To the Ends of the Earth
Page 38
hierarchy, in crews; military, 123–24, 212
Hooker, Joseph D., 85, 105, 213
Howgate, William H., 184
Humboldt, Alexander von, 54, 167, 169, 317n26
Huntford, Roland, 280–81, 303n51, 321n24
hunting, 91, 127, 132, 137, 159, 207, 274
Hut Point, 109, 115, 146, 229, 245, 247, 258, 326n13
hypocrisy, 61, 196
imperialism, 130, 168, 254
insanity, 12, 49, 57, 60, 62, 69, 78, 96, 103, 108, 157, 202, 205, 240–41, 273
Inuit, 30, 32, 67, 95, 120, 122, 127–29, 131–32, 153–54, 156, 176, 185, 221–22, 272, 310n34, 320n13
character of, 125–26, 130, 132, 135–36, 215, 305n28, 309n24
customs of, 126, 128, 146, 159, 195
sexual behavior of, 125, 152, 275
International Polar Year, First, 175, 184
Investigator (ship), 79, 121, 223
isolation, 11, 41, 80, 98, 111, 121, 123, 134, 202, 205–207, 209, 217, 222, 227, 239, 240, 278, 281, 320n13
Israel, Edward, 185–86
Iverson, Nelse, 60
James Caird (ship), 110
Jeannette (ship), 44, 57–60, 86, 100, 102, 133, 174, 176, 185–86, 211, 230, 241, 258, 291n44
Jesup, Morris K., 274
Jewell, Winfield S., 186
Johansen, Hjalmar, 61, 143–45, 147, 188, 194, 214, 216, 223
Jones, Bassett, 72
Kane, Elisha K., 57, 82, 91, 93, 102–104, 108, 122, 126, 128, 136, 188, 199, 225
ambition of, 50, 52, 221
books by, 53–54, 56, 71, 79, 81, 171–72, 234, 252–55
funeral of, 21–23
heroic image of, 23, 40, 44, 55, 71, 171, 251–52, 258, 282
personality of, 213, 226
pre-polar adventures of, 22
scientific work of, 52, 170, 191
Kane, Thomas, 55, 251–52
Keats, John, 39, 106–108
King Edward VII Land, 245
King William Island, 155
Kingsley, Charles, 256
Kislingbury, William, 66, 68, 196, 229, 235
Knudsen, Engelbret, 11
Lady Franklin Bay Expedition, 156, 166, 183, 185, 188–90
Lancaster Sound, 170
Landseer, Edwin H., 104, 151
language, in describing polar regions, 74, 79, 97, 171, 251, 256, 300n5
Launius, Roger, 278
leadership, 41, 50, 54, 57, 62, 134, 184, 210, 235
challenges to, 65, 135, 174, 211, 236
demands on, 62–63, 133
Lecointe, Georges, 14–16
Lincoln, Robert T., 185
Lindbergh, Charles, 189, 201, 203–204, 269, 279
Littleton Island, 71, 91, 94
Livingstone, David, 43, 105, 136
Lockwood, James, 186–87
Loomis, Chauncey C., 305n23
Mackenzie River, 31, 35, 75, 131
Magnetic Pole, North, South, 12, 89, 173, 190, 196
Mallory, George L., 265, 329n3
Manifest Destiny, 23
manhauling, 56, 92, 113, 123, 133, 134, 146, 181, 187, 195, 198, 284n24
Markham, Clements, 43, 84, 134–35, 168, 176–79, 182, 245, 254, 306n43
Mawson, Douglas, 148–49, 177, 196, 207–209, 307n13, 308n14, 314n51
McClintock, Francis L., 92, 155, 173, 195–96, 254, 312n25, 318n34
McClure, Robert, 121–22
McKinley, Mount, 65, 270, 274, 276
McMurdo Sound, 56, 147, 231, 233
Meares, Cecil, 62
Mertz, Xavier, 148–49, 207–208, 308n14, 320n15
Mirsky, Jeannette, 106
morality, nineteenth-century, 19, 127
Murray, John (publisher), 29, 250–51, 261
Murray, Sir John, 173–74
Nansen, Fridtjof, 40, 68, 89, 125, 130–32, 136, 143, 199, 213–14, 216, 221
polar ambition of, 61, 65, 100–101, 144–47, 188, 189, 194, 197, 199, 221, 223, 295n36, 295n45
scientific career of, 100, 193–94
Nares, George, 157
National Antarctic Expedition, 232
