American Experiment
Page 106
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 85
machines: interchangeable parts in, 216, 289, 290-1, 534; inventors of, 307, 429-30, 484; opposition to, 308, 360; see also agriculture: machinery and tools for; industry: machinery for; technology
Mackenzie, William Lyon, 446
Maclay, William, 69-70
Maclure, William, 441
Macon, Nathaniel, 208
Madariaga, Salvador de, 252
Madison, Dolley, 168, 204, 214
Madison, James, 16, 95, 101, 102, 121, 168, 172, 231, 238, 244-5, 247, 249, 256, 303, 325, 360, 414, 440, 452, 493, 619; in Congress, 68-9, 71, 89, 104, 137; and Constitution, 27-31, 33-9, 42, 44-6, 53-5, 57, 368; and economic policy, 84-6, 87-8; in election of 1808, 203-4, 227, 378; in election of 1812, 209-10, 211-12, 227, 378; and Jefferson, 28, 91-2, 203-4, 206, 208, 212, 255; and Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 131-2, 134, 145; presidency of, 204-6, 211-12, 215, 235-7, 240-1, 260-1, 369-70, 428; and Republican party, 99, 107, 137, 138, 145, 147, 204, 236, 258, 269; as Secretary of State, 165-6, 167, 175, 183-4, 186-9, 95· 202-7 passim, 259, 203, 264; supports strong central government, 26, 30, 34-9, 44-6, 126, 140; theories of government of, 29-30, 45-6; on tyranny, 262-3; War of 1812, 204-15, 230, 234
Madrid, 538
magazines, 517
Maine, 5, 51, 217, 220-1, 230, 242, 295, 392, 478; boundary dispute, 447-8
majority rule, 36, 63, 160, 193, 349, 383, 422, 605; and suffrage restrictions, 20-1, 364; tyranny of, 30, 34, 54, 60-1, 119-20, 192, 262-3, 329, 357, 364; see also political parties: majority rule
Malonc, Dumas, 258
man: consciousness-raising of, 396-403, 412, 415, 491, 515, 521-2; natural rights of, 142, 263, 363, 571; and nature, 481-3, 487, 489; nature of, 29-30, 45-6, 109, 117-8, 215, 224-5, 479, 483; needs of, 21, 263; in society, 482, 489, 491-2; virtue in, 60, 62-3, 109, 118-19, 225, 272; see also society
Manassas Junction, 609-10, 616, 621, 622, 624
Manchester, England, 292, 439
Manchester, N.H., 295
“manifest destiny,” 457-8, 536-40
Mann, Horace, 396, 489, 505-8, 510
Manning, William, 139-40, 144, 502
Marblehead, Mass., 75, 218-19
Marbury, William, 186-9, 93
Marbury v. Madison (1803), 186-9, 193, 258, 262, 575
Marcy, William, 371-2, 536, 538-9, 540
Marines, U.S., 196, 464
marriage, 360, 361, 394-5, 400-3, 411, 568-9
Marshall, Christopher, 116
Marshall, James. 471, 534
Marshall, John, 43, 53-4, 121-3, 124, 125, 147, 154, 160-1, 210, 350, 433, 436, 607; as Chief Justice, 159, 183-9, 193, 202, 258-60, 301, 335, 381, 436, 575, 619
Marshall. Lynn L., 428
Martin, Luther, 36, 260
Martineau, Harriet, 354, 483
Marx, Karl, 444, 516, 553; Communist Manifesto, 416, 444, 467
Marx, Leo, 491
Maryland, 8, 52, 98, 216, 227, 267, 274, 439, 504, 562, 608, 620, 624
Mason, George, 29, 42-3, 53, 255
Mason, James M., 544, 618
Mason, John, 539
Massachusetts, 40, 49-52, 58, 73-6, 94, 201, 360-1, 392-3, 399-400, 433, 448, 465, 479, 502, 505-6, 540-2; industry in, 292-5, 373, 429-30, 476; politics in, 231, 239, 373-4, 465, 553; see also Boston; New England; Shays’s Rebellion
Matamoras, Mexico, 460
