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16. Prosecutor v. Ndindabahizi (Case No. ICTR-01-71-A), Judgment, 15 July 2004, para 135. Also quoted in Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
17. Schabas, WA. (2009).Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 179.
18. Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
19. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (2002). Article 30.
20. Prosecutor v. Jelisić (Case No. IT-95-10-A), Judgment, 5 July 2001, at para 48.
21. Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 257.
22. Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, 26 February 2007, para. 187. See also (e.g.) Prosecutor v. Akayesu (Case No. ICTR-96-4-T), Judgment, 2 September 1998, at paras. 497 and 516; Prosecutor v. Kristić (Case No. IT-98-33-A), Judgment, 19 April 2004, para. 20; Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 261.
23. Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
24. For an elaboration on these genocides see: Kiernan, B. (2007). Blood and soil: A world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur. New Haven: Yale University Press; Power, S. (2002). ‘A problem from hell’: America and the age of genocide. New York: Basic Books; Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; and Lebor, A. (2006). ‘Complicity with evil’. The United Nations in the age of modern genocide. New Haven: Yale University Press.
25. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 34.
26. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 39.
27. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 40.
28. Sands, P. (2016). East West Street. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 304, 347.
29. Melvern, L. (2004). Conspiracy to murder: The Rwandan genocide. London: Verso. pp. 170, 207, 214.
30. Sands, P. (2016). East West Street. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 380.
31. Sands, P. (2016). East West Street. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 379; Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu ICTR-96-4-T 269 at para 674, and 290 at para 734.
32. Melvern, L. (2004). Conspiracy to murder: The Rwandan genocide. London: Verso, for a detailed account of the Rwandan genocide and the negligence of the United Nations in particular.
33. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 2; Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
34. Interim Report of the Commission of Experts Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 780 (1992), UN Doc. S/35374 (1993), para 55. See also Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
35. Prosecutor v. Karadžić et al. (Case Nos. IT-95-18-R61, IT-95-5-R61), Transcript of Hearing, 28 June 1996. p. 10. Also quoted in Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 222.
36. UN Doc/ S/PV.3134, at para 39; Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 223.
37. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 2.
38. Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 233.
39. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 3.
40. Schabas, WA. (2009). Genocide in international law: The crime of crimes. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 234.
41. See for example Shivambu, F and Smith, J (Eds). (2014). The coming revolution: Julius Malema and the fight for economic freedom. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. p. 26.
42. Shivambu, F and Smith, J (Eds). (2014). The coming revolution: Julius Malema and the fight for economic freedom. Johannesburg: Jacana Media. p. 27.
43. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 186.
44. News24. (27 February 2018). National Assembly adopts motion on land expropriation without compensation.
45. IOL. (8 May 2011). Malema: White people are criminals
46. The Citizen. (7 November 2016). We won’t slaughter whites … for now – Malema.
47. The Citizen. (14 November 2016). Afrikaner boys, die poppe sal dans! – Malema.
48. Times Live. (4 March 2018). Land in SA was taken through ‘genocide’ and will be returned: Malema.
49. Times Live (11 March 2018). Ramaphosa and Mabuza to Malema: ‘Come back home’.
50. Kane-Berman, J. (17 September 2017). The ANC and Ramaphosa’s 1994 plan for the whites. In Politicsweb.
51. AfriForum. (21 September 2017). Media statement: Ramaphosa must explain why he compared white people to a frog in boiling water.
52. Ferdinandusse, W. (2004). The interaction of national and international approaches in the repression of international crimes. The European Journal of International Law, 15. p. 1042, note 7.
53. Naimark, NM. (2001). Fires of hatred: Ethnic cleansing in twentieth-century Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp. 198–199.
54. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (2002). Article 7.
55. deGuzman, MM. (2011). Crimes against humanity. In Brown, BS (Ed.). Research handbook on international criminal law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
56. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. (2002). Part 2: Jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable law. Article 7: Crimes against humanity.
57. Sands, P. (2016). East West Street. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 281.
58. Sands, P. (2016). East West Street. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. xxiv.
59. The analogy of the difference between genocide and crimes against humanity with reference to farm murders is an adaptation of Sands’ analogy of the difference with reference to Jews or Poles in the city of Lviv. Sands, P. (2016). East West Street. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. xxix.
60. Nolan, JJ, McDevitt, J, Cronin, S and Farrell, A. (2004). Learning to see hate crimes: A framework for understanding and clarifying ambiguities in bias crime classification. In Criminal Justice Studies, 17(1), March 2004. pp. 91–105, at p. 91.
61. Reference study showed that more than 90% were motivated by greed.
62. Nolan, JJ, McDevitt, J, Cronin, S and Farrell, A. (2004). Learning to see hate crimes: A framework for understanding and clarifying ambiguities in bias crime classification. In Criminal Justice Studies, 17(1), March 2004. pp. 91–105, at p. 92.
63. Nolan, JJ, McDevitt, J, Cronin, S and Farrell, A. (2004). Learning to see hate crimes: A framework for understanding and clarifying ambiguities in bias crime classification, Criminal Justice Studies, 17(1), March 2004, pp. 91–105.
64. See Chapter 11.
65. See Chapters 11, 14 and 15.
66. Times Live (11 March 2018). Ramaphosa and Mabuza to Malema: ‘Come back home’.
67. Times Live. (4 March 2018). Land in SA was taken through ‘geno
cide’ and will be returned: Malema.
68. Kane-Berman, J. (17 September 2017). The ANC and Ramaphosa’s 1994 plan for the whites. In Politicsweb.
69. See Chapter 11.
70. See Chapter 11.
71. See Chapter 15.
72. See Chapter 17.
73. See Chapter 18.
74. See Chapter 15.
75. See Chapter 16.
76. See Chapters 9 and 10.
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