American Experiment
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Chaplin, Charlie, 525, 526
Chase, Salmon Portland, 4, 18, 31, 32, 89
as Chief Justice, 54, 198
Château-Thierry (France), battle of, 433, 434
Chattanooga (Tenn.), battle of, 12
checks and balances:
and black suffrage, 69
and “compact majority,” 499, 503
and impeachment, 55
Radical Republicans and, 51, 54
Roosevelt (T.) and, 352
and Treaty of Versailles ratification, 468
Chesnut, Mary, 12, 30
Cheyenne Indians, 149–50
Chicago:
black population of, 136, 247
housing in, 253
Hull-House, 270, 275–6
industrialization of, 248
Italian immigrants and padroni in, 258
plan to re-design, 271
Pullman’s model city near, 141–2, 227
stockyards in, 111
upper classes in, 113–14, 119
World’s Columbian Exposition (1893) at, 271, 287
Chickamauga (Ga.), battle of, 12
Child, Lydia Maria, 62, 217
children:
in labor force: and school attendance, 512; Supreme Court and, 489; wages of, 140; Wilson and, 418, 419
urban conditions of, 137–9
China, and U.S., 400–2, 405, 495
trade relations, 498
Chinese immigrants: ca. 1900, 247
as railroad builders, 94; strike for pay increase, 95–6
in San Francisco, 100–1
Choate, Joseph, 269
Christie, Howard Chandler, 439
churches, Protestant, 515–17
and Smith’s presidential candidacy, 502–3
Churchill, Winston, 288
Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer, 408
Cigarmakers International Union, 174, 178
cities:
beautification of, 271
buildings and architecture in, 251–2
conditions in, 255–62; for blacks, 147–8; for immigrants, 247; progressives and, 245–6; reform efforts and, 266–75; upward mobility, 259; for working class, 136–41
elites of, 113–19
industrialization of, 247–9; implacability of, 271–2, 274, 289; specialized, 248
leadership in, 263–9, 272–4
migration to, from rural areas, 136–7, 149, 197, 247, 431
of Ohio, 196–7
parks and recreational areas in, 254
party bosses in, 263–5
population growth of, 247
reformers and, 266–75
transport in, 250–1
turn of the century, 249–55
water supply for, 253–4
City Beautiful movement, 271
Civil Rights Act (1866), 49
Civil Rights Act (1875), 66, 203
Civil War, 6–36 passim
battles, see battles, of Civil War
cost of, 17–18
economic conditions and development
in, 15–16, 17–18, 19–20
end of, 34–6
naval aspects of, 9, 29, 34
soldiers’ life in, 21–8; camp life, 23–4; food, 23; prisoners, 27–8; wounded, 25
strategy, military and economic:
Northern, 6–7, 12; Southern, 7, 11 transport in, 16–17
war supplies and production in, 15–16
Claflin, Victoria, see Woodhull, Victoria Claflin
Clark, Champ (James Beauchamp), 369, 446
classes (social) and class system, 111–51
Aristotle on, 142
and democracy, 192
disparity among, 140, 142–3
farmers, 127–36
fortified by industrial cities, 262
middle, 142–3; women of, 119–27
relations among, 141; in Bellamy’s Equality, 165–6
in sports, 527–8
upper, 113–19
war between, feared, 224
working, see workers
Clayton Antitrust Act, 389
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 337
“Cleburne demands,” 190
Clemenceau, Georges, 450–1, 456
Clemens, Samuel Langhome, see Twain, Mark
Cleveland, Ohio, 196, 197, 273–4
Cleveland, Grover:
death of (1908), 367
economic conservatism of, 206
as President: economic policy, 226, 228; election of (1892), 210–11; foreign policy of, 221; and tariff reduction, 213, 226