materialism, 228, 358, 536, 588
Matlack, Timothy, 116
Maysville, Ky., 331
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 416
McClellan, Gen. George, 463-4, 616-17, 621-2, 624, 626
McCormick. Cyrus, 430, 527, 534, 555
McCormick. Richard, 379
M’Culloch v. Maryland (1819), 259
McDowell, Gen. Irvin, 609-10
McDuffie, George. 336
McGready, James, 495
McGuffey, William Holmes, 527
McHenry, James, 121, 124, 146
McLane, Louis, 332, 338
McLean, Archibald, 44-5
McLean, John, 44-5, 341
McLeod, Alexander, 447
Mead, Sidney, 500
Meade, George Gordon, 464
Medill, Joseph, 514
Melville, Herman, 490-1, 517, 541, 588; Moby Dick, 476, 489, 491
Memphis, Tenn., 302, 616, 621
merchant marine, 536, 608
merchants, 14, 75, 112-16, 218-22, 224, 228, 230-1, 275-6, 291, 295-6, 339, 373, 432, 455, 534, 569, 589; see also trade and commerce
Merrimac (frigate), 622
Merryman, Lt. John, 619
Methodists, 7, 150, 257, 373, 393-4, 442, 474, 494-6, 497, 500
Metternich, Prince Klemens von, 251
Mexican War, 449, 460-4, 465, 468, 514-15, 536, 564
Mexico, 196-7, 454-5, 458-64; gains independence, 248-9, 445, 454
Mexico City, Mexico, 244, 454, 460-4
Miami Indians, 6, 96
Michigan, 207, 315, 450, 508-9, 530
middle class, 79, 82, 110-11, 114, 115, 318, 355-7, 363, 383, 400, 402-3, 407, 411, 414, 497, 510-11, 512, 518
Middlesex Mills, Lowell, 400
Milan, 416, 467 military establishment, 169, 195, 210, 236, 464, 623; in a republic, 215-16
Mill, John Stuart, 414
Miller, John, 153
Miller, Phineas, 275, 287
Mills, Caleb, 508
mining, 288-9, 408, 431, 433, 532, 534
Minnetaree Indians, 181
minorities: consciousness-raising in, 412, 415; psychological deprivation in, 411-12, 414, 416; in a republic, 20-1, 30, 54, 63, 98-9, 160, 165, 192, 262-3
Mississippi, 141, 173, 282-5, 315, 364, 392, 409-10, 452, 597
Mississippi River, 180, 206, 234, 284, 352, 532-3; trading on, 172, 174, 175, 245, 277, 296, 299-301, 310, 535
Missouri, 267, 321, 499, 515, 532, 608, 617, 620; slavery issue in, 242-3, 543, 550
Missouri Compromise (1820), 242-3, 328, 460, 543-6, 558, 575-8, 582, 598
Missouri River, 178, 179, 180-2, 296
Mitchell, Louise Pearson and Broadus, 307
Mobile, Ala., 285
Monitor, USS, 622
Monroe, James, 53, 55, 69, 120, 151, 173, 175-6, 189-90, 198, 203, 237-8, 255, 258, 378, 440, 493,consensual partyless government under, 239-42, 247, 254, 261, 370, 377, 378; in election of 1808, 203-4, 378; in election of 1816, 227, 238-9, 378; in election of 1820, 243, 264; Monroe Doctrine, 249-54, 540; presidency of, 239-5, 254-5, 261, 264, 265, 268, 269, 311; as Secretary of State and War, 206, 208, 214, 217, 235, 238, 245-7, 264; tour of 240, 241
Monterey, Calif., 455, 461, 472
Montesquieu, 28-9, 225, 368
Montreal, 208, 210, 212-13
Moody. Paul, 292, 293-4
Mooney, William, 82
Moore, Alfred, 185
Moore, Barrington, 411-12
Moore, Glover, 243
morality, 143-4, 225, 491, 498, and education, 502, 509-10; in foreign affairs, 195, 252-4; and the poor, 435
Moravians, 289-90, 439
Morgan, Edmund S., 257
Morgan, William, 334
Morgenthau, Hans, 254
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 219
Mormons, 499-500
