Tories
Page 46
23. Peck, Wyoming; Its History, p. 44.
24. Letter from Major John Butler to Bolton. http://revwar75.com/battles/primary docs/wiom1778.htm; accessed 3/28/2010.
25. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, pp. 984, 985, 1016. Sources differ on the size of invader and defender forces and on the number of casualties. The numbers used here come from Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 433.
26. Horace Edwin Hayden, “Echoes of the Massacre of Wyoming,” Proceedings and Collections of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, for the years 1913–1914 (Wilkes-Barre, PA: Printed for the Society, 1914), vol. 113, pp. 124–130. The site of the reputed tomahawking is marked in Wilkes-Barre by “Bloody Rock,” also known as “Queen Esther’s Rock.”
27. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, vol. 1, chap. 15.
28. Frederic A. Godcharles, Daily Stories of Pennsylvania (Milton, PA: Published by the author, 1924), p. 460, quoting from a letter written by William Maclay of Paxtang, PA, on July 12, 1778.
29. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution, vol. 1, chap. 15.
30. Louise Welles Murray, A History of Old Tioga Point and Early Athens, Pennsylvania (Wilkes-Barre, PA: Raeder Press, 1908), p. 142.
31. Ibid., pp. 137, 138.
32. M. Paul Keesler, chap. 8, “Revolution,” from Discovering the Valley of the Crystals, a work in progress. I am grateful to Paul for permission to use information from the chapter as a source. http://www.paulkeeslerbooks.com/; accessed 6/30/2009.
33. “British Intelligence, New York,” Memorandum Book of the British Army, 1778; film 689, David Library of the American Revolution, Washington Crossing, PA.
34. A. J. Berry, A Time of Terror (Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing. 2005), pp. 44–45, 130–132.
35. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, p. 930.
36. “The Battle of Cherry Valley (Massacre),” http://www.myrevolutionarywar. com/battles/781111.htm; accessed 6/29/2009.
37. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 72.
38. Francis Whiting Halsey, The Old New York Frontier (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1901), p. 241.
39. Benjamin Warren, “Diary of Captain Benjamin Warren at Massacre of Cherry Valley,” Journal of American History (1909), http://www.newrivernotes.com/ny/cherryvalley.htm; accessed 6/30/2009.
40. Report from the scene, the day after the battle. http://www.myrevolutionarywar .com/battles/781111.htm; accessed 3/28/2010.
41. Berry, A Time of Terror, pp. 46, 131.
42. Sabine, Biographical Sketches of Loyalists, vol. 2, p. 119.
43. William Ketchum, An Authentic and Comprehensive History of Buffalo (Buffalo, NY: Rockwell, Baker & Hill, Printers, 1864), vol. 1, p. 314. Letter from Clinton to Butler, January 1, 1779.
44. Letter of instructions to General Sullivan, May 31, 1779, Ford, The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7, pp. 460–462.
45. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 434–435.
46. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, pp. 241–242; the letter from Clinton to his wife was written at Canajoharie on July 6, 1779.
47. Stanley J. Adamiak, “The 1779 Sullivan Campaign,” Early America Review 2, no. 3 (Spring-Summer 1998). http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/1998/ sullivan.html#end; accessed 6/25/2009.
48. Frederick Cook, ed., Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779 (Auburn, NY: Knapp, Peck & Thomson, Printers, 1887), p. 8. Cook was New York’s secretary of state. The state legislature had ordered publication of the journals as part of a celebration of the centennial of the expedition.
49. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, p. 436.
50. Cook, Journals of the Military Expedition of Major General John Sullivan, p. 272.
51. Report of Colonel Goose Van Schaick, “The Van Schaick Expedition—April 1779,” Fort Stanwix National Monument, http://www.nps.gov/fost/history culture/the-van-schaick-expedition-april-1779.htm; accessed 2/6/2009.
52. Adamiak, “The 1779 Sullivan Campaign.”
53. Halsey, The Old New York Frontier, p. 283; “Haldimand, Frederick,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e .php?&id_nbr=2445&interval = 25&&PHPSESSID = dr24vf4ons8pqadholf6fo bbt5; accessed 6/30/2009.
