American Experiment
Page 203
[Decline in rail employees]: Thor Hultgren, American Transportation in Prosperity and Depression (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1948), p. 179 (Table 54).
[Decline in freight tonnage]: ibid., p. 355 (Table 141).
[Decline in dividends]: ibid., p. 336 (Chart 124).
[Decline in GNP]: Historical Statistics of the United States, op. cit., part 2, p. 224 (Series F 1–5).
[Decline in auto production]: Hultgren, p. 350 (Table 136).
[Decline in oil production]: ibid, p. 353 (Table 140).
[Decline in residential building contracts]: Warren, op. cit., p. 236.
555 [Decline in farm income]: McElvainc, Down and Out, op. cit., p. 27.
[Decline in steel production]: Manchester, p. 34.
[Decline in retail sales]: see Lynd and Lynd, op. cit., p. 529 (Table 1).
556 [Families evicted, 1932]: Manchester, p. 33.
[Businesses at home]: Lynd and Lynd, p. 20.
[Middle-class economies]: Bird, op. cit., pp. 273–81.
[Union and nonunion wage decline]: Bernstein, op. cit., p. 320.
[Diet of Kentucky miner]: quoted in “In the Driftway,” The Nation, vol. 134, no. 3492 (June 8, 1932), p. 651.
[Rouge demonstration]: Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1933–1962 (Scribner’s, 1962), pp. 32–34; Keith Sward, The Legend of Henry Ford (Rinehart, 1948), ch. 18.
[Bird on transients]: Bird, p. 67.
[“They have to take you in”]: Frost, “The Death of the Hired Man,” in Frost, Selected Poems (Henry Holt, 1923), pp. 13–20, quoted at p. 18.
[“Professional bums” among transients]: statement of Elliot Chapman, Hearings of a Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Manufactures, Relief for Unemployed Transients, 72nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 13–25, 1933 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), p. 112.
[Mayors on treatment of transients]: “Digest” of mayors’ responses, in ibid., quoted at pp. 192, 201, 190, 188, 189, 191, 194, 198, respectively.
557 [“Transients, do not apply”]: testimony of Professor A. W. McMillen, in ibid., p. 45.
[Open letter, September 1932]: Aaron, op. cit., pp. 196–98, quoted at p. 197.
[Wilson’s firsthand observations]: see Wilson, The American Jitters: A Year of the Slump (Scribner’s, 1932); Wilson, The American Earthquake: A Documentary of the Twenties and Thirties (Doubleday, 1938); Wilson, The Thirties, Leon Edel, ed. (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1980), pp. 208–14, quoted at pp. 208, 212.
[“Insist on working even without pay”]: quoted in Bird, p. 76.
[“We cannot squander ourselves into prosperity”]: quoted in Hoover, Memoirs: The Great Depression, op. cit., p. 134.
[Ford on vagabonds]: quoted in Manchester, p. 22.
558 [MacArthur deputy’s proposal]: Brig. Gen. George Van Horn Moseley, quoted in Burner, Hoover, op. cit., p. 307.
[Bonus Army]: ibid., pp.309–12; Roger Daniels, The Bonus March (Greenwood Publishing, 1971); Bernstein, ch. 13; Hoover, Memoirs: The Great Depression, pp. 225–32.
[“A polyglot mob”]: F. Trubee Davison, quoted in Warren, p. 235.
[Stokes on Bonus March]: quoted in Bernstein, p. 454.
[“Use all humanity”]: quoted in Daniels, p. 165.
[“The President was pleased”]: quoted in Bernstein, p. 454.
559 [“Brother, Can You Spare a Dimef”]: lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, music by Jay Gorney, in 100 Best Songs of the 20’s and 30’s (Harmony Books, 1973), pp. 271–74. The song was sung and popularized by Rudy Vallee.
