Tories
Page 41
31. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 146; William Renwick Riddell, Benjamin Frank lin and Canada (Toronto: Published by the author, 1923), p. 31, http://www .archive.org/stream/benjaminfranklin00ridduoft/benjaminfranklin00riddu oft_djvu.txt; accessed 5/6/2009.
32. “David Franks,” Jewish Virtual Library, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Franks.html; accessed 5/6/2009.
33. P. H. Bryce. “The Quinte Loyalists of 1784,” Papers and Records of the Ontario Historical Society (Toronto: Ontario Historical Society, 1931), vol. 27, pp. 5–14, http://my.tbaytel.net/bmartin/quinte.htm; accessed 5/8/2009.
34. “Military Units—Loyalist Units,” United Empire Loyalists’ Association of Canada, http://www.uelac.org/Military/Young-Emigrants.php; accessed 5/5/2009.
35. Donald I. Stoetzel, Encyclopedia of the French & Indian War in North America, 1754–1763 (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 2008), p. 439. Also, “Sir Frederick Haldimand,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2445; accessed 5/9/2009. The Royal Americans’ regiment was officially the 62nd Regiment of Foot, later renumbered as the 60th (King’s Royal Rifle Corps).
36. Robert L. Dallison, Hope Restored (Fredericton, NB: Goose Lane Editions, 2003), p. 62.
37. Ibid.
38. Report from General Wade to King George I, December 10, 1724, http:// www.highlanderweb.co.uk/general.htm; accessed 6/10/2009. Wade had traveled through the Highlands to gather intelligence about the loyalty of the clans. http://www.highlanderweb.co.uk/general.htm; accessed 6/10/2009.
39. Evangeline Walker Andrews and Charles McLean Andrews, eds., Journal of a Lady of Quality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), appendices, p. 258.
40. “Allan Maclean,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www. biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2041&&PHPSESSID = ahmvo 4mq2g15edj3vs2gden730; accessed 5/9/2009.
41. Mary Beacock Fryer, Allan Maclean, Jacobite General (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1987), p. 130.
42. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 208.
43. William Wood, Father of British Canada (Toronto: Chronicles of Canada, 1916), p. 72.
44. Samuel B. Griffith, In Defense of the Public Liberty (Garden City, NY: Double-day & Co., 1976), pp. 248–249.
45. Shelton, General Richard Montgomery, p. 138.
46. William Kingsford, The History of Canada (Toronto: Roswell & Hutchinson, 1893), vol. 6, p. 5.
47. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 223.
48. Craig L Symonds and William J. Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 23.
49. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 207; William Wood, Father of British Canada, p. 112.
50. William Wood, p. 120.
51. Lee Enderlin, “The Invasion of Canada during the American Revolution,” Military History, August 1999, vol. 16, no. 3. Some Canadian estimates of invader casualties range as high as three hundred.
52. Shelton, General Richard Montgomery, pp. 3, 4.
53. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 230, 235; Albert Henry Smith, The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, vol. x, p. 295.
54. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefiield Atlas, p. 25.
55. David Wilson, The Life of Jane McCrea (New York: Baker, Godwin & Co., Printers, 1853), p. 76. Skene supporters suggested that Skene had kept her un-buried because he wanted to take her back to her ancestral burying ground somewhere in Scotland or Ireland. Clan Skene genealogy shows Andrew’s birth as 1753 and gives him the military rank of major. http://www.clanskene .org/newsletters/April%202007.pdf; accessed 5/10/2009.
56. Stephen Howarth, To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy 1775—1991 (New York: Random House, 1991), pp. 26–28.
57. Symonds and Clipson, p. 25.
58. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 157–189, 205, 221, 237.
59. Symonds and Clipson, p. 21.
60. Lorenzo Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution: With an Historical Essay, rev. ed. (Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1864), vol. 2, pp. 439–441. Sabine notes Winslow’s confusing military rank at the time: As commander of this particular force he was a lieutenant colonel; he was also a half-pay (comparable to reservist) captain in the British Army, and a major general in the royal militia.
61. Grand-Pré National Historic Site. http://www.grand-pre.com/Histoireen .html; accessed 5/12/2009.
62. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 65. Also, “Jonathan Eddy,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e .php?&id_nbr=2391&interval = 25&; accessed 5/12/2009.
