Tories

by Thomas B. Allen

  53. Ibid., pp. 11, 13.

  54. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 503–504. Reprint. (New York: Da Capo Press, 1989).

  55. The Loyalist Collection, University of New Brunswick, Winslow Papers, MIC-Loyalist FC LFR. W5E3P3.

  56. Ann Gorman Condon, “The Mind in Exile: Loyalty in the Winslow Papers.” http://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/mind.html; accessed 3/30/2010.

  57. Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist,” p. 28.

  58. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 22.

  59. “Lord Dunmore’s Ethiopian Regiment,” Online Encyclopedia of Signifcant People and Places in African American History, http://www.blackpast.org/?q =aah/lord-dunmore-s-ethiopian-regiment (University of Washington); accessed 12/2/2008.

  60. “A History of the Black Pioneers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/blkpion/blkhist.htm; acessed 11/10/2009.

  61. Gary B. Nash, “Thomas Peters: Millwright and Deliverer,” Revolutionary Essays: Michigan State University, http://revolution.h-net.msu.edu/essays/nash .html; accessed 12/2/2008; “A History of the Black Pioneers,” On-Line Loyalist Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/blkpion/blkhist.htm; accessed 11/29/2008; Julie Hilvers, “Freedom Bound: Black Loyalists,” Freedom Chronicle, Northern Kentucky University Institute for Freedom Studies, http://www.nku.edu/~freedomchronicle/OldSiteArchive/archive/issue4/studentscorner.php; accessed 12/4/2008.

  62. Advertisement published in Connecticut Courant, June 1 and June 8, 1779; republished in Baltimore Sun, September 29, 2002, http://www.baltimoresun .com/news/specials/hc-dunmore.artsep29,0,119814.story; accessed 12/3/2008.

  63. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 54.

  64. British lieutenant general Sir Henry Clinton and Baron Wilhelm von Knyphausen, the Hessian commander, later used the mansion as a headquarters. It still stands at Jumel Terrace, near West 160th Street.

  65. Jared Sparks, The Life of George Washington (Auburn, NY: Derby & Miller, 1853), p. 98. “Her fate, how different, had she married Washington,” Sabine (Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 107) said in a conversation with Mary Morris’s grandnephew in England. “You mistake, sir,” he replied, saying, “my aunt Morris had immense infuence over everybody; and, had she become the wife of the Leader in the Rebellion which cost our family millions, he would not have been a Traitor; she would have prevented that, be assured, sir.”

  66. Robert A. East and Jacob Judd, eds., The Loyalist Americans (Tarrytown, NY: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1975), pp. 6, 98. (The book is a collection of original essays based upon papers presented at a conference on Loyalists, sponsored by Sleepy Hollow Restorations and the New York State American Bicentennial Commission at Tarrytown on November 2 and 3, 1973.)

  67. Members of today’s Army Rangers, Special Forces, and Delta Force trace themselves back to Knowlton’s Rangers. The date 1776 on the seal of the army’s intelligence service today refers to the creation of the Rangers.

  68.Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence. When the article appeared, Studies in Intelligence was classi-fed. The article was one of many later declassifed, as was Studies itself. The article can be found at http://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/vol17no4/html/v1714a03p_0001.htm; accessed 3/26/2010.

  69. Ibid., p. 72.

  70. A reproduction of the orderly book page appears opposite p. 110 in Werten-baker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels.

  71. James Hutson, “Nathan Hale Revisited,” Library of Congress Information Bulletin, July/August 2003. http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0307–8/hale.html; accessed 11/15/2008.

  72. “Journal of Captain John Montrésor, July 1, 1777, to July 1, 1778, Chief Engineer of the British Army,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 5 (1881), p. 393. His Copley portrait is in the Detroit Institute of Art; the portrait of Mrs. Montrésor is in the collection of the U.S. Department of State.

  73. “Journals of Capt. John Montrésor, 1757–1778,” p. 123. Collections of the New-York Historical Society, 1881.

  74. Bass, “Nathan Hale’s Mission,” p. 73.

  75. Alexander Rose, Washington’s Spies (New York: Bantam Books, 2006), p. 20; Robert Rogers, The Journals of Major Robert Rogers (Albany, NY: Josel Munsell’s Sons, 1883), pp. 34, 101.