Morris, Gouverneur, 35, 39, 54, 56, 71, 184
Morris, Robert, 31, 35, 54
Morse, Samuel Finley, 430-1
Morton, Louis, 256
Mott, Frank Luther, 514
Molt, James, 401
Mott, Lucretia, 400-2, 412, 414
Muhlenberg, Frederick, 104
Muir, John, 526
Murray, Lindley, 527
Naples, 172, 248-9
Napoleon I, Emperor, 153, 194, 203, 213, 232, 244, 271; and Louisiana Purchase, 172-7
Napoleonic wars, 172, 176, 194-5, 197-9, 204-6, 212, 216, 234, 251, 295, 445, 618
Nashville, Tenn., 299, 319, 321-2, 621
Nasson, Samuel, 51
Natchez, Miss., 197, 284-5, 300, 302
national character, see American national character
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br /> National Gazette, 90, 93
national security, 141, 203, 209, 215; and liberty, 253-4
nativism, 547-8, 553-4, 559, 560, 565, 594, 599
Naturalization Act (1798), 126, 127
natural resources, waste of, 485, 529-30
nature, 489, 491; Emerson on, 481-2, 489; and Thoreau, 485-7, 489
Navy, U.S., 124, 166, 196, 201, 215, 235; in Civil War, 615, 617-18, 621-2; in Mexican War, 461-3; in War of 1812, 210, 211, 212-14, 216, 233
Nebraska, 543-9, 556-9
Nedham, Marchamont, 118
Nelson, Adm. Horatio, 125, 195
Nevada, 464
Nevins, Allan, 526-7, 532, 560, 607
Newark, N.J., 129, 406
New Bedford, Mass., 220, 393, 541
Newburyport, Mass., 75, 220, 222
New England, 6, 24, 25, 71-6, 234, 240, 366, 392, 475, 485, 488, 497-8, 507, 540, 594; agriculture in, 72-3, 279-82, 410, 450, 529; commerce of, 201, 217-22, 230-1, 275, 455, 476; culture of, 476-92; industry in, 73, 75, 80, 269-70, 281, 291-5, 302; politics in, 266, 322, 323, 334, 336, 358, 380; port towns of, 218-23, 54; see also Boston; Federalist party
Newfoundland, 200, 234, 540
New Hampshire. 31, 52, 75, 220, 223, 231, 279-81, 295, 392, 399-400
New Harmony, Ind., 360, 440-1
New Haven, Conn., 72, 166-7, 216, 220, 275, 287-8, 351
New Haven theology, 498
New Jersey, 6, 29, 47, 98, 405, 406, 431, 504, 528; politics in. 147-8
New Jersey Plan, 36-7
New Lanark, Scotland, 360, 439
New London, Conn., 220
New Mexico, 460, 461, 464, 472
New Orleans, 141, 172, 173-4, 175, 197, 285, 299-302, 305, 310, 391, 450, 532-3, 535, 538, 621; Battle of, 231, 234, 320
newspapers: mercantile dailies, 511, 515; penny press, 512-18; see also press
New York City, 7, 28, 56-7, 76-83, 198, 234-5, 247, 273, 298, 304, 337, 339, 344, 354, 393, 403, 404-8, 415, 430, 433, 440, 469, 504, 509, 511, 512-14, 516, 534, 588; Dickens on, 351-2, 356; as federal capital, 66-7, 69, 76-7, 79, 82-3, 86, 110; as financial center, 77, 80, 86, 285-6, 506; politics in, 79, 107, 108, 309, 408, 436; as port city, 80, 275-6, 404-5, 528, 536; radical movements in, 359-60, 365, 410, 589; society and culture in, 78-83, 355, 406
New York Evening Post, 234-5, 528, 547
New York Herald, 406, 513, 515, 537
New York State, 6, 29, 53, 55-7, 72, 141, 288, 315, 364, 370, 402, 442, 465, 492, 500, 504; agriculture in, 278-9, 280, 286-7, 528-9; and Canadian rebellion, 446-7; Erie Canal, 302-4, 306, 310, 432; politics in, 79, 147-8, 210, 212, 227, 238, 266, 267, 321, 325, 334, 336, 343, 348, 358, 370-3, 380, 421-2, 437, 465, 468, 469, 553, 565, 603; steamboat monopoly in, 259, 297, 298, 301
