Tories
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60. John Frelinghuysen Hageman, A History Of Princeton And Its Institutions (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1879), vol. 1, p. 155; “History of the Princeton Campus,” http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/stockton_richard .html; accessed 12/17/2008; Frederick Bernays Wiener, “The Signer Who Recanted,” American Heritage, June 1975.
61. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 150.
62. New York Gazette, October 16, 1777.
63. Jones, History of New York During the Revolutionary War, vol. 1, p. 54. The account came from Charlotte in 1835, when she was the wife of Field Marshal Sir David Dundas, commander in chief of British forces. The account was given to Edward Floyd De Lancey, editor of Jones’s History and the grandson of Elizabeth Floyd.
64. Mark V. Kwasny, Washington’s Partisan War, 1775–1783 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1996), p. 121; Virtual American Biographies, http://www .famousamericans.net/returnjonathanmeigs/; accessed 10/12/2008. Meigs’s unusual name comes from his father’s courting story: After his marriage proposal was rejected, he sadly rode off. Then he heard a shout, “Return, Jonathan! Return!” He decided he would use the most joyful words he had ever heard as the name for their firstborn son.
65. Christopher Vail, Journal 1775–1782. The Library of Congress has a handwritten copy of Vail’s journal. Newsday published an excerpt. http:// vailhistfdtn.com/christopher_vail.htm; accessed 5/25/2010.
66. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 157.
67. “Index to Emmerick’s Chasseurs History,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/emmerick/emmhist .htm; accessed 12/11/2008. After the war Emmerich returned to England, where he wrote The Partisan in War, of the Use ofa Corps of Light Troops to an Army and, as “Deputy Surveyor General of Royal Forests, Chases and Parks,” The Culture of Forests.
68. Gideon Hiram Hollister, The History of Connecticut (Hartford: Case, Tiffany & Co., 1857), pp. 311–313.
69. The quotation, attributed to Galloway from “Reply to the Observations of General Howe,” is on page 21, in the “Historical Essay” of the 1847 edition of Sabine, Loyalists of the American Revolution. (It does not appear in the essay published in the 1864 edition.) Galloway, who moved to England in 1778, was sharply critical of General Howe’s conduct of the war.
70. William A. Polf, Garrison Town (Albany: New York State American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, 1976), pp. 20–24.
71. Nelson, William Tryon and the Course of Empire, p. 158.
72. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 303.
73. John Fiske, “Washington’s Great Campaign of 1776,” Atlantic Monthly 63, no. 375 (January 1889), pp. 20–37.
74. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of’Seventy-Six (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958), p. 497. (Probably from Francis, Lord Rawdon, to Robert Auchmuty, November 25, 1776.)
75. Washington Crossing Historic Park, Washington Crossing, Pennsylvania. http:// www.ushistory.org/washingtoncrossing/history/durham.htm; accessed 12/10/2008.
76. Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 6, p. 398. George Washington to John A. Washington, December 18, 1776.
77. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, pp. 159–165.
78. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 109, quoting from The Journals of Henry Melchior Muhlenberg (Philadelphia: Lutheran Historical Society, Whipporwill Publications, 1982), vol. 2, p. 773.
79. Buchanan, The Road to Valley Forge, p. 185.
80. George Washington to John A. Washington, February 24, 1777, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources.
81. Richard M. Ketchum, The Winter Soldiers (New York: Anchor Books, 1973), p. 323. The figure of eight hundred is based on a muster on January 19, 1777.
82. Regimental Orders of December 18, 1776. Orderly Book of the King’s American Regiment, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, as cited in “A History of the King’s American Regiment,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/kar/kar1hist.htm; accessed 6/18/2009.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. Eddy N. Smith et al., Bristol, Connecticut (Hartford: City Printing. Co., 1907), p. 157.
86. Peck, The Loyalists of Connecticut, pp. 22–27; Connecticut Courant, March 24, 1777; E. LeRoy Pond, The Tories of Chippeny Hill, Connecticut (New York: Grafton Press, 1909), chap. 7, which contains Dunbar’s jail-cell autobiographical writing. Jones (vol. 1, p. 175) says that after Mrs. Dunbar was forced to witness the hanging she sought refuge in Middletown with paroled Loyalists, who included former New Jersey governor William Franklin. She was ordered out of town but taken in by a Loyalist family. After giving birth, she and the baby, named after his father, escaped to New York.