  76. Sparks, The Writings of George Washington, pp 209–210.

  77. Lieutenant-Colonel John Graves Simcoe, “The Raising of a Loyalist Corps in British Service,” as quoted in Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, vol. 2, pp. 511–513.

  78. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 236.

  79. Memorandum from Major Patrick Ferguson, August 1, 1778; quoted in East and Judd, The Loyalist Americans, p. 7, citing Clinton Papers, Clements Li… .brary.

  80. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 254.

  81. John R. Cuneo, “The Early Days of the Queen’s Rangers, August 1776– February 1777,” Military Affairs 22, no. 2 (Summer 1958), p. 68. Also, James L. Wells, Louis F. Haffen, and Josiah A. Briggs, eds., The Bronx and Its People: a History, 1609–1927 (New York: Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1927), p. 175.

  82. Alexander Clarence Flick, ed., “Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution,” Studies in History, Economics and Public Law (New York: Columbia University Press, 1901), p. 107.

  83. American Archives, New York Committee of Safety to General Washington, Fishkill, NY, October 10, 1776. http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.24449; accessed 3/26/2010.

  84. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, p. 112.

  85. Robert Livingston’s remark is from a letter to John Jay, quoted in Staughton Lynd, “The Tenant Rising at Livingston Manor, May 1777,” by Staughton Lynd in New–York Historical Society Quarterly 48, no. 2 (April 1964), p. 167. Margaret Livingston’s observation is in a letter to Robert Livingston, July 6, 1776. Livingston Family Papers, Broadside Collection, New York Public Library. They were cited by Clare Brandt in “Robert R. Livingston Jr., the Reluctant Revolutionary,” at a symposium sponsored by the Friends of Clermont, Bard College/Hudson Valley Studies Program, and the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation, & Historic Preservation, Taconic Region, June 6–7, 1986.

  86. East and Judd, The Loyalist Americans, pp. 30–37; Bielinski, An American Loyalist, p. 13.

  87. William H. Nelson, The American Tory, p. 100.

  88. “A History of the King’s American Regiment,” The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar1hist.htm#karintro; accessed 11/19/2008. The Web site cites “Case of John Thompson (a Negro), June 10, 1788,” Audit Offie, Class 13, vol. 67, folio 340, Public Records Office, now UK National Archives. Seabury as chaplain: Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography, James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, eds. (New York: D. Appleton, 1895), vol. 5, p. 445.

  89. David H. Villers, “Loyalism in Connecticut, 1763–1783” (Ph.D. diss., University of Connecticut. 1976), pp. 310–314.

  90. Thompson, History of Long Island, vol. 1, pp. 286–289.

  91. Jones and De Lancey, eds., History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 362.

  92. Orderly Book of The Three Battalions of Loyalists commanded by Brigader-General Oliver De Lancey, 1776 –1778, compiled by William Kelby, New-York Historical Society, New York, 1917, pp. 59, 86.

  93. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 123.

  94. Schecter, The Battle for New York, p. 206.

  95. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefeld Atlas of the American Revolution, p. 29.

  96. John Peter De Lancey, a British Army captain during the Revolution, lived in Mamaroneck. He was a son of James De Lancey, the patriarch. John’s daughter, Susan, married James Fenimore Cooper.

  97. Henry Barton Dawson, Westchester County, New York, During the American Revolution (Morrison, NY: Published by Author, 1886 [250 cop
ies]), pp. 125– 126. http://books.google.com/books?id=nl4EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9&dq= Loyalism+in+New+York+During+the+American+Revolution&lr=#PPP13,M1; accessed 11/20/2008.

  98. Ibid., p. 252.

  99. John R. Cuneo, “The Early Days of the Queen’s Rangers,” p. 72. Estimates of casualties came from Todd W. Braisted, founder of the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, in a description of the Rangers that he prepared for this book.

  100. Corey Slumkoski and David Bent, eds., Introduction to Select Loyalist Memorials by W. S. MacNutt. http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/loyalistwomen/en/context/articles/macnutt_manuscript.pdf; accessed 6/15/2009.

  101. “Robert Rogers,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography. http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2149; accessed 6/17/2009.

