Tories
Page 55
frontier war in New York and Pennsylvania, 209–234, 252–75
guerrilla warfare, 196, 199–208, 302–307
Indian role in, 209–234, 252–75
intestine warfare, 283–87
last years of, 298–322
Lexington and Concord, 54–62, 75, 160, 222, 352n.2
Maine naval battles, 78–82
in New Jersey, 184–98, 199, 202–204, 209, 248–50, 298–301, 307–18
in New York, 157–83, 185–87, 189, 190–208, 209–234, 247
in Pennsylvania, 235–51, 252–75, 322
as Presbyterian-Anglican conflict, 148
refugee raids, 301–319
Salem episode, 43–47
Saratoga campaign, 232–34, 252
in Southern colonies, 141–56, 276–90, 320
Tryon’s raids, 200–208, 302–307
war for Boston, 67–71, 75–92
See also British Army; Continental
Army; Loyalists; Patriots; Rebels;
specific battles, colonies, cities, officers, and regiments; Tories
Rhode Island, 14, 43, 52, 88
Patriots, 14
slaves, 155
Richardson, Ebenezer, 12–13
Richardson, Josiah, 55
Richmond, Virginia, 37
Ridgefield, Connecticut, 206
riflemen, Patriot, 83, 87, 231, 269
Rivington, James, 162, 191, 328, 331
Rivington’s New-York Gazeteer, 162, 191, 308, 327
Robie, Thomas, 118
Robinson, Beverley, 173, 178, 185, 197, 294–95, 320
Robinson, Beverley, Jr., 197
Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste de, 321
Rogers, Robert, 175, 177–78, 182, 191n.
Roger’s Rangers, 175, 177–78, 182, 229
Roman Catholic Volunteers, 241
Romney, George, 216
Rose, HMS, 64, 88–89, 127
Rowe, John, 30, 31, 347n.46
Roxbury, Massachusetts, 66, 76, 82
Royal Americans, 267
Royal Fencible Americans, 91 and n., 92, 108
Royal Highland Emigrants, 100, 101, 102, 108, 136, 139, 145, 218
Royall, Isaac, 118
Royal Navy, xvi, 7, 14, 20, 37, 54, 71, 88–90, 102, 104, 110, 131, 237, 242, 247, 277, 329, 330
Canadian battles, 105–109
evacuation of Boston, 110–32
Maine battles, 78–82
prison ships, 198
in southern colonies, 151–55
war in New York, 157–59, 161, 166, 168, 169
Royal North British Volunteers Formation, 86 and n.
Royal Volunteers of North Carolina, 280
Ruggles, Timothy, 34–38, 41, 51–52, 61, 67, 73, 77, 84–86, 92, 115, 134, 169, 309
rum, 121, 156, 172, 212
Rutledge, John, 287
Sabine, Lorenzo, 118
St. Augustine, East Florida, 277
St. Clair, Arthur, 221, 222
St. Lawrence River, 99, 225
St. Leger, Barry, 225
Fort Stanwix siege, 225–29
Salem, Massachusetts, 17, 21, 43
Patriot-Loyalist conflict, 43–47
Sally, 120, 123–25
salt, 318
Saltonstall, Richard, 85
Saratoga, Battle of, 232–34, 252, 269
Savannah, Georgia, 37, 152, 276
British invasion of, 276–81
evacuation of, 325–26
Sayre, Reverend John, 305, 328–29
scalping, 210, 213, 223–24, 258, 260, 262, 264, 266, 271–74
Scammell, Alexander, 11
Schaw, Alexander, 142–44, 145
Schaw, Janet, 142–44, 403n.7
Schaw, Robert, 142–44
Schenectady, New York, 271
Schoharie Valley, 269
Tory-Indian raids, 267–72
Schuyler, Philip J., 94–95, 96, 97, 108, 159, 230–31, 262
Scotch-Irish immigrants, 145–48, 188, 286
Scotland, 86n., 100–101, 134, 137, 139, 333, 370n.19
clan system, 101, 137–38
Highlanders, 100–101, 136–40
Seabury, Reverend Samuel, 162, 163, 180
Sears, King, 162, 165
Seider, Christopher, 13–14
Seneca tribe, 212, 213, 259, 261, 273
Seven Years’ War, 159
Sewall, Jonathan, 28–29, 31, 40
Shawnee tribe, 211
Shewkirk, Gustavus, 161, 168, 170
Shippen, Edward IV, 246
Silliman, Gold Selleck, 206
silver, 76 and n.
