American Experiment
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[Hansen on Keynesiamsm]: Hansen, pp. 327-28.
[Lekachman on Keynesianism]: Lekachman, “A Keynes for All Seasons,” New Republic, vol. 188, no. 24 (June 20, 1983), pp. 21-25, quoted at p. 24.
561-2 [Attacks on Keynesian assumptions]: Stein, pp. 46-53; see also Henry Hazlitt, The Critics of Keynesian Economics (Van Nostrand, 1960).
562 [Monetarism]: Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (Princeton University Press, 1963); Milton Friedman, The Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays (Aldine, 1969); Lester C. Thurow, Dangerous Currents: The State of Economics (Random House, 1983), ch. 3 passim: William Breit and Roger L. Ransom, The Academic Scribblers: American Economists in Collision (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), chs. 13-14.
[“Swept through the universities”]: Alan S. Blinder, “Keynesians Regain Some Courage,” New York Times, February 12, 1984, sect. 3, p. 3.
[Volcker as Fed head]: Greider, passim; Stein, pp. 229-32; John T. Woolley, Monetary Politics: The Federal Reserve and the Politics of Monetary Policy (Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 103-5; Donald F. Keitl, Leadership at the Fed (Yale University Press, 1986), pp. 175-78, 183-84, 191-92; Ralph C. Bryant, Controlling Money: The Federal Reserve and Its Critics (Brookings Institution, 1983).
[Galbraith]: John Kenneth Galbraith, A Life in Our Times (Houghton Mifflin, 1981); Charles H. Hession, John Kenneth Galbraith & His Critics (New American Library, 1972).
563 [“Place myself at the mercy”]: quoted in Hession, p. 25.
[American Capitalism]: Galbraith, American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power (Houghton Mifflin, 1952); see also Hession, chs. 2-3.
[Affluent Society]: Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Houghton Mifflin, 1958); see also Hession, chs. 4-5; David T. Bazelon, The Paper Economy (Vintage, 1965).
[New Industrial State]: Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Houghton Mifflin, 1967); Hession, ch. 6; Irving Kristol, “Professor Galbraith’s ‘New Industrial State,’ ” Fortune, vol. 76, no. 1 (July 1967), pp. 90-91, 194-95; Robert L. Heilbroner, “Capitalism Without Tears,” New York Review of Books, vol. 8, no. 12 (June 29, 1967), pp. 16-19.
[Two types of planning]: Galbraith, The New Industrial State, 2nd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1971), p. xx.
564 [American Marxism and the economic dilemma]: Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy, Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order (Monthly Review Press, 1966); Baran, The Political Economy of Growth (Monthly Review Press, 1957); Sweezy, Post-Revolutionary Society (Monthly Review Press, 1980); Benjamin Ward, The Ideal Worlds of Economies (Basic Books, 1979), book 2.
565 [“Important immediate goal”]: Ward, p. 305.
566 [Kennedy on Social Security Act]: quoted in James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty, 1900-1980 (Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 126.
[“If a free society”]: January 20, 1961, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962-64), vol. 1, pp. 1-3, quoted at p. 1.
[Kennedys war on poverty]: Patterson, ch. 8 passim: Sundquist, Politics and Policy, chs. 2-4, 11 passim; Daniel Knapp and Kenneth Polk, Scouting the War on Poverty: Social Reform Politics in the Kennedy Administration (Heath Lexington Books, 1971).
[“It is not moral”]: Joseph Mitchell, quoted in Patterson, pp. 107-8.
[Johnson’s war on poverty]: Sar A. Levitan, The Great Society’s Poor Law: A New Approach to Poverty (Johns Hopkins Press, 1969); Patterson, chs. 8-10 passim; Sundquist, Politics and Policy, chs. 2-4, 11 passim; James L. Sundquist, ed., On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience (Basic Books, 1969); see also William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
567 [Nixon’s war on poverty]: Vincent J. Burke and Vee Burke, Nixon’s Good Deed: Welfare Reform (Columbia University Press, 1974); Patterson, chs. 11-12 passim; Reichley, ch. 7; Daniel Patrick Moynihan, The Politics of Guaranteed Income: The Nixon Administration and the Family Assistance Plan (Random House, 1973); Moynihan Papers, Nixon Ad ministration Files, Subject File II, boxes 1, 6, 7, 10, Library of Congress.
[“Most important piece”]: August 28, 1970, in Nixon Public Papers, vol. 2, pp. 690-91, quoted at p. 690.
[Moynihan]: Douglas Schoen, Pat: A Biography of Daniel Patrick Moynihan (Harper, 1979); Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty (Free Press, 1969).
[“Maximum feasible participation”]: quoted in Moynihan, Misunderstanding, p. xvi.
[“Almost surely define”]: text of Moynihan address in Moynihan Papers, n.d., quoted at p. 10.