  102. The words came from a letter written by William Demont in London in 1792 and revealed in “Mount Washington and its Capture on the 16th of November, 1776,” an article written by E. F. De Lancey, a descendant of the Loyalist family, in the February 1877 issue of the Magazine of American History, vol. 11, part 1, no. 2, pp. 65–90.

  103. Thompson, History of Long Island, p. 166, quoting a letter from Governor Tryon to Lord George Germaine, December 24, 1776.

  CHAPTER 11: TERROR ON THE NEUTRAL GROUND

  1. The American Crisis (No. 1). On December 4, 1776, Thomas Paine published The Crisis (No. 1), the first of a series of pamphlets. Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpe:@field(DOCID + @ lit(rbpe03902300)); accessed 11/22/2008.

  2. “A History of the Guides & Pioneers,” On-Line Loyalist Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/g&p/gphist.htm; accessed 12/1/2008.

  3. Ibid.; Richard M. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers (New York: Macmillan, 1999), p. 136.

  4. Carol Karels, The Revolutionary War in Bergen County (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007), p.

  5. Ibid.; “A History of the Guides & Pioneers.”

  6. Fortescue, The War of Independence, p. 46.

  7. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers, pp. 138–139; Terry Lark, ed., Hackensack—Heritage to Horizons (Hackensack, NJ: Hackensack Bicentennial Committee, 1976), pp. 20–21; Sabine, p. 465.

  8. Letter from Charles Lee to the President of the Massachusetts Council [James Bowdoin], November 22, 1776. Lee Papers, vol. 2 (New York: New-York Historical Society, 1872), p. 303.

  9. “British Legion,” http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/britlegn/blin f1. htm. Accessed 11/22/2009.

  10. John Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2004), pp. 142–143; George H. Moore, The Treason of Charles Lee (New York: Charles Scribner, 1860), p. 64. Moore, the librarian of the New-York Historical Society, revealed the end-the-war plan that Lee composed for Howe.

  11. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 173.

  12. Moore, The Treason of Charles Lee, pp. 86–87.

  13. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 277.

  14. Adrian C. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley: The Jersey Dutch and the Neutral Ground, 1775—1783 (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 72.

  15. Lark, Hackensack, p. 21.

  16. George Washington to Lund Washington, December 10, 1776, John Rhode-hamel, ed., The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence (New York: Penguin Putnam, Library of America, 2001), p. 236.

  17. “A History of the 1st Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/njv/1njvhist.htm; accessed 11/22/2008.

  18. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 77–78.

  19. Ibid., p. 99.

  20. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, p. 171.

  21. “History of the King’s American Regiment,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar5hist .htm#karraid; accessed 11/22/2008.

  22. Sydney George Fisher, The Struggle for American Independence (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1908), vol. 1, pp. 255–256.

  23. Ford, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, p. 345.

  24. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 2, p. 115.

  25. Alexander Clarence Flick, Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1901), p. 99.

  26. Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager, The Growth of the American Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960), vol. 1, p. 204.

  27. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 107–108.

  28. Ira K. Morris, Memorial History of Staten Island (New York: Memorial Publishing Co., 1898), vol. 1, p. 244.

  29. Epaphroditus Peck, The Loyalists of Connecticut (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934), p. 12.

  30. “Return of the Provincial Forces at Kingsbridge and Morrisania, 1st July 1777,” Sir Henry Clinton Papers, vol. 21, item 24, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, as cited by the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar1hist .htm; accessed 12/19/2008.

  31. Sandra Riley, Homeward Bound, A History of the Bahama Islands to 1850 (Miami, FL: Island Research, 2000), pp. 99–103. Also, American War of Independence—at Sea, “The New Providence Expedition: ‘… We thought Ourselves secure… .’” http://www.awiatsea.com/Narrative/New%20Providence%20Expedition.html; accessed 6/13/2009.

  32. “From Confinement to Commandant,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/pwar/pwarhist .htm; accessed 12/14/2008.

  33. “A History of the Prince Of Wales’ American Regiment.” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/pwar/pwarhist.htm; accessed 6/17/2009.

  34. Ibid.; W. O. Raymond, ed., The Winslow Papers (Saint John: New Brunswick Historical Society, 1901). Letter from Gov. Montfort Browne to Edward Winslow, June 22, 1777.

  35. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, pp. 154–155.

