Tories

by Thomas B. Allen

  65. William L. Stone, Border Wars of the American Revolution (New York: A. L. Fowle, 1900). vol. 1, p. 191.

  66. Mike Caldwell, superintendent of Valley Forge National Historic Park, welcoming the display of the painting, The Oneidas at the Battle of Oriskany, undated National Park Service announcement, 2008, http://www.nps.gov/vafo/parknews/upload/oriskanyPR-2.pdf; accessed 6/25/2009.

  67. This account of the Battle of Oriskany, as it became known, is based on Hoffman Nickerson, The Turning Point of the Revolution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928), pp. 203—206; Campbell, Annals of Tryon County, chap.4; Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 43; and William Sawyer, “The Battle at Oriska,” Fort Stanwix National Monument, http://www.nps.gov/fost/history culture/the-battle-at-oriska.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

  68. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 43.

  69. James Thomas Flexner, “How a Madman Helped Save the Colonies,” American Heritage 7, no. 2 (February 1956).

  70. Randall, Benedict Arnold (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003), p. 347; Stone, Border Wars of the American Revolution, p. 219.

  71. H. Y. Smith and W. S. Rann, eds., History of Rutland County Vermont (Syracuse, NY: D. Mason & Co., 1886), chap. 29. http://www.bucklinsociety.net/Johns_Solomon.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

  72. Callahan, Royal Raiders, p. 152.

  73. James H. Bassett, Colonial Life in New Hampshire (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1899), chap. 8.

  74. Pierre Comtois, “Revolutionary War Upset at Bennington,” Military History (August 2005).

  75. Fryer, King’s Men, p. 116.

  76. Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel, p. 62.

  77. Comtois, “Revolutionary War Upset at Bennington.”

  78. Letter from Burgoyne to Lord Germain, August 20, 1777, Herbert Aptheker, The American Revolution, 1763–1783 (New York: International Publisher, 1960), p. 119.

  79. Richard M. Ketchum, “Bennington,” Military History Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 1 (Autumn 1997), p. 110.

  80. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 355.

  81. Don Higginbotham, Daniel Morgan (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), pp. 56–57.

  82. Commager and Morris, The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1, p. 581.

  83. Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, p. 49.

  84. Brandt, An American Aristocracy, p. 122.

  85. The account of the Saratoga battles comes from Symonds and Clipson, A Battlefield Atlas, pp. 47–51; Smith. A New Age Now Begins, vol. 1, pp. 922–943; Alden. A History of the American Revolution, p. 327, and Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 349–368.

  86. Report on American Manuscripts in the Royal Institution of Great Britain (Hereford: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1907), vol. 3, pp. 314–315.

  87. Wilbur H. Siebert, “American Loyalists in the Eastern Seigniories and Townships of the Province Of Quebec,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa: Royal Society of Canada, 1913), p. 12.

  88. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel, p. 72.

  89. Jodoin, “Shadow Soldiers.”

  90. Mary Beacock Fryer, Buckskin Pimpernel, p. 84. Carleton made the decision on June 1, 1778. Disenchanted with British policy, he had resigned on June 27, 1777. But, because his successor, Frederick Haldimand, was not to arrive in Canada for another year, Carleton remained in office until June 27, 1778.

  91. Ibid., p. 73.

  CHAPTER 13: TREASON ALONG THE CHESAPEAKE

  1. Major General Greene to General Washington, February. 15. 1778, The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 13, p. 546, //www.consource .org/index.asp?bid=582&fid = 600&documentid=50265; accessed 11/18/2009.

  2. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 296–297. Estimates of the size of Howe’s army vary, some sources putting it at seventeen thousand.

  3. Sabine, p. 157.

  4. Charles P. Keith, “Andrew Allen,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 10, no. 4 (January 1887), pp. 361–365; Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 158.

  5. “Penn in the 18th Century,” University of Pennsylvania archives, http://www .archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/faculty.html; accessed 6/28/2009.

  6. Edmund Cody Burnett, ed., Letters of Members of the Continental Congress (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1921), vol. 1, pp. 51–53.

  7. John E. Ferling, “Joseph Galloway: A Reassessment of the Motivations of a Pennsylvania Loyalist,” Pennsylvania History 39, no. 2 (April 1972), p. 183.