[Defining poverty]: Chaim I. Waxman, The Stigma of Poverty: A Critique of Poverty Theories and Policies, and ed. (Pergamon, 1983), esp. chs. 1-2; Patterson, chs. 6-7; Daniel Patrick Moynihan, ed., On Understanding Poverty: Perspectives from the Social Sciences (Basic Books, 1969); Charles A. Valentine, Culture and Poverty: Critique and Counter-Proposals (University of Chicago Press, 1968); Burton A. Weisbrod, ed., The Economics of Poverty: An American Paradox (Prentice-Hall, 1965); Moynihan, Misunderstanding, ch. 8 and passim.
[“Social scum”]: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, Samuel Moore, trans. (International Publishers, 1948), p. 20.
568 [Waxman on poverty]: Waxman, p. 75.
[“Work must be found”]: annual message to the Congress, January 4, 1935, in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Samuel I. Rosenman, comp. (Random House, 1938-50), vol. 4, pp. 15-25, quoted at pp. 20, 19, respectively.
[“The very rich”]: Fitzgerald, “The Rich Boy,” in Arthur Mizener, ed., The Fitzgerald Reader (Scribner, 1963), pp. 239-75, quoted at p. 239.
[“Cultural and environmental obstacles”]: quoted in Moynihan, Misunderstanding, p. 79.
569 [Poverty in Mexico City]: Oscar Lewis, Children of Sanchez: Autobiography of a Mexican Family (Random House, 1961).
[“New opportunities for disadvantaged youth”]: quoted in Moynihan, Misunderstanding, p. 71.
[“Not social science competence”]: ibid., pp. 109, 170.
570 [Workers’ Alliance]: Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (Pantheon, 1977), pp. 72-76, 85-92.
[NWRO]: ibid, ch. 5.
[Alinsky]: Saul D. Alinsky, Rules for Radicals: A Practical Primer for Realistic Radicals (Random House, 1971); Robert Bailey, Jr., Radicals in Urban Politics: The Alinsky Approach (University of Chicago Press, 1974); Patrick Anderson, “Making Trouble Is Alinsky’s Business,” in Harold L. Sheppard, ed., Poverty and Wealth in America (Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 247-62.
[Community action]: Moynihan, Misunderstanding, passim; Sundquist, Fighting Poverty, chs. 4-5; Patterson, pp. 138-41, 145-52; Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (Pantheon, 1971), ch. 10; Gary Delgado, Organizing the Movement: The Roots and Growth of ACORN (Temple University Press, 1986).
571 [“Somewhat naive and sentimental”]: quoted in Waxman, p. 107.
[Black progress and setbacks]: Richard Bernstein, “King’s Dream,” New York Times, January 17, 1988, sect. 4, p. 1.
Crossways, Land and Sky
[Sweden as “middle way”]: Marquis Childs, Sweden, The Middle Way, rev. ed. (Yale University Press, 1947); Philip Arestis, “Post Keynesian Economic Policies: The Case of Sweden,” Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 20, no. 3 (September 1986), pp. 709-23, esp. p. 719.
572 [Drive-in church]: “The Automobile Age,” Wilson Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 5 (Winter 1986), pp. 64-79, esp. pp. 77.
[Auto industry in 1960s and early 1970s]: Lawrence J. White, The Automobile Industry since 1945 (Harvard University Press, 1971).
[Annual new car sales]: David L. Lewis, “The Industry,” Wilson Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 5 (Winter 1986), pp. 47-63, esp. p. 60.
[New car price as percentage of family income]: ibid.
[“Pontiac for the poor”]: quoted in Lewis, pp. 51-52.
572-3 [Fall and rise of Ford]: Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: Decline and Rebirth, 1945-1963 (Scribner, 1963); David Halberstam, The Reckoning (Morrow, 1986), ch. 5, parts 4, 6 passim: Charles E. Sorenson and Samuel T. Williamson, My Forty Years with Ford (Norton, 1956), esp. ch. 20; Lee Iacocca and William Novak, Iacocca (Bantam, 1984), chs. 3-8; Robert Lacey, Ford: The Men and the Machine (Little, Brown, 1986), chs. 15-29 passim.
573 [Auto labor]: Victor G. Reuther, The Brothers Reuther and the Story of the UAW (Houghton Mifflin, 1976); William Serrin, The Company and the Union (Knopf, 1973), esp. ch. 4.
[1970 strike]: Serrin.
[Assassination attempts on Reuthers]: Reuther, pp. 276-91 passim.
[Effects of the automobile on American life]: James J. Flink, The Car Culture (MIT Press, 1975); Helen Leavitt, Superhighway, Superhoax (Ballantine, 1970); John C. Esposito, Vanishing Air: The Ralph Nader Study Group Report on Pollution (Grossman, 1970); Richard O. Davies, The Age of Asphalt: The Automobile, the Freeway, and the Condition of Metropolitan America (Lippincott, 1975); Warren J. Belasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910-1945 (MIT Press, 1979); “Automobile Age.”
[Interstate Highway Act]: Flink, pp. 190, 213-15; Leavitt, pp. 26-50.
