14. Windmill, British Achilles, p. 121.
15. W. H. Auden, Prose, vol. 1 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 451.
16. NA KV 2/4143, serial 284a, George Carey-Foster to J. C. Robertson, 25 June 1951; Sir John Balfour, Not Too Correct an Aureole: The Recollections of a Diplomat (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1983), p. 114.
17. Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbours: A New History of Soviet Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 169; John Costello, Mask of Treachery: Spies, Lies, Buggery and Betrayal, the First Documented Dossier of Anthony Blunt’s Cambridge Spy Ring (New York: William Morrow, 1988), pp. 554–5; Wilfrid Mann, Was There a Fifth Man? (London: Pergamon, 1982), p. 84; Michael Holzman, James Jesus Angleton: The CIA and the Craft of Counter-Intelligence (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), pp. 121–2.
18. NA KV 2/4140, serial 12, Robin J. W. Hooper, minute of 8 January 1950.
19. NA KV 2/4148, serial 567c, ‘Interview with Humphrey SLATER – 11th July 1952’, Richard Thistlethwaite, 12 July 1952; Humphrey Slater, The Conspirator (London: John Lehmann, 1948), p. 119.
20. Ferdinand Mount, Cold Cream (London: Bloomsbury, 2008), pp. 47–8.
21. NA KV 2/4140, serial 3a, Strictly Personal and Confidential, Edwin Chapman-Andrews to George Middleton, 10 May 1950.
22. Crane Brinton, The United States and Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 71; Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), p. 117.
23. Mount, Cold Cream, p. 50; NA KV 2/4105, serial 245z, Telecheck on PAD 4841 (Philip Toynbee’s number), Cyril Connolly to Dennis Weaver of News Chronicle, 18 July 1951; NA KV 2/4144, serial 316a ‘CULME-SEYMOUR’, A. S. Martin report, 12 July 1951.
24. Cyril Connolly, The Missing Diplomats (London: Queen Anne Press, 1952), p. 29.
25. Philip Toynbee, ‘Alger Hiss and His Friends’, Observer, 18 March 1951, p. 4; NA KV 2/4144, serial 316a, ‘CULME-SEYMOUR’, Martin report, 12 July 1951. Skardon surmised that the Judas epithet had been thrown at Slater, but Toynbee is more likely.
26. NA KV 2/4101, serial 91a, Guy Liddell, Top Secret, 2 June 1951.
27. Andrew Lownie, Stalin’s Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2015), p. 232.
28. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), p. 373; Alan Campbell, Colleagues and Friends (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1988), pp. 16–17.
29. J. C. Masterman, The Case of the Four Friends: A Diversion in Pre-Detection (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1956), p. 203.
30. NA KV 2/4101, serial 36a, Guy Burgess to Guy Liddell, 5am, [16 February 1950]. Written on the back of an Apostles’ dinner invitation.
31. Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence (London: HarperCollins, 1990), p. 62.
32. W. A. P. Manser, ‘Do you want me to kill him?’, Spectator, 19 May 1995, p. 14.
33. Philip Jordan, Russian Glory (London: Cresset Press, 1942), p. 104; NA KV 2/4132, serial 1325z, journal of Stephen Spender, 7 February 1960.
Chapter 16: The Missing Diplomats
1. NA KV 2/4106, serial 274b, Top Secret, ‘The BURGESS–MACLEAN Case’, 22 August 1951.
2. Stephen Harper, ‘A Phone Call Began It’, Daily Express, 19 April 1962; Don Seaman, ‘Burgess Knew Atom Spy’, Daily Express, 13 June 1951; Andrew Lownie, Stalin’s Englishman: The Lives of Guy Burgess (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 2015), p. 248.
3. NA KV 2/4102, serial 129a, Courtenay Young, 8 June 1951; Harper, ‘A Phone Call Began It’, Daily Express, 19 April 1962.
4. NA KV 4/473, diary of Guy Liddell, 24 July 1951; ‘A Spectator’s Notebook’, Spectator, 31 July 1952, p. 5.
5. ‘M.I.5 SILLITOE TAKES A (Burgess–Maclean) HOLIDAY’, Daily Express, 22 August 1951.