  8. M. Christopher New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution (Centreville, MD: Tidewater Publishers, 1996), p. 41.

  9. Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, p. 470; Biographic Directory of the U. S. Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl? index=A000101; accessed 6/26/2009.

  10. New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 40, 43.

  11. John Thomas Scharf, History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day (Baltimore: John B. Piet, 1879), vol. 2, p. 319.

  12. Ibid., p. 296.

  13. New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 36.

  14. Ibid.

  15. Scharf, History of Maryland, vol. 2, p. 299.

  16. Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789; April 17, April 19, 1777, http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID + @ lit(jc00784)); accessed 6/25/2009.

  17. Letter from Washington to Colonel John D. Thompson of the Maryland militia, August 28, 1777, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 9, p. 140.

  18. M. Christopher New, “James Chalmers and ‘Plain Truth,’“ Early America Review 1, no. 2 (Fall 1996), http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/fall96/loyalists .html; accessed 3/27/2010. Christopher Johnston, “The Key Family,” Maryland Historical Magazine 5 (1910), pp. 196–197.

  19. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, pp. 38–39.

  20. General Sir William Howe’s Orders, 1777, “The Kemble Papers,” Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the Year 1883 (New York: 1884), vol. I, p. 473, as cited by the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/paloyal/pal1hist.htm; accessed 12/20/2008.

  21. New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 42.

  22. J. St. George Joyce, ed., The Story of Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Harry B. Joseph, 1919), pp. 156–157.

  23. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 1, p. 502.

  24. Stephen Jarvis, “An American’s Experience in the British Army,” Connecticut Magazine 11 (Summer/Autumn 1907), pp. 450–451.

  25. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 40.

  26. Harry Stanton Tillotson, The Beloved Spy (Caldwell, ID: Caxton Printers, 1948), p. 34.

  27. J. Smith Futhey, “The Massacre of Paoli,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1, p. 305.

  28. Thomas J. McGuire, The Battle of Paoli (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2006), p. 215.

  29. Joseph Plumb Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classics, 2001), p. 86.

  30. Albigence Waldo, “Diary of Surgeon Albigence Waldo, of the Continental Line,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 21 (1897), p. 307.

  31. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 40. For more about the taking of the city, see “A History of the Provincial Corps of Pennsylvania Loyalists,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies, http://www.royalprovincial .com/military/rhist/paloyal/pal1hist.htm#palintro; accessed 6/27/2009.

  32. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 360.

  33. W. W. H. Davis, The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania (Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office Printing, 1876), p. 638. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 40.

  34. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 390–391.

  35. Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 149.

  36. “Regulations” poster, December 8, 1777, signed by Galloway, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biograph
y 1 (1877), pp. 35–36.

  37. Washington spoke of “Hundreds” of deserters. (Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 11, p. 417.) Galloway put the figure at twenty-three hundred. (Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, p. 157.)

  38. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 43.

  39. Ibid., pp. 45, 47.

  40. “British Legion Biographical Sketches, Cavalry Officers,” On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies. Richard Hovenden of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, formed the Philadelphia Light Dragoons on January 8, 1778; it was later absorbed into the British Legion. http://www.royalprovincial.com/Military/rhist/britlegn/blcav1.htm; accessed 6/27/2009.

  41. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, pp. 41–42.

  42. Letter to the President of Congress, December 23, 1777, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 10, p. 193.

  43. “Brigadier General John Lacey Jr.,” Militia & Associated Companies of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, http://www.geocities.com/oldebucks/General_Lacey .htm; accessed 6/23/2009.

  44. Paul Gouza, “Bird-in-Hand Raid Reenactment,” The Half-Moon (publication of the Newtown Historic Association) 7, no. 2 (March 2008), http://www .newtonhistoric.org/NHANewsletter (03–08).pdf; accessed 3/27/2010. 7, no. 2, March 2008.

  45. Davis, The History of Bucks County, p. 634.

  46. Washington to Lacey, January 23, 1778, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 10, p. 340; Ibid.

  47. Allen, The Loyal Americans.

  48. W. W. H. Davis, History of the Battle of the Crooked Billet. (Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office Printing, 1894). http://goodyear-mascaro.org/Warminster-History/billet.html; accessed 3/27/2010.