63. J. W. Porter. “Memoir of Colonel Jonathan Eddy, of Eddington, Maine,” Bangor History Magazine, September 1888. Also, Ford, The Writings of George Washington, pp. 497–498.
64. Journal of the Continental Congress, February 16, 1776, p. 155, http://memory .loc.gov/ll/lljc/004/0100/01550155.gif; accessed 5/12/2009.
65. Porter, “Memoir of Colonel Jonathan Eddy,” pp. 44–47, which includes Eddy’s own account, sent to the Massachusetts legislature.
66. René Chartrand, American Loyalist Troops 1775—84 (Westminster, MD: Osprey Publishing, 2008), p. 23.
67. “Jonathan Eddy,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
68. George Washington Drisko, Narrative of the Town of Machias (Machias, ME: Press of the Republican, 1904), p. 57.
69. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, p. 381.
CHAPTER 7: THE FAREWELL FLEET
1. Margaret Wheeler Willard, ed., Letters on the American Revolution, 1774—1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), p. 119. The letter was written on May 26, 1775.
2. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 410.
3. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 303.
4. Ibid., p. 304.
5. Clarence F. Winsor, The Memorial History of Boston (Boston: James R. Os-good, 1881), vol. 3, proclamation reproduced, p. 97.
6. Attributed to letter of witness, William Gordon, D.D., The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment, of the Independence of the United States of America … (London: Printed for author, 1788), vol. 2, p. 198.
7. Hall. History of Eastern Vermont, vol. 2, p. 616.
8. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, p. 163.
9. Newell Diary, http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Timothy%20Newell.
10. Inventory made by order of Thomas Mifflin, quartermaster-general of the Continental Army, March 18 and 19, 1776, published in History of the Siege of Boston, p. 406.
11. Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, p. 164.
12. Excerpt from a Lord Dartmouth letter to Howe, dated August 2, 1775, Froth-ingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 302.
13. Letter from Washington to his brother John Augustine, March 31, 1776, excerpted in Sabine, American Loyalists, p. 13. (For “last trump,” see 1 Cor. 15:51, 52.)
14. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 302; Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, p. 164.
15. David DeVoss, “Divided Loyalties,” Smithsonian, January 2004; “Historical Narratives of Early Canada,” http://www.uppercanadahistory.ca/uel/uel4.html; accessed 3/26/2010.
16. Norton, The British-Americans, quoting from Caner Letterbook.
17. Massachusetts Historical Society, King’s Chapel Records, 1686–1942, available at http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0249&hi = on&within = 1&query=caner&submit=Search#firstmatch; accessed 3/26/2010.
18. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 117.
19. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 211. Walter’s son, Theodore, became a merchant in what was British Guiana (now Guyana) and spent his final years in Saugerties, New York. As custodian of the family papers, he donated them to Columbia University. Another Barrell, Samuel, a relative, is acknowledged in the Historical Society publication of the names. (Private communication from Russel Moe, a descendant.)
20. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 544; Loyalist Collection, MIC-Loyalist FC LFR H8H4A3, University of Ne
w Brunswick, Canada, http:// www.lib.unb.ca/collections/loyalist/seeOne.php?id = 647&string =; accessed 5/14/2009.
21. For information on Hannah, thanks to J. L. Bell, author of the blog Boston 1775, devoted to the “history, analysis, and unabashed gossip about the start of the American Revolution in Massachusetts.” See http://boston1775.blogspot .com/search/label/Hannah%20Loring%20Winslow; accessed 5/14/2009.
22. Winslow Papers, http://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/sibley.html#41; accessed 5/14/2008.
23. Sabine, American Loyalists, pp. 470, 556.
24. Wentworth biography, Nova Scotia history, http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1764–00/Wentworth.htm#rfn8; “Sir John Wentworth,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
25. “Governor Wentworth’s Volunteers Report of Formation,” October 16, 1777, On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial .com/Military/rhist/govwent/gvwform.htm; accessed 5/16/2009.
26. Norton, The British-Americans, pp. 100, 101, 220. The John Ervings settled in Wales, as did a number of refugees.
27. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 458.
28. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol 2, p. iii. The preface of James J. Talman, ed., Loyalist Narratives from Upper Canada (Toronto: Champlain Society in Canada, 1946), mentions illiteracy and the lack of time and paper. A modern collection of writings came in 1946, when the Champlain Society of Toronto published the narratives of twenty-five Loyalists in an edition of 550 copies.
29. Edmund Duval Poole, Annals of Yarmouth and Barrington (Nova Scotia) in the Revolutionary War (Yarmouth, NS.: Reprinted from The Yarmouth Herald, 1899, p. 6.
30. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 4, p. 456. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 1, 1776.
31. Lawrence B. Evans, ed., Writings of George Washington (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), p. 55. Letter from Cambridge, March 31, 1776.
32. Boston Gazette advertisement, February 20, 1767, reproduced in Henry M. Brooks, The Olden Time Series (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1886), vol. 4, p. 40.
33. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (Cambridge: John Wilton & Son, 1879), p. 68.
34. Jolley Allen, An Account of Part of the Sufferings and Losses of Jolley Allen, a Native of London, Jolley Allen Minute Book, Massachusetts Historical Society (Republished: Boston: Franklin Press/Rand, Aver & Co., 1883). See also Robert J. Cormier, “The Ordeal of Jolley Allen: A Tory Merchant of Boston,” New England Journal of History 61 (Spring 2005), pp. 1–26.
35. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 302.
36. Ibid., p. 307.
37. Stephen Kemble, Journals of Lieut-Col. Stephen Kemble … and British Army Orders … (Boston: Gredd Press, 1972; originally published by the New-York Historical Society), p. 318.
38. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 57–58, quoting from letter in Memorial History of Boston, vol. 3, p. 164.
39. French, The Siege of Boston, pp. 423–424.
40. Thomas Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War (New-York Historical Society, 1879), vol. 1, p. 54.
41. All references to Allen’s misadventures are from the Jolley Allen Minute Book, Massachusetts Historical Society. Parts of the Minute Book also appeared in the Proceedings of the society in February 1878 and as a book, An Account of Part of the Sufferings and Losses of Jolley Allen, a Native of London (Boston: Franklin Press/Rand, Aver & Co., 1883).
42. John Barker, “The Diary of Lieutenant John Barker,” Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research (London) 7 (1928), p. 169.
43. James Thomas Flexner, Washington: The Indispensable Man (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), pp. 8, 132.
44. Elizabeth A. Fenn, Pox Americana (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 90, quoting from Washington’s General Orders, March 13 and March 14, 1776.
45. Ibid., p. 51.
46. French, The Siege of Boston, p. 428
47. Charles Francis Adams, Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail during the Revolution (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1876), p. 142.
48. French, The Siege of Boston, pp. 430–431.
49. Frothingham, History of the Siege of Boston, p. 312.
50. Jack Coggins, Ships and Seamen of the American Revolution (Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications, 2002), p. 206.
51. Winthrop Sargent, ed., “Letters of John Andrews, Esq., of Boston, 1772–1776,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1864—1865 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1866), p. 411. Andrews lived in Boston during the blockade.
52. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 160.
53. Siebert. “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 122. Also, John J. Duffy and Eugene A. Coyle, “Crean Brush vs. Ethan Allen: A Winner’s Tale,” Vermont History, p. 103.
54. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, pp. 10–22. A purported “journal” of a previously unknown spy surfaced in the nineteenth century, but it was a hoax. See http://massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid = 110; accessed 3/26/2010.
55. The encrypted letter (from “George Washington Papers at the Library of Congress, 1741–1799,” series 4, General Correspondence, 1697–1799; Benjamin Church, Jr., to Maurice Cane, July 1775) can be seen at http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId = mgw4&fileName = gwpage033.db&recNum = 753. The full text of the decrypted version is available at http://www.history.org/history/teaching/enewsletter/volume3/january05/primsource.cfm; accessed 3/26/2010.
56. Frank J. Rafalko, A Counterintelligence Reader. http://fas.org/irp/ops/ci/docs/ci1/ch1a.htm; accessed 4/25/2009.
57. William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. See http://www.si.umich.edu/spies/gallery.html. See also, Bakeless, pp 9–19.
