, p. 607.

  60. John J. Duffy and Eugene A. Coyle, “Crean Brush vs. Ethan Allen: A Winner’s Tale,” Vermont History, vol. 70, nos. 3 and 4 (Summer/Fall 2002), p. 103.

  61. Hall, History of Eastern Vermont, pp. 610–612.

  62. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, pp. 328, 282; On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies: Ruggles to Captain Francis Greene, January 13, 1776. Great Britain Public Records Office (Now National Archives), Audit Office, Class 13, vol. 45, folio 484.

  63. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 282.

  64. Jacqueline Barbara Carr, After the Siege, (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2005), p. 28; Elizabeth A. Fenn. “The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775–82,” History Today, vol. 53, issue 8 (August 2003), p. 1.

  65. Howe order, October 28, 1775, as published at http://www.royalprovincial .com/military/rhist/loyaa/laaproc.htm; accessed 3/25/2010.

  66. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, vol. 3, pp. 163. 77; “Orders to be observed during the Time of Fires …,” signed by Howe, Library of Congress, Printed Ephemera Collection, portfolio 38, folder 26a.

  CHAPTER 6: INTO THE FOURTEENTH COLONY

  1. William Kingsford, The History of Canada (Toronto: Roswell & Hutchinson, 1893), vol. 6, book 19, p. 5. Montgomery’s letter was dated December 6, 1775.

  2. William Wood, The Father of British Canada: A Chronicle of Carleton (Toronto: Chronicles of Canada, 1916), p. 17. Also, Albert Henry Smith, ed. The Writings of Benjamin Franklin (New York: Macmillan Co., 1907), vol. 10, p. 296.

  3. William Renwick Riddell, Benjamin Franklin and Canada (Toronto: Published by the author, 1923); p. 52, where Riddell quotes French dictionaries. His work is available at http://www.archive.org/stream/benjaminfranklin00ridduoft/benjaminfranklin00ridduoft_djvu.txt; accessed 5/5/2009.

  4. “Indian Department List of Men,” undated but including an internal date (June 4, 1775), lists thirty-nine officers and men, the cadre of identified agents. (Public

  Records Office [British National Archives], War Office, class 28, vol. 10, folios 399–400.) See the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http: //www .royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/dian/dianretn.htm; accessed 5/9/2009.

  5. Instructions to General Schuyler, June 27, 1775. American Archives, S4-V2-p1855. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/philogic/showrest_?conc.6.1.28739.300.399 .amarch; accessed 3/25/2010.

  6. “George Washington to the Inhabitants of Canada, September 6, 1775.” John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799, vol. 3, pp. 478–480.

  7. Thomas C. Haliburton, History of Nova Scotia (Halifax, NS: Joseph Howe, 1829; facsimile edition, Belleville, ON: Mika Publishing, 1973), p. 483.

  8. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, vol. 1, pp. 105–113, available at http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch14s12.html; accessed 5/12/2009.

  9. D. Peter MacLeod, “Revolution Rejected: Canada and the American Revolution,” commentary for an exhibit of that name in the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/games/expo/background_e.html; accessed 5/4/2009.

  10. “Thomas Walker,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2204&&PHPSESSID =ychzfqk vzape; accessed 5/7/2009.

  11. James Han Nay, History of New Brunswick (St. John, NB: John A. Bowes, 1909), pp. 101–102.

  12. Edward Livingston Taylor, “Refugees to and from Canada and the Refugee Tract,” Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly 12, vol. xii (1903), p. 224. http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action = detail&Page = 0012224.html&StartPage = 24&EndPage=328&volume=12&newtitle=Volume %2012%20Page%2024; accessed 5/12/2009.

  13. Clare Brandt, An American Aristocracy, the Livingstons (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1986), p. 112.

  14. Hal T. Shelton, General Richard Montgomery and the American Revolution: From Redcoat to Rebel (New York: New York University Press, 1996), p. 36.

  15. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, pp. 111, 117. Livingston did not contribute a word to the Declaration. Nor did he sign it. He was not in Philadelphia on August 2, 1776, when delegates signed the formal embosse
d version of the Declaration. Instead his cousin, Philip Livingston, signed and became known in the family as “Philip the Signer.”

  16. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, pp. 111–112; Michael P. Gabriel, Major General Richard Montgomery (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2002), p. 50.

  17. Eugene R. Fingerhut and Joseph S. Tiedemann, The Other New York (New York: SUNY Press, 2005), p. 130.

  18. George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741—1799, Series 4. General Correspondence, 1697—1799. Philip J. Schuyler to Canadian Citizens, September 5, 1775.

  19. Tice’s tavern is mentioned in a pension application for Joseph Lobdell, a Continental Army veteran. Lobdell said he had been captured by Indians who sold him to Tice. See http://morrisonspensions.org/lobdelljoseph.html; accessed 5/6/2009.

  20. Page Smith, A New Age Now Begins (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), vol. 1, p. 601.

  21. “Ethan Allen,” Encyclopedia Americana (Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1996); John R. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 201.

  22. Harry Stanton Tillotson, The Beloved Spy (Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1948), p. 30.

  23. Willard Sterne Randall, Benedict Arnold (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003), pp. 134–135. Reprint of William Morrow, 1990.

  24. Ibid., p. 151.

  25. Ibid., p. 152.

  26. Anthony Nardini, “The American Defeat at Quebec,” Publications of Villanova, http://www.publications.villanova.edu/Concept/2004/The%20American%20 Defeat%20at%20Quebec.pdf; accessed 5/8/2009.

  27. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 187.

  28. “Guy, Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2310&interval = 25&&PHPSESSID = ahmvo4mq2g15edj3vs2gden730#il; accessed 5/9/2009.

  29. Edwin Martin Stone, ed., The Invasion of Canada in 1775, including the Journal of Captain Simeon Thayer (Providence, RI: Knowles, Anthony & Co., 1867), p. 18.

  30. “Thomas Walker,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2204&interval=25&&PHPS ESSID = uug6tgdqile5b9qs5edh9li2c3.