  49. Sabine, Biographical Sketches, vol. 2, p. 416.

  50. André’s description of the Mischianza appears as a lengthy endnote to vol. 2, chap. 4, in Benson J. Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the Revolution (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1859).

  51. Fleming, Now We Are Enemies, pp. 269—270.

  52. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 387, 395. The Shippen family, down the years, insisted that Peggy and her two sisters had not appeared, despite the fact that André puts them in his account. He even sketched a portrait of Peggy in her “turban spangled and edged with gold or silver.”

  53. Wayne Bodle, Valley Forge Winter (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), pp. 228–229.

  54. “Benedict Arnold’s Oath of Allegiance, 05/30/1778,” MLR Number A1 5A, Record Group 93, War Department Collection of Revolutionary War Records, 1709–1915. http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem .pl?item=100956; accessed 3/27/2010.

  55. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 406.

  56. Many sources estimate three thousand as the number of fleeing Tories. The five thousand number comes from William Eden, an undersecretary in Britain’s colonial department, who had arrived in Philadelphia just as the fleet was leaving. Eden, on an abortive peace-seeking mission, sailed in one of the ships carrying the Loyalists and wrote, “Near 5,000 of the Philadelphia inhabitants are attending us to New York.” His observation is published in Wertenbaker, Father Knickerbocker Rebels, p. 149, who quotes Benjamin Franklin Stevens’s Facsimiles of Manuscripts in European Archives Relating to America 1773—1783 (London: Malby & Sons/Chiswick Press, 1889), vol. 5, p. 501.

  57. Estimate and quote from Carl G. Karsch, “The Battle for Philadelphia,” Independence Hall Association, http://www.ushistory.org/carpentershall/history/battle.htm; accessed 6/27/2009.

  58. Randall, Benedict Arnold, p. 397. André gave the portrait to his superior, General Grey. In 1906, on the two-hundredth anniversary of Franklin’s birth, the Grey family returned the portrait, which was hung in the White House.

  59. Noah Andre Trudeau, “Charles Lee’s Disgrace at the Battle of Monmouth,” Military History Quarterly (Fall 2006). The positioning of the Loyalist units is described by New, Maryland Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 58–59.

  60. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 53.

  61. Randall, Benedict Arnold, pp. 408–409.

  62. Siebert, The Loyalists of Pennsylvania, p. 74.

  63. Ibid., pp. 56, 57.

  64. Fleming, Now We Are Enemies, pp. 311–316.

  65. Martin, A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier (New York: Signet Classics, 2001) pp. 110–111.

  66. John O. Raum, The History of New Jersey (Philadelphia: John E. Potter and Co., 1877), vol. 2, p. 67.

  67. The plan that Lee wrote for Howe was revealed by George H. Moore, librarian of the New-York Historical Society, who read his essay, “The Treason of Charles Lee,” before the society on June 22, 1858. Moore subsequently used the same title in a book published in 1860 (New York: Charles Scribner). The plan had previously remained unpublished among the Howe papers. Lee died in Philadelphia in October 1782. His will directed that he not be buried in a church or churchyard, “for since I have resided in this country, I have kept so much bad company when living, that I do not chuse to continue it when dead.” Despite his directive, he was buried in the churchyard of Christ Church, Philadelphia.

  68. Letter to Joseph Kirkbride, county lieutenant of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, April 20, 1778, Fitzpatrick, The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, vol. 11, p. 284.

  69. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré (Wilkes-Barre: Raeder Press, 1909), pp. 976– 979.

  70. Ibid., pp. 979–980.

  CHAPTER 14: VENGEANCE IN THE VALLEYS

  1. Letter from John Butler to Guy Carleton, May 15, 1778, Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barre, p. 971, citing the Haldimand Papers in the British Museum; the papers are also on microfilm in the National Archives of Canada.

  2. The quotations come from “The Butler Papers,” National Archives of Canada, MG 31, G 36, as cited at http://www.iaw.on.ca/~awoolley/brang/brbp .html; accessed 2/2/2009. Other information from The Loyalist Gazette, March 2005, citing William A. Smy, An Annotated Nominal Roll of Butler’s Rangers 1777–1784 with Documentary Sources (St. Catharines, ON: Friends of the Loyalist Collection at Brock University, 2004).

  3. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, p. 971.