New York Stock Exchange, 81, 588
New York Sun, 512-13
New York Times, 546, 610
New York Tribune, 443, 516-17, 530, 539, 547, 549, 570, 581, 604, 609, 612, 625
Niagara Falls, 213, 352, 446, 532
Nicholas, Cary, 260
Niles’ Weekly Register, 234, 246
Noah, Mordecai, 371
nominating conventions, 210, 230, 265, 333-4, 342, 380, 594; of 1860, 592-6; and sectionalism, 466, 469-70, 592-3, 599
Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 205, 291
North, the, 302, 305, 459, 465, 521, 531, 564, 574, 577, 578; agriculture in, 72, 141, 269, 275-7, 279-82, 286, 528-9, 608; black Americans in, 114, 142, 356, 362, 392-4, 406, 407, 408; and Civil War, 607, 608, 612, 617, 619, 620; and trade, 217-22, 275-6, 506; see also New England; sectionalism
North, Simeon, 289-90
North American Review, 436, 478, 517
Northampton, Mass., 220, 361
North Carolina, 86, 92, 227, 319, 409, 482, 507, 530, 608, 621
North Dakota, 180, 181
Northfield, Mass., 361
Northwest Ordinance of 1781, 96
Northwest Territory, 207, 233, 248, 454, 455, 504, 507, 526-8;agriculture in, 299, 301, 302, 526-8; Oregon boundary settlement, 457-9; transportation in, 277, 298-9, 531; see also West, the nullification, 140; and Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 131, 134, 139, 145; Webster-Hayne debate on, 327-30; see also states’ rights: and nullification
Oberlin College, 400, 500
O’Brien, Father William, 78
Ogle, Charles, 421
Ohio, 141, 299, 315, 392, 405, 442, 449, 496, 511, 527, 529; politics in, 267, 358, 380, 435, 545
Ohio River, 94, 180, 197, 206, 277, 298, 299-302, 304-5
Oklahoma, 454, 514
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 564, 568
Oneida commune, 443
Onís y Gonzales, Don Luiz de, 246-8
Oregon, 182, 455; boundary settlement with Britain, 457-9, 468
Osgood, Samuel, 81
Ostend Manifesto, 539, 607
Otis, Elisha Graves, 534
Otis, Harrison Gray, 127, 218, 222, 231, 327
Otis, James. 58
Otis, Samuel. 71
Ottawa Indians, 96-7
Overton, John, 321-2
Ovid, 483
Owen, Robert, 396, 411, 414, 439-42, 444
Owen, Robert Dale, 360, 440, 503, 508
Pageot, Alphonse, 446
Paine, Robert Treat, 71
Paine, Thomas, 17, 91, 177, 226, 363; Common Sense, 117-18
painting and sculpture, 79, 112, 451, 476
Pakenham, Richard, 458
Palmerston, Lord, 447, 618
Panic: of 1819, 241-2, 374; of 1837, 343-4, 446; of 1857, 588-9
Paredes, Gen. Mariano, 460-1
Paris, 18, 22, 99-100, 416, 467, 539, 588
Parker, Capt. John, 482
Parker, Theodore, 482-3, 487, 546, 549
Parrington, Vernon, 477, 517-18
Parsons, Eli, 14
Parsons, Theophilus, 218
Panon, James, 324
Paterson, William, 36-7, 39-40, 185
patriotism, 144, 214-15, 502, 536-9
Patterson, Gen. Robert, 609
Paul, Sherman, 487
Paulus Hook, N.J., 29, 298
Pawtucket, R.I., 80, 292, 358
Peabody, Elizabeth, 483, 489
Peabody, Mary, 489
peace: in 1820s, 252-4; ideology of, 216
Peale, Charles W., 116-17
Pea Ridge, Ark., 621
Pears, Mrs. Thomas, 441-2
Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, 249
Peel, Robert, 447
Pelham, William, 441
Peltason, J. W., 188
Pendleton, Edmund, 43, 53-4
Penn, William, 111, 113, 114 .