Cleveland, Henry W. S., 254
coal industry, 78, 333, 490
Cochran, Thomas C, 87
Coletta, Paolo, 414
college students (1920s), 513–15
Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 271, 287
combinations, industrial, 106–7, 390, 481
see also antitrust movement; monopoly
Committee on Public Information, 439
“Commonweal Army of Christ,” 226
Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 75, 90, 174, 259, 308
Communist Party, 501, 552, 557
communitarianism, 167, 173
“compact” majority, see majority, compact
competition:
American faith in, 216, 217
Brandeis on, 392
vs. combination (Rockefeller on), 106–7
industrialists and, 162
Marx on, 82
see also antitrust movement; monopoly
Comstock, Anthony, 126, 288–9
“Comstock” law (1873), 123
concentration of power:
economic: Brandeis on, 392; as challenge to democracy, 389–95, 532–8; Croly on, 393; Progressive Party on, 374; Roosevelt (T.) and, 331–3, 349–52; Wilson and, 389–91
political: Founding Fathers and, 487–8, 499; Republican (20th century), 487–91, 499, 503, 558; in Supreme Court, 506
Confederate Army, 14–15, 22–23, 29
surrender of, 35, 36
Confederate Congress, 14, 18
Confederate States of America:
amnesty and oaths for, 46, 65, 70
cost of war to, 17
defeat and dissolution of, 34–6
economic conditions in, 15–16, 17–18
foreign recognition of, 31–2
military strategy of, 7, 11
morale of, 12, 22–3, 29
war production in, 16
Conference for Progressive Political Action (CPPA), 500
Congressional Government (Wilson), 386
Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, 445
Conkling, Roscoe, 204
conscription, military:
in Civil War, 14–15, 23
in World War 1, 427–8
Constitution (U.S.), 44, 299–301
see also Amendments to U.S. Constitution
consumers and consumerism, 281
Conwell, Russell, 159
Cooke, Jay, 88–9, 198
Coolidge, Calvin:
character and personality of, 485, 492
and Lindbergh, 510
nominated as Vice-President, 473
as President: accession, 492; and business, 487; economic policy of, 491
Cooper, John Milton, 422
Cooper, Peter, 208
Cooper, Thomas, 82
cooperatives, agricultural, 183, 188–9
“Copperheads,” 8, 33
copper mining, 86–7
corruption, 265, 266–7, 268
in sports, 531
Cortelyou, George, 350
cotton, 131, 133, 134–5
courts, military, 49, 54
cowhands, 148–9
Cox, Jacob, 198
Cox, James, 469, 473–4, 553
Coxey, Jacob, 226
Crédit Mobilier scandal, 93
Creel, George, 439, 448–9
crime (1920s), 531, 549
Crocker, Charles, 95–6
Croly, Herbert, 392–3, 419
Cromwell, William, 338, 339
crop lien system, 135–6, 181, 189
Crozier, Gen. William, 427
Cuba, 219, 220, 403
war of independence, 235–40
Cubism, 311, 312
Cumbler, John, 137
Curie, Marie, 290
currency:
Civil War period, 18
1870s, 213–14
1890s, 228
populists and (subtreasury plan), 187, 188, 189
Custer, George Armstrong, 218–19
Czolgosz, Leon, 241
Dallek, Robert, 343
Dana, Charles A., 169
Dana, Richard Henry, 32
Daniels, Josephus, 385
Darrow, Clarence, 276, 517
Darwin, Charles, 157
Darwinism, Social:
businessmen and, 162
Gompers and, 180
popularity of, 159
pragmatism and, 297
Republican party and, 503
Roosevelt (T.) and, 326, 340–1
Spencerism, 157–8
and workers, 173
Daugherty, Harry, 471, 472–3, 490, 491–2, 493
Davenport, Thomas, 83
David, Henry, 178
Davis, Allen, 277
Davis, David, 175, 201
Davis, Jefferson, 29