  4. Cruikshank, The Story of Butler’s Rangers and the Settlement of Niagara, p. 28; Stephen Davidson, “Five Spies Who Settled in New Brunswick,” Loyalist Trails (June 2008).

  5. Sarah B. Hood, “Life in Butler’s Rangers,” Suite101, a Canadian online magazine. http://canada-at-war.suite101.com/article.cfm/life_in_butlers_rangers; accessed 2/2/2009.

  6. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barre, p. 971.

  7. Information about forts is based primarily on John F. Luzader, “Fort Stanwix History, Historic Furnishing, And Historic Structure Reports,” Fort Stanwix (Washington, DC: Office of Park Historic Preservation, National Park Service, 1976). Also, Dow Beekman, “Schoharie County in the Revolution,” address to the Captain Christian Brown Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, September 10, 1920, at Cobleskill, NY, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry .com/~nyschoha/cobleski.html; accessed 6/30/2009.

  8. William E. Roscoe, History of Schoharie County (Syracuse, NY: D. Mason & Co., 1882), chap. 3, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyschoha/chap3.html; accessed 6/30/2009.

  9. Ibid., chaps. 3, 11 (“History of the Town of Summit”).

  10. Jeptha R. Simms, The Frontiersmen of New York (Albany: Geo. C. Riggs, 1883), vol. 2, pp. 152–158; Richard Christman, “225 Years Ago: Torch, Tomahawk Ravage Cobleskill,” Schoharie County Historical Review (Spring 2003). http://www.schohariehistory.net/Review/Spring2003/Christman.htm#_ftn11; accessed 6/30/2009; Beekman, “Schoharie County in the Revolution.” http://www.schohariehistory.net/Review/Spring 2003/Christman.htm#Top; accessed 3/27/2010. A similar Masonic rescue of a wounded Patriot by a Tory had been reported at the battle of Bennington. See Robert Collins McBride, “Loyalists and Masons,” Loyalist Gazette (Fall 2007). Brant, Butler, and
Sir John Johnson were Masons, as were George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Paul Revere, and John Hancock.

  11. Alden, A History of the American Revolution, pp. 114–115.

  12. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, pp. 988–989.

  13. Ibid., p. 992.

  14. History of Forty Fort, http://dsf.pacounties.org/fortyfort/cwp/view.asp?A=3& Q = 470200; accessed 6/25/2009.

  15. George Peck, Wyoming; Its History, Stirring Incidents and Romantic Adventures (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1858), pp. 38–42.

  16. Harvey, A History of Wilkes-Barré, p. 893.

  17. Ibid., p. 1013.

  18. Ibid., p. 1024.

  19. Denise Dennis, “Black Patriots of the 18th Century,” address presented at Delaware Humanities Forum and Washington-Rochambeau Route Conference, September 28, 2006. The powder horn is in the Luzerne County Historical Society Museum in Wilkes-Barre.

  20. Letter from Major John Butler to Lieutenant Colonel Mason Bolton, commandant of Fort Niagara, July 8, 1778, http://revwar75.com/battles/primary-docs/wiom1778.htm; accessed 6/25/2009.

  21. James J. Talman, ed., “The Journal of Adam Crysler” (Toronto: Champlain Society in Canada, 1946), p. 58.

  22. Butler on deaths of Indian and Rangers, letter to Bolton, “The Wyoming Massacre and Columbia County,” Columbia County Historical and Genealogical Society. http://www.colcohist-gensoc.org/Essays/wyomingmassacre.htm; accessed 6/25/2009. Stories of the raid lived on in Rebel propaganda and in poetry. Wyoming (from the Delaware Indians’ word for “at the big river flat”) many years later became the name of a western state thanks to Rep. James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio. As chairman of the Committee on Territories, Ashley suggested it in 1868, after the defeat of a proposal to name the territory Lincoln. Ashley said he had been inspired by “Gertrude of Wyoming,” a sentimental and thoroughly inaccurate 1809 ballad by Thomas Campbell, a Scottish poet. It begins “On Susquehanna’s side, fair Wyoming! / Although the wild-flower on thy ruin’d wall, /And roofless homes, a sad remembrance bring, / Of what thy gentle people did befall.” The immensely popular ballad called Brant the “monster” responsible for the atrocities when, in fact, Brant had not been present.