54. William L. Stone, Life of Joseph Brant, vol 1. (Albany, NY: J. Munsell, 1865), pp. 6–7.
55. Louise Phelps Kellogg, ed., “Frontier Retreat on the Upper Ohio, 1779–1781,” Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (Madison, WI: Published by the Society, 1917), vol. 21, pp. 22–24.
56. Halsey, The Old New York Frontier, pp. 280–283.
57. Ibid., p. 292.
58. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, pp. 327, 336.
59. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 73–80, 90.
60. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1981), pp. 95–96.
61. “Sir Frederick Haldimand” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http:// www.biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2445; accessed 6/25/2009.
62. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 160–164. The composition of the force was determined by Watt from many sources.
63. Ibid., pp. 109–112, 114.
64. Talman, “Reminiscences of Captain James Dittrick,” Loyalist Narratives from Upper Canada, pp. 62–63.
65. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 171.
66. Ibid., pp. 171–172.
67. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, p. 420.
68. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 173–174.
69. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, pp. 424–429.
70. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 184.
71. Nelson Greene, The Story of Old Fort Plain and the Middle Mohawk Valley (Fort Plain, NY: O’Connor Brothers Publishers, 1915), chap. 18.
72. The estimated size of Brown’s force comes from careful assessment by Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 206; other sources give Brown as few as one hundred men. The origin of Stone Arabia’s name is a mystery. One theory has it come from a mispronunciation of Stein, the German word for “stone,” and Riegel, meaning “bolt,” but locally applied to rows of piled-up stones. “So immigrants … may have talked about their ‘Stoina Riegel,’ which eventually became attached to the village and transliterated into English as ‘Stone Arabia.’” (Britta Schuelke Kling, http://threerivershms.com/saorigin.htm; accessed 6/30/2009.)
73. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 206–208; Greene, The Story of Old Fort Plain, chap. 18.
74. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 192, 202.
75. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York, p. 442.
76. Greene, The Story of Old Fort Plain, chap. 18.
77. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 94–95.
78. Ibid., pp. 104, 128.
79. Ibid., pp. 106–107.
80. William L. Stone, Reminiscences of Saratoga and Ballston (New York: R. Worthington, 1880), chap. 34, “The Tory Invasion of 1780, and the Gonzalez Tragedy.”
81. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, pp. 109, 149.
82. Descriptions of the raids were compiled, primarily from pension applications, by James A. Morrison, http://morrisonspensions.org/index.htm; accessed 6/30/2009. Pension files are published in James A. Morrison and A. J. Berry, Don’t Shoot Until You See the Whites of Their Eyes (Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing, 2007). Morrison is also credited for research assistance in Gavin K. Watt’s The Burning of the Valleys.
83. William M. Willett, A Narrative of the Military Actions of Colonel Marinus Willett (New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill, 1831), p. 75.
84. Samuel Ludlow Frey, introduction to The Minute Book of the Committee of Safety of Tryon County, the Old New York Frontier (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1905), p. xiii.
85. Stone, Life of Joseph Brant, vol. 1, p. 337.
86. Watt, The Burning of the Valleys, p. 263.
87. Sparks, The Writings of Geor
ge Washington, vol. 7, p. 282. Letter from Washington at Headquarters, Preakness, to Clinton, November 5, 1780.
88. Reuben G. Thwaites, ed., “Papers from the Canadian Archives,” Collections of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (Madison, WI: Democrat Printing Co., 1888), p. 176. Letter from Lord Germain to Sir Guy Carleton, enclosed in letter from Carleton to Lieutenant Governor Henry Hamilton, Quebec, May 21, 1777.
89. Ibid.
90. Henry Haymond, History of Harrison County, West Virginia (Morgantown, WV: Acme Publishing, 1910), p. 142. This is one of many sources using the label “Hair Buyer” for Hamilton, a canard that is questioned by many modern historians.
91. George E. Greene, History of Old Vincennes and Knox County, Indiana. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1911), p. 183.
92. “Simon Girty,” Historical Narratives of Early Canada, http://www.uppercanada history.ca/ttuc/ttuc7.html; accessed 6/30/2009. Also, “Simon Girty,” in Richard L. Blanco, ed., The American Revolution 1775–1783 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993).
93. “Simon Girty’s Report of Colonel Crawford’s Torture,” Haldimand Papers, cited in Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 256–257.
94. Wilbur E. Garrett, ed., Historical Atlas of the United States (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1988), p. 96 (map).