6. Philip Jordan, There is No Return (London: Cresset Press, 1938), pp. 159–60.
7. ‘Philip’, Manchester Guardian, 7 June 1951, p. 6; Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason: Five Who Spied for Russia (London: Hutchinson, 1979), pp. 382–3.
8. NA KV 2/4144, serial 343y, R. T. Reed, Note on Mrs Maclean, 13 August 1951; NA FCO 158/26, minute of 3 September 1951 by Patrick Reilly, minute of 4 September by Herbert Morrison.
9. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6920, f. 245.
10. NA KV 2/4142, serial 186b, Lord Talbot de Malahide to Dick White, 5 June 1951; Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman, eds, War Diaries, 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), p. 518.
11. Oxford, Bodleian Library, papers of Viscount Simon, vol. 99, Simon, ‘The Mystery of Maclean and Burgess’, 11 June 1951.
12. Alan Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, It was the Tuesday: A Trudge through the Life of Alan Maclean (London: Kyle Cathie, 1997), pp. 96–8; James Lees-Milne, Harold Nicolson: A Biography, 1930–1968 (London: Chatto & Windus, 1981), p. 247; Miles Jebb, ed., The Diaries of Cynthia Gladwyn (London: Constable, 1995), p. 131; Tom Buchanan, East Wind: China and the British Left, 1925–1976 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 131.
13. Constance Babington Smith, ed., Letters to a Friend from Rose Macaulay, 1950–1952 (London: Collins, 1961), pp. 149–50; Charlotte Mosley, ed., The Letters of Nancy Mitford (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1993), p. 278; Selina Hastings, Rosamond Lehmann (London: Chatto & Windus, 2002), pp. 292–3; NA KV 2/4106, serial 320b, W. J. Skardon, ‘Interview with Rosamond Lehmann on 29.10.51’, 31 October 1951.
14. ‘Burgess One of “Nicest Men I Know”: He Blamed U.S. for War Drift’, Daily Mail, 18 June 1951; Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), p. 118.
15. Sir Isaiah Berlin, Affirming: Letters, 1975–1997, ed. Henry Hardy and Mark Pottle (London: Chatto & Windus, 2015), p. 525.
16. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Berlin Ms 256, Stuart Hampshire to Isaiah Berlin, 17 February 1952; Miranda Carter, Anthony Blunt: His Lives (London: Macmillan, 2001), p. 347.
17. Bonnie Kime Scott, ed., Selected Letters of Rebecca West (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 282–3; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/8/121, diary of Harold Macmillan, 17 July 1951; NA KV 2/4108, serial 375a, Secret, George Carey-Foster, 6 March 1952; Hector McNeil, ‘Were the diplomats eloping from reality?’, New Chronicle, 28 January 1955.
18. NA KV 2/4102, serial 114a, Skardon, ‘Interview with Mrs BASSETT 7.5.51’; Maclean, No, I Tell a Lie, pp. 102–4.
19. Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 114, 263.
20. NA KV 2/4102, serial 188b, Fred Warner, memorandum ‘Mr Guy de F Burgess’, forwarded by Sir David Kelly to Carey-Foster, 14 June 1951.
21. NA KV 2/2586, serial 61a, J. C. Robertson, ‘Interview with Mr Sefton Delmer, 8.8.52’, 9 August 1952.
22. Ernest Ashwick, ‘Maclean Alive – The Proof: A Secret Number Hides His Cash Hoard’, Daily Express, 6 June 1952; NA KV 2/4148, minute 565, C. A. G. Simkins, 10 July 1952.
23. Nora Beloff, Transit of Britain: A Report on Britain’s Changing Role in the Post-War World (London: Collins, 1973), p. 107; NA KV 2/4150, serial 690a, [Evelyn McBarnet?], ‘Melinda MACLEAN’s letter to Mrs Dunbar’, 30 November 1953; Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957 (London: Macmillan, 2003), pp. 266–7; NA KV 2/4150, serial 647a, ‘SECRET. Telecheck on Philby’s Line’, 17 September 1953.