87. New York Gazette & Mercury, June 23, 1777., as cited by Villers, “Loyalism in Connecticut, 1763–1783,” p. 254.
88. “British Intelligence, New York,” Memorandum Book of the British Army, 1778, unpaginated, Microfilm Reel 689, David Library of the American Revolution. Washington Crossing, PA.
89. The black-stripe claim, which also appears in accounts of torching during a Tryon raid in Fairfield, Connecticut, seems to be more than a legend. “Tory chimney. A house chimney that is painted white with a band of black around the top,” appears among definitions in Henry Lionel Williams and Ottalie K. Williams, How to Furnish Old American Houses (New York: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1949), p. 232.
90. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 332–334; Silvio A. Bedini, Ridgefield in Review (New Haven, CT: Higginson Book Co., 1994).
91. Casualty estimates vary; these come from “The British Attack Danbury,” extracted from Albert E. Van Dusen, Connecticut (New York: Random House, 1961). http://www.ctheritage.org/encyclopedia/ct1763_1818/british_danbury .htm; accessed 3/27/2010. http://www.skyweb.net/~channy/danraid.html; accessed 12/18/2008. Arnold’s promotion: Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 334.
92. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 342, quoting Washington’s letter to Congress, July 10, 1777.
93. “Deeds of the Cow-boys,” New York Times, November 23, 1879. (The newspaper’s story was inspired by the discovery of muskets that may have belonged to Smith and his Cow-boys.)
94. Wanted poster published by the North Jersey Highlands Historical Society, http:// www.northjerseyhistory.org/history/smith/claudius.htm; accessed 12/8/2008. A cave used as one of his hideouts, near Tuxedo Park, New York, is on a hiking trail in Harriman State Park.
95. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 193, quoting from Samuel W. Eager, An Outline History of Orange County (Newburgh, NY: S.T. Callahan, 1846–1847), pp. 554, 556. Also, “Deeds of the Cow-boys.”
96. Leiby, The Revolutionary War in the Hackensack Valley, p. 195.
CHAPTER 12: “INDIANS MUST BE EMPLOYED”
1. May 21, 1775 meeting. Samuel Ludlow Frey, ed., The Minute Book of the Committee of Safety of Tryon County, the Old New York Frontier (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1905), pp. 7, 8. Because Tryon County was named in honor of the royal governor, the New York legislature changed its name to Montgomery County in 1784.
2. The segments were labeled with abbreviations for New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The drawing, made from a woodcut, appeared in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9, 1754. Franklin probably was inspired by the superstition that if a snake was cut in two, it would come back to life, provided the pieces were joined before sunset. Early in the Revolution the image became a flag motif that evolved into an intact rattlesnake and the motto “Dont Tread on Me.” Margaret Sedeen, Star-Spangled Banner (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1993), pp. 34–35.
3. From George Washington’s “Journal to the Ohio,” published in the Maryland Gazette, March 21 and 28, 1754.
4. George A. Bray III, “Scalping During
the French and Indian War,” Early American Review, vol. II, no. 3 (Spring/Summer 1998), http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/1998/scalping.html; accessed 3/30/2010, citing Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 3 (Philadelphia: Joseph Severns & Co., 1853), pp. 199–200. Also, Henry J. Young, “A Note on Scalp Bounties in Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania History 24 (1957).
5. “Treaty of Fort Stanwix,” Ohio History Central, http://www.ohiohistory central.org/entry.php?rec=1420; accessed 6/28/2009.
6. “Lord Dunmore’s War,” Ohio History Central, http://www.google.com/search?hl = en&q = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php%3Frec%3D514&aq = f&oq = &aqi =; accessed 6/25/2009.
7. Wilbur H. Siebert, “The Loyalists of Pennsylvania,” Contributions in History and Political Science 24 (April 1920), p. 9.
8. “Speech to the Six Nations; July 13, 1775,” Journals of the Continental Congress, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/contcong_07–13–75.asp; accessed 6/25/2009.
9. William Sawyer, “The Six Nations Confederacy During the American Revolution,” Fort Stanwix National Monument. http://www.nps.gov/fost/history culture/the-six-nations-confederacy-during-the-american-revolution.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.