Simcoe, John G., 182, 191 and n., 244, 285–86, 324
Simmons, Henry, 218, 233
Simpson, James, 281, 282
Six Nations, 211–16, 220, 223, 263
Skene, Andrew, 222
Skene, Philip, 105, 221–23, 229, 230, 364n55
Skenesborough, New York, 105, 106
Skinner, Cortland, 193, 277, 320
Skinners, 296, 310
Skinner’s Greens, 193
slaves, xix, 63, 118, 136, 195, 212, 246, 253, 305, 326
armed, 155
Loyalist, 154–56, 172–73, 315–17, 330–33
postwar conditions and exile, 330–32
runaway, 315, 324, 332, 373n.55
smallpox, 324–25
South Carolina, 152–53, 155
Virginia, 154–55
Small, John, 135, 136
smallpox, 92, 122, 124, 172, 324–25, 412n.7
inoculations, 122, 325
slaves, 324–25
Smallwood, William, 237
Smith, Claudius, 207–208
Smith, Francis, 59, 60, 62
Smith, John, xiii-xiv
Smith, Joshua Hett, 295–96, 407n.19
Smith, Richard, 207, 208
Smith, William, 207, 307, 311–12
smoking treatment, 27–28
Snow Campaign, 152
Somerset, HMS, 63, 71
Sons of Liberty, 6–19, 25, 37, 84, 119, 128, 160, 278, 350n.20
South Carolina, xviii, xix, 37, 141, 151, 276, 281
Battle of King’s Mountain, 288–90
British rule, 281–90
Patriot-Loyalist conflict, 151–54, 276–87
siege and surrender of Charleston, 281–84
slaves, 152–53, 155
southern colonies, 133–40, 141–56
of April 1775-February 1776, 141–56
end of war, 325–27
Highlanders, 138–40, 141–46, 148–51
intestine warfare, 283–87
of November 1778-October 1780, 276–90
Patriot-Loyalist conflicts, 141–56, 276–90, 320
See also specific colonies and battles
Sower, Christopher, 312
Spain, xviii, 129, 327
spies, xxi, 11, 43–53, 96, 129, 367n.54
Black Pioneers, 172
Continental Army, 174–77, 181, 242, 243, 247, 307, 312
female, 53
hanging, 128
Indian, 216
Patriot, 44, 48–49, 70, 163, 174–77, 277
Tory, 26, 30, 40, 43–53, 55, 60, 65, 70, 76–77, 127–28, 158–66, 168, 169, 172, 174, 182, 185, 189, 193, 195, 196–97, 201–202, 205, 222, 242, 253, 263
Tryon network in New York, 158–66, 168
Springfield, Battle of, 311–14
Stamford, Connecticut, xv, xvi, xix, 192
Stamp Act, 5–7, 13, 28, 66, 119, 342n.8
repeal of, 6
Stamp Act Congress, 5–6, 35
Standish, Miles, 26
Stansbury, Joseph, 291–95
Stark, John, 229–30
Staten Island, New York, 133, 134, 166–69, 179, 295, 314
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 243
Stiles, Ezra, 302
Stockton, Richard, 199
Stony Point, Battle of, 306–307
Strong, Nathaniel, 207
Stuart, Charles Edward,
100, 137, 140, 218
Sturtevant, Josiah, 67
sugar, 4, 29, 326
Sugar House Prison, New York City, 198, 318
Sullivan, John, 263–72
Sullivan-Clinton expedition, 263–72
Sullivan’s Island, 153, 276
Susquehanna River, 250, 256, 260
swan shot, 150
Sycamore Shoals, 288 and n.