24. Kim Philby, My Silent War (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968), pp. 137-8.
25. Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville, Philby: The Long Road to Moscow (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1973), pp. 217–18; NA KV 2/4105, serial 234c, PEACH telecheck, 10 July 1951.
26. Peter Carter-Ruck, ‘Sir Helenus Milmo, Philby’s Interrogator’, Guardian, 3 September 1988.
27. Philby, My Silent War, p. 143.
28. Stan Cohen, States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), p. 6.
29. NA KV 2/4170, serial 233c, Note to B2a, by Alan Roger, 15 March 1952.
30. NA KV 2/1604, serial 227a, A. F. Burbidge, report
‘Edith Tudor-Hart’, 1 December 1951.
31. NA KV 2/4091, serial B2a, Donald Winnicott to Edith Tudor-Hart, 2 January 1952.
32. NA KV 2/4091, serial 180b, ‘Interview with Edith TUDOR-HART on 8.1.52’, Skardon, 9 January 1952.
33. NA KV 2/996, serial 731b, ‘Interview with Wilfred Foulston VERNON on 4.2.52’, Skardon, 5 February 1952.
34. Stan Cohen, Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of the Mods and Rockers (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1972), pp. 9, 191.
Chapter 17: The Establishment
1. W. N. Ewer, ‘Sir Austen Von Hindenburg’, Labour Monthly, 9 (March 1927), pp. 154, 159; Ivan Maisky, Who Helped Hitler? (London: Hutchinson, 1964), pp. 45–6.
2. Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London: Cape, 1985), p. 270; House of Commons debates, vol. 387, 18 March 1943, cols 1391, 1401–3; House of Commons debates, vol. 390, 22 June 1943, col. 1074; Sir George Rendel, The Sword and the Olive: Recollections of Diplomacy and the Foreign Service, 1913–1954 (London: John Murray, 1957), pp. 200, 206.
3. Sir Eric Phipps, ‘Foreign Office Reform’, The Times, 3 February 1943, p. 5.
4. Markus Wolf, Man without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster (London: Jonathan Cape, 1991), p. 227.
5. Cambridge, Churchill College archives, ACAD 1/17, diary of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 19 January 1951, 19 February 1951, 29 July 1951, 8 October 1951; Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957 (London: Macmillan, 2003), pp. 266–7.
6. Graham Ross, The Foreign Office and the Kremlin: British Documents on Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1941–45 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 174; Randolph Churchill, ‘The Privacy of the Individual’, Spectator, 23 May 1958, p. 649.
7. NA FCO 158/26, Top Secret, Lord Talbot de Malahide to Sir Patrick Dean, 23 September 1953.
8. Nancy Mitford, Don’t Tell Alfred (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1960), p. 25.
9. Bonnie Kime Scott, ed., Selected Letters of Rebecca West (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 282–3.
10. Anthony Glees, The Secrets of the Service: British Intelligence and Communist Subversion, 1939–1951 (London: Cape, 1987), pp. 117–19, 123–9.
11. Ian Colvin, ‘Now Germany joins the race for atom power’, Sunday Express, 7 March 1954; NA FO 371/109637, CW1194/7, minute of Michael Palliser, 12 March 1954.
12. Sefton Delmer, ‘An ex-spy tells me about Burgess’, Daily Express, 15 March 1954.
13. NA FO 371/109637, CW1194/15, minutes of M. A. Palliser and G. A. Barnes, 2 April 1954.
14. Graham Lord, ‘John Junor: a bigot and blatant hypocrite’, Press Gazette, 10 April 2013; NA PREM 11/762, Top Secret. Note by J. R. Colville, 30 September 1954.
15. Sefton Delmer, ‘How Dead is Hitler?’, Daily Express, 22 March 1955; NA FO 371/109637, CW1194/11, minute of Sir Frank Roberts, 27 March 1955, and of Sir Anthony Nutting, 29 March 1955.