Pennsylvania, 6, 25, 47-9, 84, 113, 114, 120, 280, 281, 288, 293, 299, 315, 408, 431, 442, 503-4, 528-530; canal system in, 304, 305, 352; Fries rebellion in, 146; politics in, 69, 108, 147, 212, 266, 325, 335, 336, 342, 358, 421, 553, 561-2, 594, 595, 597; radicals’ constitution in, 118-20, 226, 263 Whiskey Rebellion; in, 97-8
Peoria, Ill., 528, 555, 595
Perote, Mexico, 463
Perry, Comm. Matthew C., 542
Perry, Capt. Oliver Hazard, 212-13, 233
Pessen, Edward, 322, 354, 364
petition, right of, 58, 90
Phalansteries, 443
Philadelphia, Pa., 7, 22, 41, 65, 80, 110-20, 125, 129, 162, 163, 168, 179, 273, 275, 289, 293, 299, 304, 328, 337, 339, 350, 358, 359, 393, 400, 408, 410, 469, 499, 503, 514, 536, 559, 604; Dickens on, 352; as federal capital, 86, 87, 92, 96, 107, 110-12, 120; political radicals in, 116-20; society and culture in, 110-16, 355
Philadelphia Aurora, 108, 113, 128-9
Philadelphia Negro, The (DuBois), 114
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 514
Phillips, Anne (Mrs. Wendell), 519, 521
Phillips, Wendell, 519-21, 549, 590
Phillips Academy, Andover, 75-6
Pickens, Francis, 346, 606
Pickering, Timothy, 121, 124-5, 127-8, 146, 218, 230-1, 235, 240
Pierce, Franklin, 426-7, 475, 525, 540, 559, 563, 599· and Cu
ba, policy on, 537-9; and Kansas-Nebraska bill, 544, 545, 582-3
Pierce, John, 508-9
Pierce, William, 35
Pinckney, Charles, 35-7, 42, 61, 107, 152, 160-1, 328
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 30-1, 35, 107, 120-3, 124, 152, 183, 203-4, 227
Pinckney, Thomas, 107-9
Pinkney, William, 198
Pittsburgh, 180, 299, 301-2, 304, 352, 440, 450, 558, 603, 604
Pius VII, Pope, 194
Pius IX, Pope, 467
Pletcher, David, 461
Plumer, William, 264
Plummer, Franklin, 409-10
Plymouth, Mass., 220, 479, 526
Poe, Edgar Allan, 223
Poland, 438
political parties, 343, 361; constitutions and development of, 367-70, 376-82; and issues, 135-40, 362, 377, 379, 380; of labor, 358-9, 361, 373, 503; leaders of 369, 373, 376-7, 379, 380, 428; and liberty, 372, 379; linkage with state and local parties, 374, 377, 380, 381, 466, 598; and majority rule, 139, 192-3, 368, 372-3, 381-2; opposition to, 91, 99, 108, 134-5, 145, 239, 269, 272, 368, 369, 379; origins of, 91, 134-40; and patronage, 137, 166, 185, 240, 266, 169, 379, 408, 549: third parties, 358-9, 412, 547-9, 553, 560, 599; two-party system, 105, 134-9, 241, 368, 369, 371, 372, 378, 379, 380, 381, 599-600; see also nominating conventions; presidential elections
political parties, local, 120, 169, 230, 265-6, 342, 347, 381, 548, 554, 558; leadership in, 137, 155, 379; linkagewith national party, 377, 380, 381, 466; origins of, 134-6, 374-6
political parties, state, 169, 229, 265, 548, 554; charters and development of, 369-78; leadership in, 137, 155, 379, 380: linkage with national party, 374, 377, 380, 381, 466, 598; origins of, 134-6
politics, 407-8, 428-9; defined, 320; equality in, 362-3, 378, 584; factionalism in, 91, 93, 239, 241, 261; grass-roots, 62-3, 118-19, 139-40, 210, 227-8, 229-30, 266, 309, 347, 349, 358, 451, 600; see also leadership: political
Polk, James K., 320, 344, 421, 468, 538; and “manifest destiny,” 457-8, 564; Mexican War, 460-4; presidency of, 426, 457-60, 614-15
Pomper, Gerald, 342
Pond, Charles F., 433
popular sovereignty, 544, 550, 577, 579-80, 584-5, 592
population, 7, 80, 120, 141, 291, 433, 511, 527, 553, 607-8; slave, 390
populism, 420, 422, 535
Portland. Me., 220, 222
Portsmouth, N.H., 75, 218, 220-1
Portugal, 244, 248
Potomac River, 172, 214, 277, 299, 304, 323; in Civil War, 609, 621
Pottawatomie Indians, 211
Potter, David. 553
Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 56-7, 218, 269, 433, 541
poverty, 114, 361, 411-12, 414, 434-5, 498; rural, 409-10; urban. 115, 125, 355, 405-9; see also lower class