  36. “Cortlandt Skinner,” New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763–1783, http:// www.njstatelib.org/NJ_Information/Digital_Collections/NJInTheAmerican Revolution1763–1783/8.18.pdf; accessed 6/15/2009. Based on The Royal Commission on the Losses and Services of American Loyalists, 1783–1785… . Notes of Mr. Daniel Parker Coke… . (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1915), pp. 113–115.

  37. “New Jersey Volunteers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http:// www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/njv/4njvhist.htm; accessed 6/12/2009.

  38. W. Woodford Clayton and William Nelson, History of Bergen and Passaic Counties, New Jersey (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck [press of J. B Lippincott & Co.], 1882), p. 74.

  39. William S. Stryker, The New Jersey Volunteers (Loyalists) in the Revolutionary War (Trenton, NJ: Naar, Day & Naar, 1887), pp. 4–5, http://www.archive.org/stream/newjerseyvol00stryrich/newjerseyvol00stryrich_djvu.txt; accessed 11/30/2008.

  40. Bakeless, Turncoats, Traitors and Heroes, p. 155.

  41. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 38.

  42. Wells, Haffen, and Briggs, The Bronx and its People, p. 172.

  43. Thomas S. Wermuth and James M. Johnson, “The American Revolution in the Hudson Valley—An Overview,” Hudson River Valley Review (Summer 2003), pp. 41, 42.

  44. Stryker, The New Jersey Volunteers, p. 28; “The Beginning of the End,” chapter in a work-in-progress by Stefan Bielinski, director of the Colonial Albany Social History Project at the New York State Museum. See http://www.nysm .nysed.gov/albany/bios/d/stdl.html; accessed 12/1/2008.

  45. Stryker, The New Jersey Volunteers, p. 43.

  46. Charles Inglis, “The True Interest of America Impartially Stated, 1776,” quoted in Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic 1776—1787 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 95.

  47
. C. M. Woolsey, History of the Town of Marlborough, Ulster County, New York, from its Earliest Discovery (Albany, NY: J. B. Lyon Co., 1908), pp. 123–128.

  48. Simon Schama, Rough Crossings (London: BBC Books, 2006), pp. 136–139.

  49. Flick, Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution, p. 101.

  50. Kenneth Shefsiek, “A Suspected Loyalist in the Rural Hudson Valley: The Revolutionary War Experience of Roeloff Josiah Eltinge,” Hudson River Valley Review, vol 10, no. 1 (Summer 2003), p. 42.

  51. Crary, The Price of Loyalty, p. 184.

  52. The committee officially requested Crosby to “use his utmost art to discover the designs, places of resort, and route, of certain disaffected persons.” Minutes of the Committee, December 23, 1776. Also, James H. Pickering, “Enoch Crosby, Secret Agent of the Neutral Ground: His Own Story,” New York History 47, no. 1 (January 1966), pp. 61–73.

  53. Larry R. Gerlach, ed., New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763—1783 (Trenton: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1975), p. 139.

  54. Richard P. McCormick, New Jersey from Colony to State (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand, 1964), p. 153.

  55. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, pp. 103, 121.

  56. Morison and Commager, The Growth of the American Republic, vol. 1, p. 854; Sharon McDonnell, “Revolutionary Martyrs,” American Spirit (March-April 2007); p. 45. The estimate of deaths came from an oration at the Prison Ship Martyrs’ Memorial in Fort Greene Park, Brooklyn, in 1801, according to the New York Public Library Bulletin 4 (January-December 1900), p. 217. When the Brooklyn Navy Yard was built on the filled-in bay, workers found hundreds of bones and skulls, which eventually were placed in the Martyrs’ Tomb in the park. (A. J. Liebling, “The Yard,” The New Yorker, July 2, 1938, p. 24.)

  57. Danske Dandridge, American Prisoners of the Revolution (Charlottesville, VA: Michie Co., 1911), p. 133.

  58. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, p. 351.

  59. Orderly Book, Captain Henry Knight, Aide-de-Camp to General Howe, New-York Historical Society Collection, manuscript, p. 155 (as cited in Brigade Dispatch, Autumn 1992, “a publication of the ‘brigade of the American Revolution,’” http://www.doublegv.com/ggv/battles/geary.html#16; accessed 12/8/2008.