16. NA KV 2/1636, serial 34a, ‘Extract from War Office Papers for William MARSHALL’, 13 May 1952, and serial 32a, Lambert Titchener to G. A. Carey-Foster, 9 May 1952.
17. NA KV 2/1638, serial 972aa, Marshall’s statement to Special Branch, 13 June 1952; ibid., serial 972, B2a report, ‘The Case of William Martin Marshall’, 19 June 1952.
18. NA FCO 158/209, Sir Alvary Gascoigne to Sir William Strang, Personal & Secret, 27 June 1952.
19. NA KV 2/1641, serial 220a, W. J. Skardon, report ‘William Martin Marshall: Interview at Wormwood Scrubs on 19.2.53’, 24 February 1953.
20. ‘Sefton Delmer flies to the Petrov hearings and asks – Where was MI5?’, Daily Express, 18 May 1954.
21. Tom Bower, The Perfect English Spy: Sir Dick White and the Secret Service, 1935–90 (London: Heinemann, 1995), pp. 152–3.
22. ‘Burgess and Maclean Soviet Spies for Years’, Manchester Guardian, 19 September 1955, p. 1.
23. ‘W. N. Ewer writes’, Daily Herald, 19 September 1955, pp. 1–2.
24. ‘Foreign Office Scandal’, Daily Mirror, 20 September 1955, p. 1.
25. Henry Fairlie, ‘Political Commentary’, Spectator, 22 September 1955, pp. 5–6.
26. ‘Burgess and Maclean Case Discussed on ITV’, Manchester Guardian, 26 September 1955, p. 14.
27. George Brown, ‘FO Flops: Spies Are Not the Only Trouble’, Sunday Pictorial, 25 September 1955, p. 11.
28. E. P. Thompson, Writing by Candlelight (London: Merlin Press, 1980), p. 116; NA KV 2/4153, serial 820b, B. A. Hill, ‘Top Secret’, 26 September 1955. Brown was ennobled as Lord George-Brown in 1970.
29. Mark Amory, ed., The Letters of Ann Fleming (London: Collins Harvill, 1985), p. 161.
30. Lord Morrison of Lambeth, Herbert Morrison: An Autobiography (London: Odhams, 1960), pp. 274, 277, 313–14.
31. Glees, Secrets of the Service, pp. 6–7.
32. Nicola Lacey, A Life of H. L. A. Hart: The Nightmare and the Noble Dream (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 24; Edward Pearce, The Golden Talking-Shop: The Oxford Union Debates Empire, World War, Revolution, & Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 622; Charles Fletcher-Cooke, ‘Table-Talk’, Observer, 3 August 1952, p. 5; Janet Morgan, ed., The Backbench Diaries of Richard Crossman (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1981), p. 1003.
33. Richard Crossman, ‘Why has the truth been hidden so long?’, Daily Mirror, 20 September 1955, p. 4; Crossman, House of Commons debates, 7 November 1955, vol. 545, cols 1534-6.
34. Herbert Morrison, House of Commons debates, 7 November 1955, vol. 545, cols 1509–10.
35. NA KV 2/4153, serial 847b, R. T. Reed, ‘The Disappearance of Burgess and Maclean’, 16 December 1955.
36. NA KV 2/4153, serial 849b, Courtenay Young, ‘Top Secret’, 29 December 1955.
37. Michael Young, The Chipped White Cups of Dover: A Discussion of the Possibility of a New Progressive Party (London: Unit 2, 1960), pp. 5–6.
38. George Blake, No Other Choice: An Autobiography (London: Cape, 1990), pp. 139, 187.
39. Ibid., pp. 197–9.
40. Bower, Perfect English Spy, pp. 267-8.
41. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/42/23 & D/42/32, diary of Harold Macmillan, 4 & 14 May 1961.
42. Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries: Prime Minister and After, 1957–1963 (London: Macmillan, 2011), pp. 450–1; Oxford, Bodleian Library, Macmillan D/45/23, diary of 16 February 1962; Chapman Pincher, Traitors: The Labyrinths of Treason (London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987), pp. 9-10.
43. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Mss Eng c 6925, ff. 208, 258–9, 272, 276, 290; Donald Maclean, British Foreign Policy since Suez, 1956–1968 (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970), p. 331.
44. Oxford, Christ Church archives, Bradwell papers B/10, Tom Driberg, ‘Burgess: My Theory about the Warrants’, 23 April 1962.
45. Tim [I. I.] Milne, Kim Philby: The Unknown Story of the KGB’s Master Spy (London: Backbite, 2014), pp. 104–5.
46. David Footman, Dead Yesterday (London: White Lion, 1974), p. 163; Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation (London: André Deutsch, 1968), pp. 22–3.
47. The preceding paragraph summarizes Richard Davenport-Hines, An English Affair: Sex, Class and Power in the Age of Profumo (London: Collins, 2013).
48. Tony Benn, Out of the Wilderness: Diaries, 1963–1967 (London: Hutchinson, 1987), p. 183; ‘Who Runs This Country Anyhow?’, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, pp. 1–2; Richard Crossman, ‘The Peril of the Whitehall Mandarins’, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, p. 8; Malcolm Muggeridge, ‘The Slow, Sure Death of the Upper Classes, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, p. 7; Cambridge University Library, Add 9429/IG/430, Andrew Boyle, notes of interview with Malcolm Muggeridge, 16 July 1977.
49. James Cameron, ‘Why the World is Mocking Britain’, Sunday Mirror, 23 June 1963, p. 9.
50. Nora Beloff, Transit of Britain: A Report on Britain’s Changing Role in the Post-War World (London: Collins, 1973), pp. 199–200; James Ramsden, ed., George Lyttelton’s Commonplace Book (York: Stone Trough, 2002), pp. 42–3.
Chapter 18: The Brotherhood of Perverted Men
1. Sir Rupert Grayson, ‘Greatest risk’, Daily Telegraph, 28 April 1987.
2. Richard Davenport-Hines, Sex, Death and Punishment: Attitudes to Sex and Sexuality in Britain since the Renaissance (London: Collins, 1990), p. 297; George Melly, Rum, Bum, and Concertina (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977), p. 12.
3. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Inverchapel papers, box 17, Harold Nicolson to Archie Clark Kerr, 1 July 1911; box 18, Nicolson to Clark Kerr, 14 January 1912; John Julius Norwich, ed., The Duff Cooper Diaries, 1915–1951 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p. 37.
4. Sir John Balfour, Not Too Correct an Aureole: The Recollections of a Diplomat (Wilton: Michael Russell, 1983), p. 10; Sir Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of the Curtain (London: Constable, 1950), pp. 64–5.
5. Charles Ritchie, The Siren Years: Undiplomatic Diaries, 1937–1945 (London: Macmillan, 1974), p. 92.
6. Hardy Amies, Just So Far (London: Collins, 1954), p. 98; Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Wartime Journals, ed. Richard Davenport-Hines (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), p. 68; Anthony Cavendish, Inside Intelligence (London: Collins, 1990), p. 160.
7. Suleyman Seydi, ‘Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence Activities in Iran during the Second World War’, Middle Eastern Studies, 46 (September 2010), pp. 733–50; NA KV 4/224, serial 3b, Alan Roger, DSO in Tehran, ‘Top Secret. Soviet S.I.S. Activities and the VAZIRI case’, 6 August 1944; serial 4a, Alan Roger, ‘Most Secret. Russian Relations and Activities in Persia’, [August 1944]; serial 10a, Alan Roger, ‘Cooperation with Russian Security’, 28 December 1944; serial 14a, Alan Roger, ‘Information about Russian intelligence gained from cooperation between DSO and Russian security authorities’, 7 March 1945.
8. Sir Alistair Horne, But What Do You Actually Do? A Literary Vagabondage (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2011), p. 55.
9. N. J. Crowson, ed., Fleet Street, Press Barons and Politics: The Journals of Collin Brooks, 1932–1940 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1998), p. 69; Peter Wildeblood, Against the Law (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1955), p. 36; Sefton Delmer, Black Boomerang (London: Secker & Warburg, 1962), p. 179.
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