95. “Henry Hamilton,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1931&&PHPSESSID = ychzfqkv zape; accessed 6/30/2009.
96. Colin G. Calloway, The American Revolution in Indian Country (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 45. Also, Alden. A History of the American Revolution, p. 440.
97. Haymond, History of Harrison County, p. 173.
98. “Henry Hamilton,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. http://www .biographi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1931&&PHPSESSID = ychzfqkv zape; accessed 3/28/2010.
99. Eugene H. Roseboom and Francis P. Weisenburger, A History of Ohio (Columbus: Ohio Historical Society, 1953), chap. 3, “The Struggle with the Indians 1763–1783.”
CHAPTER 15: SEEKING SOUTHERN FRIENDS
1. Major General Greene, commander of the Southern Army, to Colonel William Davie, May 3, 1781, quoted in Charles Sumner, Recent Speeches and Addresses (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1856), p. 361.
2. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 63, citing Davies, Documents of the American Revolution, vol. 15, p. 61.
3. Letter, October 4, 1775, from Lieutenant Governor John Moultrie to General James Grant, former governor of East Florida, who was on the staff of General Gage. American Archives. “East Florida Correspondence, Miscellaneous Papers, Proceedings of Committees, &c,” http://www.stanklos.net/?act=para&pid=5770 &psname = CORRESPONDENCE%2C%20PROCEEDINGS%2C%20ETC; accessed May 20, 2009.
4. Charles Alfred Risher, Jr., “Propaganda, Dissension, and Defeat: Loyalist Sentiment in Georgia, 1763–1783” (Ph.D. diss., Mississippi State University, 1976), pp. 91–92.
5. “James Wright,” New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia .org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-669; accessed 6/10/2009.
6. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 79. Wilson methodically reconstructed the order of battle of both sides in southern battles.
7. Ibid., p. 77. Howe was the mysterious “Gentleman” who intrigued Janet Schaw during her stay on her brother’s North Carolina plantation in 1775. Evangeline Walker Andrews and Charles McLean Andrews, eds., Journal of a Lady of Quality. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1922), p. 167.
8. “Thomas Brown,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia .org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-1090; accessed 7/1/2009. The East Florida Rangers were also known as the King’s Carolina Rangers or Brown’s Rangers.
9. John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), p. 96; “Revolutionary War in Georgia,” New Georgia Encyclopedia. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id = h-2709; accessed 6/10/2009.
10. “East Florida Rangers Return,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/eastfr/eastretn.htm; accessed 6/10/2009. Also, “Revolutionary War in Georgia” and “Thomas Brown,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org;. accessed 6/30/2009.
11. From a report by James Simpson, former South Carolina attorney general. He had been asked by General Sir Henry Clinton for an assessment of Tory temperament, particularly in Charleston. The report is dated May 15, 1780, three days after Charleston fell to Clinton’s forces. G. N. D. Evans,” Simpson’s Report,” Journal of Southern History 21 (1955), pp. 518–519, as cited by Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 277–278.
12. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 84, refers to the unit as Carolina Loyalists; other sources call the unit the Carolina Royalists.
13. Risher, “Propaganda, Dissension, and Defeat,” p. 172.
14. “An Introduction to North Carolina Loyalist Units,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/ncindcoy/ncintro.htm. Also, Robert Scott Davis, Jr., “Battle of Kettle Creek,” New Georgia Encyclopedia http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article .jsp?id = h-1088&hl=y; both accessed 7/4/2009.
15. Robert Scott Davis, Jr. “Battle of Kettle Creek,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, http:// www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1088; accessed 7/2/2009.
16. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 86.
17. Jim Piecuch, Three Peoples, One King (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2008), p. 140.
18. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 89, citing a Campbell report to Clinton, March 4, 1779. Wilson also says that “cracker” apparently derives from the habit of some backcountry Georgians to “crack” boasts—a usage similar to one in contemporary Ireland—and to distill, or crack, whiskey (p. 297).
19. Letter from Captain T. W. Moore, aide-de-camp to General Augustine Prevost, to his wife, November 4, 1779, quoted by Wilson, The Southern Strategy, p. 170.
20. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution, p. 85.
21. Todd W. Braisted, “The Prince of Wales’ American Regiment,” lecture, April 1998, online at Canadian Military Heritage Project. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~canmil/uel/pwar.htm; accessed 7/3/2009.