National Geographic Society, 188, 276
Native Americans, 15, 91, 126–27, 130, 136, 222, 305n28
natural beauty, at poles, 15, 75–79, 94, 99, 109, 111, 117, 171
natural world, changing views of, 18, 34, 38, 54, 74, 78, 80, 82, 84–89, 92, 96–97, 98–105, 108–11, 113, 124, 142, 159, 165, 196
Newcomb, Raymond, 230
Newnes, George, 177
newspapers, 28, 31, 43, 50, 54, 152, 154, 198, 214, 253, 261, 265, 276, 282
New York Herald, 43–44, 57, 230, 310n34
New York Times, 128, 253, 276, 279
Northern Party, 219, 238
North Pole, 25–26, 42–43, 86, 92–93, 100, 125, 132, 144, 159, 163, 165, 166, 167, 174, 175, 184, 185, 189, 194, 196, 199, 214, 216, 220, 222, 223, 255, 266
controversy about reaching it first, 56, 65, 188, 211, 234, 256, 268–82
elusive nature of, 85, 265, 267
Northwest Passage, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 51, 52, 85, 90, 120, 121, 133, 141, 152, 154, 155, 159, 167, 173, 175, 190, 192, 250, 257, 263
Nimrod (ship), 196, 230, 233, 291n50
Ninnis, Belgrave E., 148, 207–208
Oates, Lawrence (“Titus”), 56, 62, 114, 116–17, 160–61, 206, 229, 236, 243, 248, 294n23, 310n42
One Ton Depot, 112, 243
Open Polar Sea, 22, 28, 34, 51, 58, 86, 98, 99, 153, 163, 190, 191, 193, 214, 221, 225, 263
Parry, William E., 27, 29, 31, 40, 75–76, 90–91, 125–26, 250–51
character of, 27, 37
as leader, 36, 87, 123, 212
religious faith of, 36, 37, 77
patriotism, as motivation, 24, 27, 37, 113, 133, 177, 223, 249, 254, 256, 282
Pavy, Octave, 66–70, 185–86, 219, 228–29, 235, 315n5, 315n8
Payer, Julius von, 164
Peary, Robert E., 40, 136, 265
dispute with Cook, 56, 256, 273–74, 275–78, 280n83
early life of, 233–34, 270–71
polar ambition, 42, 86, 221, 272
trek to North Pole, 188, 220, 267–69, 275
Peary Arctic Club, 274
Peggy (ship), 150, 151
penguins, 62, 88, 92, 105, 109, 111, 179, 181–82
Petermann, August, 163–65
Poe, Edgar Allan, 286n6
polar bears, 27, 54–55, 68, 84, 88, 104, 110, 142–43, 148, 159, 209, 246, 308n19
polar environment, 79, 110, 114, 116
Polaris (ship), 44, 155, 174, 216, 222, 228, 231, 255, 258, 260
ponies, 62, 110, 116, 160, 220, 246, 248
Ponting, Herbert, 258–59
Pourquoi-Pas? (ship), 78, 101, 239
Priestley, Raymond E., 217–18, 237, 239
Prince Albert (ship), 82
Prince Regent Inlet, 91–92
privacy, lack of, 11, 217–18, 237
progress, belief in, 18–19, 92, 124, 137, 167
Proteus (ship), 65–67
provisions, on board, 11, 16, 34, 48, 59, 102, 119–20, 159, 295n46
publicity, 204, 260
Rae, John, 153–55, 158
Rasmussen, Knud, 207
Rawlins, Dennis, 277
Reade, Winwood, 47
religious belief, 28, 30, 36, 76–77, 82, 95, 96–97, 105, 109, 121, 129, 138, 216, 227, 236, 303n57
Resolute (ship), 73–74
Richardson, John, 127, 135, 137–38, 168
Riffenburgh, Beau, 158
romantic outlook, 28, 34, 39, 56, 74–75, 79–80, 84, 88, 106–107, 110, 110, 158, 170, 179, 225, 251, 259
Roosevelt (ship), 220, 268, 274
Roosevelt, Theodore, 274
Ross, John, 26–27, 50, 125, 132, 169, 250
Ross, James C., 38, 40, 178, 213
Ross Ice Shelf, 62, 178, 201, 210, 266
Rousseau, Jean J., 130
Royal Geographical Society, 25, 40, 43, 165, 168, 173,
174, 178, 233, 254, 256, 312n25
Royal Navy, 25, 29, 61, 90, 92, 119, 121, 123, 133, 139, 152, 158, 195, 245, 249, 254