Tallmadge, Benjamin, 296
Tamar, HMS, 151
Tappan, New York, 331
Tarleton, Banastre, 186, 282, 283, 285- 87, 289, 324
Tarleton Legion, 186, 285–87, 324
tarring and feathering, 17, 28, 49, 120, 143
Tarrytown, New York, 201
Taunton, Massachusetts, 27, 31, 64, 65
Patriot-Loyalist conflict, 31, 33, 64–65
taxes, 4, 5–7, 12
Stamp Act, 5–7, 13, 28, 66, 119, 342n.8
tea, 14–18, 23
Townshend, 5, 8, 14, 95, 176
tea, 6, 119–20
Boston Tea Party, 14–18, 20, 116
tax, 14–18, 23
Terry, Zebedee, 85
Thacher, Dr. James, 75
Thomas, John, 11
Thomas, Nathaniel Ray, 25, 32, 63
Thompson, John, 163–64, 302
Thompson, Samuel, 78–79
Tice, Gilbert, 97
Tiffany, Consider, 175, 177
Titus, 195–96
Timpany, Robert, 288
Tom’s River raid, 317–18
Tonyn, Patrick, 278
Tories, xiv-xxxii, 2, 4
arming of, 19–38, 84–86, 134, 164, 165, 308
Arnold’s treason, 291–97
Associated Loyalist raids, 307–320
Battle of King’s Mountain, 288–90
black, xix, 152–56, 163–64, 172–73, 195–96, 302, 330–33
British evacuation of Boston and, 110–32, 134
Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga, 232–34
Butler’s Rangers raids, 252–75
Canadian battles, 93–109
crises leading to war, 1–18, 19–38
Declaration of Independence and, 130–32
Dutch, 188, 190–91, 197
end of war and, 322, 323–33
exiles, xiii-xx, 4, 39–42, 76, 78, 79, 96, 113–28, 165–66, 215–16, 233, 242, 247, 248, 324, 326–33
Fort Stanwix siege, 225–29
guerrilla warfare, 196, 199–208, 302–307
half loyalty, 189–90
Highlanders, 135–40, 141–51, 217–18
Indian allies, 87, 94, 97, 152, 159, 209-234, 250, 252–75, 322
last years of war, 298–322
Lexington and Concord, 54–62, 160, 352n.2
Maryland, 235–38
Massachusetts, 1–18, 19–38, 39–53, 54–72, 75–92, 110–32, 134
New Jersey, 184–98, 199, 202–204, 209, 248–50, 298–301, 307–318
New York, 16, 17, 157–83, 185–87, 189, 190–208, 209–234, 247
occupation of Philadelphia, 235–42, 247–48, 292
Pennsylvania, 235–51, 252–75, 322
population, xx, 165
recruitment, 190–98, 204–205, 219, 252, 282
South Carolina, 151–54, 276–87
in southern colonies, 141–56, 276–90, 320
spies, 26, 30, 40, 43–53, 55, 60, 65, 70, 76–77, 127–28, 158–66, 168, 169, 172, 174, 182, 185, 189, 193, 195, 196–97, 201–202, 205, 222, 242, 253, 263
Sullivan-Clinton expedition against, 263–72
terminology, xxii-xxiii, 2, 139
Tryon’s raids, 200–208, 302–307
war for Boston, 67–71, 75–92
See also Loyalists; specific colonies, regiments, and groups
Tory Fort, 24
Tory Row, 29–31, 39, 67, 82, 86, 111
Townsend, Micah, 197
Townsend’s Rangers, 197
Townshend, Charles, 5, 176
Townshend Acts, 5, 8, 14, 95, 176
Treaty of Paris, 327
Trenton, Battle of, 203–204
Troutbeck, Reverend John, 85
Trumbull, John, 27–28
M’Fingal, 28, 39–40
Trumbull, Jonathan, 162–63, 181, 300–301
Tryon, William, 15, 142–43, 157–65, 171, 178, 183, 190, 193
in Connecticut, 205–206, 302–307, 386n.89
guerrilla warfare, 200–208, 302–307
plot against Washington, 163–65
spy and sabotage network, 158–66, 168
Tuscarora tribe, 212, 213
Tuttle, Nathan, 229
Tye, Colonel, 315–17, 332
Tyng, William, 78, 79, 90
Ulster, 146, 147
Union, HMS, 329, 330
Unity, 81
Urquhart, James, 76, 90
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, xiv, 235, 241–43, 246, 248–51, 257, 291
Van Buskirk, Abraham, 188, 321
Vassall, John, 67, 82
Vergennes, Comte de, 320
Vermont, 91, 126, 221
Loyalist-Patriot conflict, 229–30
Vincennes, Indiana, 274
Virginia, 37, 86, 139–40, 141, 145, 151, 154, 159, 195, 210, 211, 239, 253, 265–66, 314, 331
Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, 319–24, 412n.1
militia, 210, 211, 266
Patriot-Loyalist conflicts, 154–56, 211, 266, 272, 287–88
slaves, 154–55, 373n.55
Virginia House of Burgesses, 5, 22, 154
Virginia House of Delegates, 266
Vulture, HMS, 295–96
Wadsworth, Peleg, 11
Waldo, Albigence, 240–41
Walker, Thomas, 95–96, 99–100, 104
Wallace, Sir Thomas, 64, 88–89, 127
Wallkill, New York, 195
Ward, Artemis, 66, 68–69, 82
Ward, Thomas, 315–16
Warren, James, 7–8, 11, 16
Warren, Dr. James, 65
Warren, Dr. Joseph, 52–53, 73
Warren, Mercy Otis, 7–8, 16
The Adulateur, 14–15
Warren, Sir Peter, 212–13
Washington, George, xvi, 11, 22, 86, 107, 234, 377n.65, 412n.1
Arnold’s treason and, 291–97
as commander of Continental Army, 83–84, 86–87, 92, 93, 94, 108–109, 153, 158–70, 184–90, 199–208, 217, 219, 248–51, 311–20
Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, 319–24
evacuation of Boston, 111–13, 119, 121–24
first large-scale attack on Indians, 263–72
guerrilla warfare, 199–208
Indians and, 210
Loyalist spies and, 127–28, 158, 163- 66, 168, 189
in New Jersey, 183, 184–90, 203–204, 306, 311–13, 316
in New York, 157–59, 161–70, 173, 177, 181–83
plot to kidnap, 163–65, 207
slaves and, 331–32
in southern colonies, 153–56
Washington, George (cont.)
