Children during the Holocaust

by Heberer, Patricia;

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  Glossary

  Note: Terms below are defined in reference to the period covered in the text, 1933–1946.

  Aktion (operation or action): In the National Socialist context, German authorities often employed this term to mean a campaign to further Nazi racial goals, such as Aktion T4 (the “euthanasia” program) or Aktion Reinhard, the killing of the Jews of the General Government.

  Aliyah (Hebrew: “ascent”): In the context of the Zionist movement, this term describes the mass settlement of Diaspora Jews in Palestine to establish a Jewish homeland. In the period between 1933 and 1941, more than fifty-two hundred Jews left the German Reich for Palestine. The Youth Aliyah movement organized by German-Jewish educator Recha Freier and others in 1933 helped more than five thousand Jewish youths to emigrate before September 1939. As British restrictions on Jewish settlements in Palestine increased in the mid-1930s, the illegal Aliyah (Aliyah Bet) gained in significance; the movement continued until the founding of the state of Israel in 1948.

  See Brian Amkraut, Between Home and Homeland: Youth Aliyah from Nazi Germany (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006); Recha Freier, Let the Children Come: The Early History of the Youth Aliyah (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1961).

  American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC, AJDC, Joint, or JDC): Founded in 1914, the Joint provided assistance to Jews around the world, particularly in eastern Europe. During the Nazi era, this umbrella agency for aid organizations in the United States was i
nvolved in emigration planning and relief work in Germany, until 1939 providing an increasing share of the budget for German Jewish organizations, such as the Reichsvertretung. The Joint’s efforts continued after the war began and extended beyond the Reich into countries occupied or controlled by Germany.

  See Yehuda Bauer, American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–45 (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1981).

  Anschluss (literally, “connection” or “joining”): Nazi officials employed this euphemism to describe the German annexation of Austria in March 1938. Although it constituted an act of aggression on the part of Germany against its independent neighbor and resulted in mass arrests and anti-Jewish violence, the Anschluss met with widespread popular support in both Austria and Germany. Austria, renamed the Ostmark, remained a part of the German Reich until the end of World War II.

  See Evan Burr Bukey, Hitler’s Austria: Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).

  Appell (roll call): A practice followed at least twice a day in the vast Nazi concentration camp system, Appell was usually performed in the early morning and again in the evening on the Appellplatz (roll call yard). Camp officials forced emaciated and exhausted prisoners to stand at attention for hours on end, even in inclement weather, while SS guards, assisted by prisoners, counted and inspected the inmates and distributed daily punishment for real or invented infractions. The Appell functioned both as a means of furnishing a prisoner head count and as a punitive measure.

  Arrow Cross: The Arrow Cross Party was a fascist political movement in Hungary during the 1930s and 1940s, modeled after Germany’s National Socialist Party. Led by Ferenc Szálasi (1897–1946), the Arrow Cross promoted an ideology that fused Hungarian nationalism with a virulent antisemitism. In October 1944, with German support, Szálasi launched a successful coup to dislodge Hungarian regent Miklós Horthy. During their brief time in power, the Arrow Cross initiated a reign of terror, torturing and murdering Budapest Jews in the streets and reinitiating deportations of Jews from the capital. In the immediate postwar, Hungarian authorities tried and executed Szálasi and other leaders of the Arrow Cross Party.