Adams (C. F.) on, vs. Lincoln, 32
on Confederacy, 12, 36
Johnson and, 52
military strategy of, 7
Davis, John W., 500, 553
Dawes, Charles, 491, 497
Dawes Act (1887), 217
Debs, Eugene, 227, 283, 332, 397
as presidential candidate: 1904, 368; 1912, 368, 370–1, 372, 374, 377, 383
tried for sedition, 440–1; Supreme Court on, 504
Declaration of Independence, 173
De Leon, Daniel, 173, 283, 396, 397
Delmonico’s (restaurant), 90, 161–2, 211
del Ray, Joaquin, 239
democracy:
Adams (H.) on, 192
Brandeis on, 392
and economic concentration, 391, 392
industrial, 392, 421
Weyl on, 394
Whitman (W.) on, 192
Wilson vs. Roosevelt on, 373–4
Democracy (Adams), 169, 192, 194
Democracy, the, see Democratic party Democratic party:
conservatism (economic) of, 206
conventions of: 1864, 33; 1896, 229–31; 1912, 369–70; 1916, 420; 1920, 473–4; 1924, 499–500; 1932, 554–5
differences and divisions within: 19th century, 206–7; 20th century, 366–8, 500; in Depression, 553–4
Republican rivalry, 205–6, 227–8, 233
in South: dominance of, 67, 366–7; andHayes election (1876), 201–2; 1920s, 553; and populists, 187–8
weakness of, as “loyal opposition,” 503, 534, 553–4
see also elections and campaigns
Dempsey, Jack, 530, 531, 532
Depcw, Chauncey, 358
depressions:
post-Civil War, 74–5
1893, 226
“Great,” 543–7, 555–7; measures in response to, 547–55
deserters (in Civil War), 8, 15, 29
Destler, Chester, 166
Detroit, Mich., 272–3
Devlin, Lord, 412, 425, 426
Dewey, Comm. George, 238
Diggins, Jack, 536
Diggs, Annie, 185
Dingell tariff bill (1897), 234
diplomatic corps, strengthening of, 222
disarmament, 493–5
distribution of wealth, 140, 142–3, 192
Dix, Dorothea, 27
Dobriansky, Lev, 304
domestic science, 121, 261
domestic servants, 121, 139–40
Dominican Republic, 403, 498
Donahue, Peter, 259–60
Donald, David, 32, 206
Donnelly, Ignatius, 167, 189, 241
Dooley, Mr., 222, 287, 330, 345, 354, 363
Doolittle. James R., 51
Dos Passos, John, 536–7, 538, 552
Douglass, Frederick, 208, 234
draft, military:
in Civil War: Confederate, 14–15, 23; Union, 14-15
in World War I, 427–8
Dreiser, Theodore, 316–19, 322–3
Drew, Daniel, 91–2
Dreyfus Affair, 450
drugs, labeling of, 348
Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt, 285, 522
Dunne, Finley Peter (Mr. Dooley), 222, 287, 330, 345, 354, 363
Durant, Thomas C, 96
Duryea, Charles and Frank, 290
Eads, Capt. James, 80–1, 103
Eakins, Thomas, 309
Early, Gen. Jubal A., 28
Eastman, George, 81
Eastman, Max, 313–14
Economic Interpretation of the Constitution, An (Beard), 299–301
economic power, concentrated:
Brandeis on, 392
as challenge to democracy, 389–95, 532–8
Croly on, 393
Progressive party on, 374
Roosevelt (T.) and, 331–3, 349–52
Wilson and, 389–91
economic situation and conditions:
1850s, 20, 73, 74
Civil War period, 15–16, 17–18, 19–20
late 1860s, 73–5
1893, 226
in World War I, 428–31
1920s, 540–1; see also depressions: “Great”
Edgerton, John E., 548–9
Edison, Thomas Alva, 82, 84–5, 108–9, 198, 251
education:
for blacks, 63–4, 68, 133–4
business and, 513
1920s, 511–15
and technological innovation, 82
eight-hour workday:
campaign for, 176, 177, 178
for railroad workers, 421, 429
Ekirch, Roger, 387
elections and campaigns, congressional:
1866, 49, 51
1868, 59
1874, 67
1878, 208
1888–94, 227–8
1890, 186
1918, 454
1924, 501
1930, 551