58. On November 9, 1775, members of the Continental Congress had sworn, under pain of expulsion, “not to divulge, directly or indirectly, any matter or thing agitated or debated in Congress, before the same shaft have been determined… .”
59. “Instructions for activity in France,” document 19, March 3, 1776. Connecticut Historical Society Museum. http://www.silasdeaneonline.org/documents/doc19.htm; accessed 3/26/2010.
60. Thomas B. Allen, George Washington, Spymaster (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2004), p. 82.
61. Streeter Bass, “Beaumarchais and the American Revolution,” Studies in Intelligence 14 (Spring 1970), pp. 1–18.
62. Tom Paine, Common Sense (Oakton, VA: American Renaissance Books, 2009), p. 11.
63. Clarence F. Winsor, The Memorial History of Boston, p. 183.
64. Ibid. http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Thomas%20Crafts; accessed 11/22/2009.
65. Pauline Maier, American Scripture (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), p. 39.
66. Edward J. Lowell, The Hessians and the Other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1884), p. 26.
67. Griffith, In Defense of the Public Liberty, p. 468.
CHAPTER 8: BEATING THE SOUTHERN DRUMS
1. Letter, October 4, 1775, from Lieutenant Governor John Moultrie to General James Grant, former governor of East Florida, who was on the staff of General Gage. American Archives, “East Florida Correspondence, Miscellaneous Papers, Proceedings of Committees, &c.” http://www.stanklos.net/?act=para&pid=57 70&psname=CORRESPONDENCE%2C%20PROCEEDINGS%2C%20 ETC; accessed 3/26/2010.
2. Letter-book of Captain Alexander McDonald, of the Royal Highland Emigrants, April 14, 1776. http://www.americanrevolution.org/mac77sep.html; accessed 11/22/2009.
3. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 228.
4. Frank Moore, Diary of the American Revolution (New York: Charles Scribner, 1858), pp. 20–21.
5. Richard M. Ketchum, Divided Loyalties (New York: Henry Holt, 2002), p. 56.
6. History of Eighty-fourth Regiment of Foot, Second Battalion, Royal Highland Emigrants, http://www.kingsorangerangers.org/history2.html; accessed 3/26/2010. Musket cartridge information: Thomas B. Alle
n, Remember Valley Forge (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2007), pp. 38–39.
7. David K. Wilson, The Southern Strategy (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2005), p. 23. Also, Dallison, Hope Restored, p. 63.
8. Dallison, Hope Restored, p. 62.
9. Letter-book of Captain Alexander McDonald, of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Letter to Major Small from Halifax, January 27, 1776. http://www.american revolution.org/mac77sep.html; accessed 5/19/2009.
10. Dallison, Hope Restored, p. 63.
11. “Clansfolk of Clan MacDonald,” http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Heritage/FSC NS/Scots_NS/Clans/MacDonald/Clansfolk_MacDonald/Clansfolk_Mac Donald.html; accessed 5/19/2009.
12. “A History of the Royal Highland Emigrants,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/rhe/rhehist.htm; accessed 5/19/2009. See also Bruce L. Mouser, “Continuing British Interest in Coastal Guinea-Conakry and Fuuta Jaloo Highlands (1750 to 1850),” http:// etudesafricaines.revues.org/index1465.html#tocto1n1; accessed 5/19/2009.
13. “Women in History of Scots Descent,” Flora MacDonald, http://www .electricscotland.com/history/women/wih9.htm; accessed 5/19/2009.
14. Samuel Johnson and James Boswell, Journey to the Hebrides, edited by Ian McGowan (1785; reprint, Edinburgh: Canongate, 1996), p. 370.
15. William R. Brock, Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links between Scotland and America in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1982), p. 68.
16. David Dobson, Scottish Emigration to Colonial America, 1607–1785 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004), p. 6.
17. Peter Wilson Coldham, Emigrants in Chains (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1994), p. 1. The transportation sentence was for exile to “foreign parts,” but the implied destination was America. When the Revolution began, prisoners sentenced to transportation languished in British prisons and prison ships. Then, in 1787, British courts began shipping convicts to the new possession of Australia.
18. John R. Maass,” ‘A Complicated Scene of Difficulties’: North Carolina and the Revolutionary Settlement, 1776–1789” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 2007), p. 150.