10. Fintan O’Toole, White Savage (London: Faber and Faber, 2005), p. 36.
11. Arthur Pound and Richard E. Day, Johnson of the Mohawks (New York: Macmillan, 1930), p. 21.
12. O’Toole, White Savage, pp. 36–37.
13. Ibid., pp. 68, 69, 83.
14. Ibid., pp. 122–123.
15. Ibid., pp. 152–154.
16. Ibid., p. 7.
17. National Park Service, “Mary (Molly) Brandt, 1736–1796.” Fort Stanwix National Monument biographies, http://www.nps.gov/fost/historyculture/tory-leaders-british-military-allied-indian.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.
18. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 169; “Sir William Johnson,” Virtual American Biographies, http://www.famousamericans.net/sirwilliamjohnson/; accessed 6/27/2009.
19. Bradt (Bratt) Family History, http://home.cogeco.ca/~gzoskey/bradthistory .html; accessed 6/24/2009.
20. Oscar Jewell Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barre, vol. 2 (Wilkes-Barre: Raeder Press, 1909), p. 929.
21. O’Toole, White Savage, pp. 39—47.
22. Gavin K. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997), p. 28.
23. Pound and Day, Johnson of the Mohawks, p. 458.
24. “John Butler,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1785&interval=20&&PHPSESSID = ukoj32 f4touu7fpgk8od4r86o0; accessed 6/23/2009.
25. “Guy Johnson,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi .ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr= 1973; accessed 6/22/2009.
26. William W. Campbell, Annals of Tryon County; or, the Border Warfare of New York, During the Revolution (New York: J. & J. Harper 1831), p. 37.
27. Robert S. Allen, His Majesty’s Indian Allies: British Indian Policy in the Defence of Canada, 1774—1815 (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1992), p. 46; Ernest A. Cruik-shank, The Story of Butler’s Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara (Welland, ON: Tribune Printing House, 1893), pp. 11, 25.
28. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 330.
29. “John Butler,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
30. National Gallery of Art, “American Portraits of the Late 1700s and Early 1800s.” http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=569; accessed 6/19/2009.
31. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 330. The Romney portrait is in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa. The gorget is in the Joseph Brant Museum in Burlington, Ontario.
32. “Samuel Kirkland,” Clinton (NY) Historical Society, http://www.clinton history.org/samuelkirkland.html; accessed 6/23/2009.
33. O’Toole, White Savage, p. 329.
34. Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 78—80.
35. “Index to King’s Royal Regiment of New York,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/krrny/krrlist. htm; accessed 6/23/6009. The regiment was also known as Johnson’s Greens, the Royal Greens, and the King’s Royal Yorkers.
36. Cruikshank, The Story of Butler’s Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara, p. 34.
37. Mary Beacock Fryer, Kings Men: the Soldier Founders of Ontario (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1980), p. 52.
38. “Original Communications,” The Gentleman’s Magazine, October 1828, p. 291.
39. Mark Jodoin, “Shadow Soldiers,” Esprit de Corps, August 2008. http://find articles.com/p/articles/mi_6972/is_3_16/ai_n31586164/pg_7/?tag = content; col1; accessed 3/27/2010. Jodoin quotes from Annotated Transcript of the Journal of Lieutenant Henry Simmons 1777–1778, edited by H. C. Bur-leigh. The transcript is at the Lennox and Addington County Museum in Napanee, Ontario.
40. Francis Whiting Halsey, The Old New York Frontier (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902), p. 218. Don Chrysler, in The Blue-Eyed Indians (Zephyrhills, FL: Chrysler Books, 1999), says that one of the Crysler brothers, Balthus, was probably hanged in Albany. His wife and four children, according to family records found by Chrysler, remained in their farm home throughout and after the war.
41. Jeptha R. Simms, History of Schoharie County and Border Wars of New York (Albany: Munsell & Tanner, Printers, 1845), chap. 7.
42. John Russell Bartlett, ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England (Providence: Alfred Anthony, Printer to the State, 1864), vol. 9, pp. 247–251, Circular letter, General Washington to the Governor of Rhode Island, October 18, 1780, Headquarters, near Passaic, New Jersey.
43. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, pp. 545–547. In Parliament, Edmund Burke later gave a parody of Burgoyne’s speech: “My gentle lions, my sentimental wolves, my tender-hearted hyenas, go forth, but take care not to hurt men, women, or children.” (Paul Langford, ed., The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke [New York: Oxford University Press, 1999], vol. 3, p. 361.)