22. Crary, The Price of Loyalty, pp. 277–278, “Simpson’s Report,” May 15, 1780.
23. Alan S. Brown. “James Simpson’s Reports on the Carolina Loyalists, 1779–1780,” Journal of Southern History 21, no. 4 (November 1955), p. 514.
24. Banastre Tarleton, A History of the Southern Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America (Dublin: Colles, Exchaw et al., 1787), pp. 23–24.
25. Murtie June Clark, Loyalists in the Southern Campaign of the Revolutionary War (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1981), vol. 1, pp. xiii-xv, citing the United Kingdom National Archives, Cornwallis Papers, “Regulations for government of conquered towns, etc.” and PRO (now National Archives of Britain), 30/11/2/44, “Clinton’s instructions to Major Ferguson.”
26. In a demonstration of his rifle before King George III, Ferguson said he could fire seven random shots a minute—” yet I could not undertake to bring down above five of his Majesties Enemys in that time. He laughed very heartily… .” (M. M. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson [Edinburgh: NMS Publishing, National Museums of Scotland, 2003], p. 29.)
27. Information on Ferguson derived from Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson. http://www .silverwhistle.co.uk/lobsters/ferguson.html; accessed 3/21/2009.
28. M. M. Gilchrist, Patrick Ferguson (Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, 2003), pp. 60, 62.
29. Walter Edgar, Partisans & Redcoats (New York: William Morrow, 2001), pp. 52–53.
30. Don Higginbotham, “Some Reflections on the South in the American Revolution,” Journal of Southern History 73, no. 3 (2007).
31. Governor Nash to the General Assembly, August 25, 1780, cited by John R. Maass, “A Complicated Scene of Difficulties” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State Unive
rsity, 2007), p. 143.
32. “Regiment List: British and Loyalist,” Southern Campaigns, Revolutionary War, Final Report, June 2005 (Evans-Hatch & Associates, for the National Park Service, 2005).
33. Ann Taylor Andrus and Ruth M. Miller, Charleston’s Old Exchange Building (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2005), pp. 34–35. Balfour had met his first Rebels in Massachusetts long ago when he was a guest on the Marshfield estate of Tory Nathaniel Ray Thomas.
34. Edward J. Cashin, The Kings Ranger (New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), p. 118.
35. Steven J. Rauch, “Southern (Dis)Comfort,” Army History (Spring 2009), pp. 44–45.
36. Pension Application of William Gipson, National Archives Microseries M804, Roll 1078, Application No. S17437. The application was found by Brent Brackett, curator of Tannenbaum Historic Country Park in North Carolina.
37. Michael E. Stevens, “The Hanging of Matthew Love,” South Carolina Historical Magazine. South Carolina Historical Society, vol. 88, no. 1 (January 1987), pp. 55–58.
38. James Thacher, ed. A Military Journal of the American Revolution (Boston: Cohon & Barnard, 1827), p. 299. Cornwallis letter, August 1780, to Lieutenant Colonel Nisbet Balfour. Hanged Rebels: Edward McCrady, The History of South Carolina in the Revolution, 1775—1780 (New York: Macmillan Company, 1901), vol. 3, p. 711.
39. Maass, “A Complicated Scene of Difficulties,” pp. 144–147.
40. Thomas H. Raddall, “Tarleton’s Legion,” Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, electronic version created by the Mersey Heritage Society in 2001 with the permission of Dalhousie University. http://www.mersey.ca/tarletons legion.htmlhttp://www.mersey.ca/tarletonslegion.html; accessed 3/28/2010.
41. J. Tracy Power,” ‘The Virtue of Humanity was Totally Forgot’: Buford’s Massacre, May 29, 1780,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 93 (1992), pp. 5–14. The march distance and duration is mentioned in Tarleton’s report to Lieutenant General Cornwallis, May 30, 1780. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/britlegn/bllet3.htm; accessed 7/4/2009. The number of Buford men: John Buchanan, The Road to Guilford Courthouse (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), p. 82. Wilson, The Southern Strategy, says Buford had 380 infantrymen and forty dragoons. Buchanan and Wilson otherwise agree on most of the other details of the battle and subsequent massacre. Raddall (n. 40 above) does not believe there was a massacre.