Index
A | B | C | D | E
F | G | H | I | J
K | L | M | N | O
P | Q | R | S | T
U | V | W | Y | Z
abolitionists, and 15th Amendment, 61–2
Abrams, Jacob, 504–5
Acheson, Edward, 290
Adams, Charles Francis, 32, 73, 207
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., 73, 75, 85–6, 115
and railroads, 73, 93, 176
Adams, Henry, vii, 92, 168, 169, 304–6, 326
Democracy, 169, 192, 194
Adams, John, 73, 153
Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 348
Adamson Act (1916), 421
Addams, Jane, 123, 371–2
as pacifist, 412, 483
and Progressive party, 419
and settlement-house movement, 270–1, 275–7, 278
advertising; 518–19
AFL, see American Federation of Labor
Agassiz, Louis, 81, 86–7
Age of Innocence, The (Wharton), 321, 322 agrarian revolt, 180–91
agriculture:
in California, 99
and Civil War, 20–1
in Depression, 543
machinery and tools for, 81, 129
see also farmers
Ahlstrom, Sydney, 516
airplanes, 288, 290
in World War I, 436
Alaska, 220, 340
Alcott, Louisa May, 30, 261
Aldrich, Nelson, 330, 335, 336, 357
Algeciras Conference (1905), 342
Alger, Horatio, Jr., 159–60
Algerism (rags-to-riches myth), 143, 144–5, 159–60
Carnegie and, 102, 161; and McKinley, 234
Dempsey and, 532
and economic concentration, 390
Frick and, 224
Irish immigrants and, 259–60
La Follette and, 360
and political machines (urban), 265
aliens, deportation and repression of, 439–40
Allen, Frederick Lewis, 510, 544–5
Altgeld, John P., 227, 276
Amador, Manuel, 339
Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers, 224–6
Amendments to U.S. Constitution:
1st, 504, 505
13th, 37, 48, 60
14th, 49, 50, 53, 60, 203–4, 505
15th, 60–2, 204
18th (Prohibition), 441
19th (“Susan B. Anthony”), 444–7
Bill of Rights, 504, 523
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 178–80, 282
and Depression, 551–2
membership of (1920s), 534
and Pullman boycott (1894), 227
and SLP, 396
and women, 280
American Railway Union (ARU), 227
American Woman Suffrage Association, 209
Amiens (France), battles for, 432, 433, 436
ammunition production (World War I), 430
Amory, Cleveland, 115
Ampère, André Marie, 83
Andrews, Stephen P., 125
Anthony, Susan B., 125, 204, 209
antitrust movement, 182, 216
Brandeis and, 391–2
of Roosevelt (T.), 332–3, 349–52
of Wilson, 389–91
Appleton, Thomas Gold, 87
Appomattox, Va., 35
Arabic pledge (World War I), 415, 417, 422
arbitration of labor disputes, 233–4; see also strikes
Aristotle, 142
armed forces, American:
in World War I, 417, 431–2, 433–4, 435–7;
mobilization of, 427–30;
return of, to society, 469
see also Confederate Army; Navy; Union Army; veterans
Armory Show (1913), 311–12
Armour, Philip D., 113–14
income of, 140
arms talks (20th century), 493–5
Arthur, Chester Alan, 223
arts, visual, 308–13
“Ash Can School” of painting, 310
Asquith, Herbert, 409
Asselineau, Roger, 193
assembly line, 479–80, 482
Astor, Caroline Schermerhorn, 117–18
Atkinson, Edward, 156
Atlanta, Ga., 29
automation, 479–80, 482; see also industry: machinery for
automobiles, 288, 290
manufacture of, 479–80
; Babbitt (Lewis), 514, 535
Baer, George F., 333
Baker, Newton D., 554
Baker, Ray Stannard, 455, 474
Baltzell, E. Digby, 116
Bancroft, George, 101
banks and banking:
and Alliance Exchanges, 189
and China, 402
in Civil War period, 18
crises/failures of: 1873, 75; 1893, 226
and farmers, 129
federal control of (20th century), 387
private, 88–90
and World War I fiscal aftermath, 496, 497
see also “money trust”
Banning, Phineas, 99
Barker, Jacob, 88
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, 152, 153–4
Barton, Bruce, 516