elections and campaigns, presidential:
1864, 303
1868, 58–9, 194–5
1872, 207
1876, 67, 200, 201–2
1884, 210–11, 224
1892, 190, 225–6
1896, 229–33, 367
1900, 241
1904, 338–4, 368
1908, 367, 368
1912, 359–63, 370–7
1916, 419–21
1920, 470–4
1924, 499–501
1928, 487, 502–3
1932, 554–5, 558
elections and campaigns, state:
1890, 186
1892, 190
electricity, 82, 83, 289
alternating current standardized, 108
Elements of Political Economy (Wayland), 155
elevated transit lines (“els”), 250
elevator, electric, 108, 251
elite classes, 113–19
Ellis, L. Ethan, 492
Elmer Gantry (Lewis), 536
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 8, 21–2, 34
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 17–18
on individual liberty, 153
on the West, 96–7
Emery, Sarah, 185
employment, see children: in labor force; unemployment; women: in labor force
Enforcement Act (1870), 66
Engels, Friedrich, 75–6
Communist Manifesto, 75, 90, 174, 259, 308
German Ideology, The, 75, 260
and IWW, 174
England, see Great Britain
Equality (Bellamy), 164–6
Erdman Act (1898), 234, 488–9
Erie Railroad, 91–3
Espio
nage Act (1917), 440
ethnic/racial caste system, 145–51; see also classes (social) and class system
Evarts, William M., 57, 161
Everett, Edward, 4, 5
family size, 122–3
Faraday, Michael, 83
Far East, 221, 495
see also China; Japan; Korea; Philippines
Farley, James A., 554
farmers, 127–36
in Depression, 543–4
Harding Administration and, 490
indebtedness of, 129, 130, 543
political organizations of, 180–91, 209
radio and, 523
southern; 131–6; black, 131–4; white, 134–6
western, 129–31, 181
wives of, 127–8
see also agriculture
Farmers’ Alliance, 182–4; see also National Farmers’ Alliance and Cooperative Union
farm machinery, 81, 129
farm prices, stabilization of, 490
Farragut, Adm. David, 34, 51
fashions, for women, 287, 289
Fass, Paula, 513
Federal Reserve system, 387–8, 391, 418
Federal Trade Commission, 391, 418
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), 389
Federation of Women’s Clubs, 262
Field, Marshall, 114
Field, Stephen J., 204
Filler, Louis, 347–8
films, 524–7
Fish, Hamilton, 220
Fisk, James, 92, 93
Fiske.John, 161, 162, 295
Fitzgerald, Annie, 280
Fitzgerald, Francis Scott, 483, 537
Fitzgerald, John “Honey Fitz,” 385
five-day workweek, 144
Flagg, James Montgomery, 439
Flexner, Eleanor, 445
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 323, 324
Flynt, Josiah, 345
Foch, Gen. Ferdinand, 433, 437
Foner, Philip, 236
food:
labeling of, 348
shortages of, after World War I, 469
in World War 1, 414, 428
football, 528–9
Foraker, Joseph B., 206, 237
Forbes, John Murray, 87
Ford, Ford Madox, 318
Ford, Henry, 418, 480–4, 544
character and personality of, 483
control by, 480–2
on vagabonds, 557
and Wilson, 483
and workers, 481–2
foreign affairs:
corporations and, 222
late 19th century, 219–22
in Lincoln Administration, 31–2
in McKinley Administration, 236–41
1920s, 492–6; economic aspects, 496–9
in Roosevelt (T.) Administration, 336–45
in Wilson Administration, 399–406, 418
see also League of Nations; World War I; and specific countries
Foster, William Z., 552
Founding Fathers, see Framers of Constitution
Fourier, Charles, 173
Fourteenth Amendment, 49, 50, 53, 60, 303–4, 505
Framers of Constitution, 204, 301
and protection of minority rights, 487–8, 499, 503, 504