spy network of, 174–77, 181, 242, 243, 247, 306, 312
Sullivan-Clinton expedition, 263–72
at Valley Forge, 235, 241, 242–43, 246, 248–51
views on Tories, 119
Watchung Mountains, 204, 311
Watson, Elkanah, 11
Watson, John, 11, 34
Waxhaws massacre, 286–87
Wayne, Anthony, 239–40, 306, 316, 325, 326
Wells, Robert, 261
Wentworth, John, 36–37, 117–18
West, Benjamin, 216
West, Reverend Samuel, 127
Westchester County, New York, 177, 179, 181, 196–97, 200–201
West Indies, 5, 128, 326, 333
West Jersey Volunteers, 242
West Point, 294–95, 312, 406n.15
West Virginia, 211, 253, 275
whaleboats, 309, 317, 329
Wharton, Thomas, 245
Wheatley, Phillis, 13
Whigs, xiv, 2, 4, 5, 1
60
terminology, xxii-xxiii, 2
White, Cornelius, 11
White, Gideon, Jr., 12, 41, 73–74
White, Peregrine, 12
White, Philip, 319
Whitemarsh, Pennsylvania, 240
White Plains, New York, 181, 200
Battle of, 182
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 250, 255
Willard, Abijah, 67, 72, 73, 77, 356n.69
Willett, Marinus, 272
Williams, Israel, 27–28, 40
Williams, Job, 84–85
Williamsburg, Virginia, 154
Williamson, Andrew, 284
wine, 8–9, 172, 212
Winslow, Edward, 3–4, 14, 16, 18, 19–20, 25, 32, 34, 54–55, 61, 84, 116, 134, 171–72
Winslow, Hannah Loring, 116, 328
Winslow, John, 106–107, 116
Winslow, Joshua, 15, 116
Wisconsin, 253
Wiswall, Reverend John, 78, 79
Witherspoon, John, 139
Wolfe, James, 102, 143 and n.
women, 7–8, 52, 53, 245, 270
frontier, 254, 268, 272
Indian, 213, 259, 271
rape, 202, 304
scalped by Indians, 223–24
spies, 53
Woodmason, Reverend Charles, 147
Wooster, David, 206
Worcester, Massachusetts, 23–25, 47
Loyalist-Patriot conflict, 23–25, 47–49
Wright, James, 277, 282
Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, 250–51
raid, 252–60, 263
Yale University, 302, 303
Yankee-Pennamite War, 255
Yonkers, New York, 179
Yorktown, Battle of, xix
Yorktown, Virginia, 321
Cornwallis surrenders at, 319–24, 412n.1
Zabriskie, Peter, 185, 187–88
Acknowledgments
My wife, Scottie, has been part of every book I have written. On this book she did more than support me. She was at my side numerous times in archives from England and Northern Ireland to New England and Florida. When I started writing and was going through my research folders, several times I pulled out a piece of paper bearing an image of her fingers, holding down a document on a copy machine in some archive. She and I worked together, copying thousands of documents and traveling thousands of miles. Again and again she steered me to information and ideas I would never have found if my hands had been the only ones on those copied documents. And, when the first draft of my manuscript was done, she read it and raised questions. I responded with varying degrees of grace—and now the thanks that I heartily express here.
Scottie was not the only family member who worked with me. Our son Roger abandoned his own writing to come to the aid of Dad, digesting enormous amounts of information about Loyalist military units and helping in many ways. Our daughter, Connie, provided German translations. Our son Chris helped me at the archives in his state, North Carolina, and our granddaughter, Victoria, did the same in the archives of her state, South Carolina. Our grandsons Aaron and Jonny used their computer skills to work on the bibliography. Our son-in-law, Jim Witte, contributed incisive analysis as a twenty-first-century sociologist looking at the lives of eighteenth-century Loyalists and Patriots. And my grandnephew Jeff Riling made use of his collegiate databases to gather material.