Barton, Clara, 50
Baruch, Bernard, 428–9
baseball, 529–30, 531
battles, of Civil War:
Bull Run, 6, 7
Chancellorsville, 10
Chattanooga, 12
Chickamauga, 12
Fredericksburg, 8
Gettysburg, 5, 11–12
Missionary Ridge, 12
pattern of, for soldiers, 24–5
Vicksburg, 9–10, 12
of the Wilderness, 14
battles, of Spanish-American War:
Manila Bay, 238
San Juan Hill, 239
battles, of World War I:
Amiens, 432, 433, 436
Argonne Forest, 437
Belleau Wood, 433, 434
Château-Thierry, 433, 434
Marne, 413, 436
St. Mihiel, 436–7
battleships, 223
number limited (1921), 493–5
Beard, Charles Austin, 19, 422, 507
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, An, 299–301
Beard, Mary, 507
Becker, Stephen, 519
Beecher, Catharine, 121, 122, 124
Beecher, Harriet, see Stowe, Harriet Beecher
Beecher, Henry Ward, 124–7, 161, 162
“beef trust,” 332
Bell, Alexander Graham, 83–4, 110, 287
Bell, Sidney, 400
Bellamy, Edward, 164–5
Equality, 164–6
and George (H.) and Lloyd, compared, 167–8
Looking Backward, 164, 166–7, 189
Belleau Wood (France), battle of, 433, 434
Bellows, Henry W., 26
Belmont, August, Jr., 228
Belmont, Perry, 162
Benedict, Michael Les, 61
Bennett, Arnold, 256
Bent, Silas, 518, 519
Berger, Victor, 283, 397, 522
Berkman, Alexander, 225, 275, 283
Bernstein, Irving, 551
Bernstorff, Johann von, 415, 424
Bessemer converter, 79–80
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 407
bicycling, 287–8
Biddle, Nicholas, 88
Big Four (capitalists), 95, 99–100
and railroad regulation, 215–16
Big Four (democratic leaders), 451
Billings, Josh, 185
Bill of Rights, 504, 523
Bird, Caroline, 556
Birmingham, Stephen, 145, 146
birth control, 123, 279
Birth of a Nation (Griffith), 524
black Americans:
abuse of, 50; lynching, 149, 234, 285
attitudes of, toward freedom from slavery, 38–41
in cities, 147–8, 247
civil and political rights of: “Black Codes,” 47; Democratic party and, 367; Grant and, 66; Johnson and, 46; national commitment to, 60; Republicans and, 48–9, 52, 206
in Civil War, 22
as cowhands, 149
in Depression, 546
education of, 63–4, 68, 133–4
as farmers (in South), 131–4; and
populists, 188
labor unions and, 176, 179
and land distribution, 64–5, 70
leadership of, 284–5
and Liberia, 288
migration of: to northern cities, 136–7, 149, 197, 247, 431; westward, 149
music of, 288, 509
as officeholders, in South, 62
in Ohio, 197
and political parties (participation): populists, 188, 189, 224; Progressives, 375; Republicans, 206, 490–1; Socialists, 398
Roosevelt (T.) and, 375
in South: and election (presidential) of 1876, 202; as farmers, 131–4; and land distribution, 64–5, 70; life of, during Reconstruction, 67–71; as officeholders, 62; and People’s Party, 188, 189
in sports, 528, 529, 530
suffrage of: black leaders and, 65; in District of Columbia, 53; election of 1868 and, 59; 15th Amendment and, 60–2; Johnson and, 46, 55; Northerners and, 59, 60; Reconstruction Act and, 53; Republicans and, 48, 55, 59; thwarting of, 65–6
Wilson and, 418
see also freed people; slavery; slaves
“Black Codes,” 47
“Black Thursday” (Oct. 1929), 542
Blaine, James G., 52, 210–11, 221
Blair, Frank P., Jr., 59
Blake, Lyman Reed, 15
Bland, Richard (“Silver Dick”), 228, 231
Bland-Allison Act (1878), 213
Bliss, George, 89–90
Bliss, Gen. Tasker, 448
Bloor, Ella Reeve, 398
Blum, John, 334
Boas, Franz, 290
Bohr, Niels, 290
Bonadio, Felice, 198
bonus marchers (1932), 558
boom-and-bust economy:
post-Civil War, 74–5
1880s, 192
Booth, Edwin, 101
Booth, John Wilkes, 36
Borah, E. William, 459, 493, 501
bosses, party, 263–7, 268
Boston:
cultural investments in, 87, 115–16
intellectual tradition of, 167–70
investors from, 85–8
old wealth in, 114–16
subway in, 251
Boston & Albany Railroad, 86
Bourne, Randolph, 314, 323, 513
Bowen, Francis, 155
Bowman, Isaiah, 434
Boyer, Paul, 266
Bradley, Joseph, 201, 204
Bradwell. Myra, 261–2
Bragg, Gen. Braxton, 12
Brandegee, Frank, 454
Brandeis, Louis:
and Holmes, 296, 504, 505, 506
as Supreme Court justice, 419, 504, 505, 506
and Wilson, 375, 385–6, 391–2; Supreme Court nomination, 418–19
bridges, 18, 80–1, 110
Brisbane, Arthur, 521, 541
Britain, see Great Britain
Brock, William R., 54
Broesamle, John, 386
Brooks, Van Wyck, 168, 314
Broun, Heywood, 521
Brown, A. Theodore, 265
Brown, J. R., 79
Browning, Orville H., 42
“Brownsville affair,” 353
Bryan, Charles W., 500
Bryan, William Jennings:
and Democratic party, 366, 369
and disarmament, 494
and League of Nations, 469
in presidential elections: 1896, 229–33, 235; 1900, 241; 1908, 367
and Scopes trial, 517
as Secretary of State, 385, 400, 401, 415; and World War I, 411, 413–15, 417, 422
in Spanish-American War, 238
and Wilson, 370, 372, 414–15, 417, 420
Bryant, William Cullen, 207
Bryce, Lord James, 63, 216, 252, 298
buildings, 114, 251–2
homes of the wealthy, 114, 118–19, 141
railroad terminals, 249
see also housing
Bullitt, William, 365, 453, 456, 464
Bull Moosers, see Progressive Party
Bull Run (Va.), battles of, 6, 7
Bunau-Varilla, Phi
lippe, 338, 339
Burbank, Luther, 81
Burgess, John W., 156
Burleson, Albert S., 388
Burner, David, 500, 544
Burroughs, John, 192
Burroughs, William S., 108
Burton, Harriet, 123
business:
Brandeis and, 375
combinations, 106–7, 390, 481; see also antitrust movement; monopoly
and education, 513
failures of (in stock-market crash), 543
government and: laissez-faire policy, 91, 154–6, 159; 1920s, 484–92, 503, 532–3; in World War I, 428–9
1920s, 484–92
optimism of (mid-19th century), 73–4
and peace movement (1920s), 493
Republican party and, 484, 486–7, 491, 499, 503, 558
Roosevelt (T.) and, 329–30, 331–4, 349–52
Wilson and, 375, 389–91
see also banks and banking; industry Butler, Gen. Ben, 32, 57
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 300
Byrnes, James F., 505
cable cars, 250
California:
Chinese immigrants in, 100–1
Japanese immigrants in, 343–4
19th century, 97–9, 101–2
railroad regulation by, 215–16
see also San Francisco
Calumet and Hecla (C & H), 86–7
campaigns, political, see elections and campaigns, congressional; elections and campaigns, presidential; elections and campaigns, state
canal, across Central America, 222, 337–40, 343
Cannon, Joseph, 331, 349, 357
Cantor, Milton, 396
Capital (Marx), 75, 112
capitalism:
creativity of, 90
Russian school textbook on, 539–40, 547
Capone, Al, 531
Capper-Volstead Act (1922), 490
Carlyle, Thomas, 193
Carnegie, Andrew, 102–5
early life of, 102–3
fortune of, 104
Homestead (Pa.) steel works of, 224–6
on imperialism (American), 240
income of, 140
literary friendships of, 105
and McKinley, 234–5, 241
newspapers (British) of, 105
philanthropy of, 107
and rags-to-riches myth, 102, 161
and Spencer, 161, 162
Triumphant Democracy, 223–4, 235
and unionism, 225
“carpetbaggers,” 62, 63
cars, 288, 290, 479–80
caste system, American, 145–51, 192; see also classes (social) and class system
Catt, Carrie Chapman, 445, 446, 493
Cecil, Lord Robert, 452
Central America, 222, 337–40, 343; see also Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama Central Pacific Railway, 93–6
Chancellorsville (Va.), battle of, 10
Chandler, Zachariah, 42
Chapin, Chester W., 87