Sabine, Cape, 68–69, 71, 156, 176, 183, 188
Schley, Winfield S., 314n1
science, as exploration rationale, 13, 50, 54, 92, 111, 163–75, 178–82, 189–99
scientific studies, 13, 170, 176–79, 192–98, 204–205, 217
scientist, image of, 88–89, 169, 172, 177, 182, 193
Scott, Grace, 99
Scott, Kathleen (née Bruce), 115, 118
Scott, Peter M., 118, 245
Scott, Robert F., 40, 43, 112, 115, 179, 196, 197, 231, 267, 294n23, 294n24, 303n51, 306n43, 318n42, 325n3, 326n13, 326n19, 329n6
ambitions of, 40, 157, 233, 268
death of, 39, 112–13, 161, 182, 198, 229, 233, 258
decision-making of, 108–10, 116, 197
early years of, 61, 115
failures of, 62, 114, 160, 181, 236, 280
leadership of, 61, 136, 160, 178, 211, 232, 236–37, 318n39
naval career of, 61
personality of, 56, 61–62, 99, 115–16, 117, 219–20, 232, 235–36, 259, 321n24
romanticism of, 62, 80, 86, 105–106
writings of, 113, 117–18, 180, 243–52, 258, 260, 303n57, 323n15, 325n5, 325n7
scurvy, 17, 63, 76, 82, 87, 91, 102, 103, 117, 122, 133, 226, 239, 255, 257, 264, 270
seals, 16, 17, 64, 88, 122, 126, 132, 144, 153, 156, 159, 193, 195, 238
Selkirk, Alexander, 202
Shackleton, Ernest, 40, 41, 64, 81, 86, 100, 125, 230–31, 275
conflict with Scott, 56, 157, 197, 231–33
leadership of, 80, 110, 136, 206, 219, 230, 234, 270
polar ambition, 42–43, 45, 99, 196, 210, 232
Shelley, Mary, 48, 85
Shelley, Percy, 85, 171, 327n29
Sides, Hampton, 59
Simpson, George, 116
skis, 115, 135, 144, 148, 229, 261, 294n24
sledges, motorized, 62, 115, 246, 303n52
Smithsonian Institution, 52, 192, 278
Smith Sound, 52, 207, 316n15
Snow, William P., 82
social Darwinism, 39
Solomon, Susan, 281, 332n45
Southern Cross (ship), 63–64, 83, 88, 146, 177, 227, 295n42
Southern Party, 116, 160, 229, 236, 247
South Georgia Island, 43, 110–11
South Pole, 56, 62, 89, 108, 113, 115, 125, 146–47, 160, 178, 181, 197–98, 216, 229–30, 233, 236, 244, 250, 259, 261, 268–69, 272, 280–81
Spirit of St. Louis (airplane), 189, 201
Spitsbergen. See Svalbard
Stanley, Henry M., 43, 105, 136–37
starvation, 30, 33, 41, 44, 63, 69, 71, 104, 107, 120, 128, 134, 151, 153, 154, 155–56, 159–60, 216, 225, 251, 257, 270, 310n37
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 131–32
Svalbard, 26, 145, 268, 329n8
Taylor, Zachary, 32
Tegetthoff (ship), 164–65
Tegetthoff, Wilhelm von, 163
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 38, 86, 97, 257
Teroahoute, Michel, 137–38
Terror (ship), 31–33, 50, 120–22, 153, 155, 158–59, 212–13
Tierra del Fuego, 14–15
Tollefsen, Adam, 11
Tyson, George, 156, 228, 231
United States (ship), 193, 214–15
Upernavik (Greenland), 95, 98, 221, 235
Wandel Island, 101
weather, polar, 12, 30, 52, 81, 87, 102, 116, 125, 146, 167, 170, 171, 184–86, 190, 200, 204, 205–206, 238, 239, 248, 332n45
Weyprecht, Karl, 163–66, 173, 190, 310n2
whaling, 11, 25, 28, 32, 48, 101, 165, 177, 195, 301n18
Wilson, Edward A., 62, 78–79, 109, 111–12, 114–15, 117, 125, 160–61, 178–80, 197–98, 229, 236, 243–44, 247–48, 294n23, 299n47, 303n57, 310n42, 314n44, 318n39
Wordie, James, 220
World War I, 18, 100, 113, 165, 177, 182
Worsley, Frank, 41, 111
Worsley, Henry, 207