44. Sheldon S. Cohen, “Connecticut’s Loyalist Gadfly: The Reverend Samuel Andrew Peters,” American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Connecticut, 17 (1976), p. 22; Sabine, The American Loyalists, pp. 531–535.
45. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1981), p. 52.
46. Ibid., p. 46.
47. James L. Nelson, Benedict Arnold’s Navy (Camden, ME: International Marine/McGraw-Hill, 2006), pp. 23–24.
48. Morton Borden and Penn Borden, eds., The American Tory (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972), p. 126.
49. Henry Hall, “Governor Philip Skene,” paper presented to the Vermont Historical Society, Barre, VT, July 2, 1863, and published in The Historical Magazine 1 (1867), pp. 280–283.
50. Ibid., p. 283; Sabine, The American Loyalists, pp. 304–305.
51. “General Court Martial of Philip Wickware and Robert Dunbar,” August 5, 1777, On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www. royalprovincial.com/Military/courts/cmwick.htm; accessed 6/25/2009. They were sentenced to be hanged, but the record, as often happens, does not show whether the sentence was carried out.
52. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 41; North Callahan, Royal Raiders: The Tories of the American Revolution (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963), p. 152.
53. Guy Johnson to the Tryon County Committee of Safety, June 25, 1775, quoted in Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 71–72.
54. Letter from Colonel Peter Gansevoort to Colonel Goose [sic] Van Schaick, July 28, 1777, as cited by Simms, History of Schoharie County, p. 232.
55. On a monument to Jane McCrea at Fort Edward, July 27, 1777, was given as the date of her murder. The date itself has been questioned in some accounts, particularly Richard M. Ketchum, Saratoga (New York: Henry Holt, 1997), pp. 505–506.
56. “The History of Fort Edward,” http://www.fortedwardnewyork.net/history .htm; accessed 6/25/2009.
57. William L. Stone, “The Jane McCrea Tragedy,” The Galaxy 3, no. 1 (January 1, 1867), pp. 46–52; http://www.4peaks.com/fkmcrea.
htm; accessed 12/23/2009. As Stone notes, the contemporary, propagandistic account was later challenged by fairly conclusive evidence that Jane McCrea had been shot (possibly by a Continental or Rebel militiaman) and then scalped by one of the arguing Indians to claim a reward. But, as a matter of honor, an Indian would not take a scalp from a victim killed by someone else. Jane McCrea’s remains were disinterred and reburied in cemeteries in 1822 and 1852. Modern forensic archaeologists exhumed the remains and found that her bones were commingled with those of Sara McNeil. In 2005 they were able to reconstruct the face of Sara, who had died in 1799 of natural causes. But Jane’s skull—which might have settled the tomahawk-or-bullet controversy—was missing, probably taken as a souvenir in 1852.
58. Christopher Hibbert, Redcoats and Rebels (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002), p. 173.
59. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 47. James Fenimore Cooper draws upon the Jane McCrea murder for his novel The Last of the Mohicans.
60. Alan Taylor, The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), p. 109.
61. The fort, built in 1758 during the French and Indian War, was named for a British officer. The British continued to call it by that name, while the Patriots began calling it after General Schuyler. Both names were used in contemporary accounts. The original name was later restored, the National Park Service endorsing it by maintaining the Fort Stanwix National Monument.
62. Halsey, The Old New York Frontier, p. 188. The National Park Service merely says that a “hand-made” flag was hoisted on August 3. http://www.nps.gov/fost/historyculture/the-1777-siege-of-fort-schuyler.htm; accessed 3/31/2010.
63. “Patriot Leaders of New York,” Fort Stanwix National Monument, http:// www.nps.gov/fost/historyculture/patriot-leader-of-new-york.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.
64. “The Valley Dwellers,” the American Revolution on the New York Frontier, http://www.google.com/search?hl = en&q = http://www.nyhistory.net/~drums/herkimer.htm&aq = f&oq = &aqi=; accessed 6/24/2009. Also, Eugene W. Lyttle, “Nicholas Herkimer,” Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association (Albany: Argus Co., 1904), http://www.nyhistory.net/~drums/herkimer; accessed 3/312010.