[“Road Gang”]: see Leavitt, pp. 111-55, esp. p. 152.
574 [“Another inalienable American right”]: Flink, p. 219.
[“White roads through black bedrooms”]: quoted in “Automobile Age,” p. 76.
[The rise of OPEC and the oil oasis]: Dankwart A. Rustow, Oil and Turmoil: America Faces OPEC and the Middle East (Norton, 1982), esp. chs. 3-5; Flink, pp. 226-31; Halberstam, ch. 27; Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Little, Brown, 1982), chs. 19-20; Raymond Vernon, ed., The Oil Crisis (Norton, 1976).
575 [“Never explain, never complain”]: quoted in Halberstam, p. 202.
[“A host of environmental problems”]: quoted in Emma Rothschild, Paradise Lost: The Decline of the Auto-Industrial Age (Random House, 1973), p. 18.
[Nader]: Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-in Dangers of the American Automobile (Grossman, 1965); see also Halberstam, ch. 30.
575-6 [GM’s leadership failure in 1960s]: Cray, esp. Introduction and pp. 430-31; J. Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors: John Z. De Lorean’s Look Inside the Automotive Giant (Wright Enterprises, 1979).
576 [GM executive’s brown suit]: Wright, p. 33.
[Conflicts between engineering and accounting at Ford]: Halberstam, chs. 11-13, 20-21 passim.
[“My grandfather made cars”]: quoted in Halberstam, p. 479.
577 [“No Jap engine”]: ibid, p. 535.
[Ford and Iacocca]: ibid., pp. 470-80, chs. 32-33; Iacocca, chs. 9-12; Lacey, chs. 35-36 passim.
[Chrysler crisis]: Robert B. Reich and John D. Donahue, New Deals: The Chrysler Revival and the American System (Times Books, 1985); Iacocca, chs. 14-24.
[Bachrach on Chrysler bailout]: Reich and Donahue, p. 265.
[“Absolute nonsense”]: ibid.
578 [Swedish model for long-range development]: Arestis.
[Challenge to American auto from abroad]: Halberstam, chs. 49-54 passim; Cray, ch. 19; Reich and Donahue, chs. 6-7; Tetsuo Sakiya, Honda Motor: The Men, the Management, the Machines (Kodansha International, 1982), ch. 1; Douglas H. Ginsburg and William J. Abernathy, eds., Government, Technology, and the Future of the Automobile (McGraw-Hill, 1980), ch. 5; Iacocca, ch. 27.
578 [At the Soviet embassy]: Clayton R. Koppes, JPL and the American Space Program: A History of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 82-83, quoted at p.83.
[“Battle more important”]: quoted in ibid., p. 84.
579 [“Do not have as much time”]: ibid.
[“Buck Rogers might prove”]: Erlend A. Kennan and Edmund H. Harvey, Jr., Mission to the Moon: A Critical examination of NASA and the Space Program (Morrow, 1969), p. 58.
[Eisenhower’s assurance]: in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1958-61), vol. 5, pp. 789-99.
[Soviet signals]: Kennan and Harvey, p. 62.
[“No matter how humble”]: quoted in Walter A. McDougall,… The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (Basic Books, 1985), p. 119.
[1955 U.S. satellite announcement]: quoted in Loyd S. Swenson, Jr., James M. Grimwood, and Charles C. Alexander, This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury (NASA, 1960), p. 28.
[Satellite decision]: McDougall, pp. 112-24; Constance McLaughlin Green and Milton Lomask, Vanguard (NASA, 1970), ch. 3; Hugo Young, Bryan Silcock, and Peter Dunn, Journey to Tranquility (Doubleday, 1970), pp. 41-45; Koppes, pp. 79-80. [Origins of NASA]: McDougall, ch. 7; Swenson et al., ch. 4; Koppes, pp. 94-102; Young et al., pp. 62-66.
[Project Mercury]: Swenson et al., passim; Young et al., pp. 158-60.
[“Shoot a man”]: McDougall, p. 243.
[Mercury astronauts]: Swenson et al., pp. 159-65, chs. 7-8; Young et al., ch. 8; Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979); M. Scott Carpenter et al., We Seven (Simon and Schuster, 1962). [“Lovable freckled heroes”]: Young et al., p. 140.
580 [Vostok]: ibid., pp. 83-85; Swenson et al., pp. 332-35.
[Freedom 7]: Swenson et al., pp. 341-65, quoted at p. 342; Time, vol. 77, no. 20 (May 12, 1961), pp. 52-58.
[Liberty Bell 7]: Swenson et al., pp. 365-77; Wolfe, pp. 277-96.
[Titov’s flight]: Swenson et al., pp. 377-79.
580-1 [Glenn’s flight and return]: ibid., ch. 8; Wolfe, ch. 12; Time, vol. 79, no. 9 (March 2, 1962), pp. 11-18; ibid., vol. 79, no. 10 (March 9, 1962), pp. 22-23.
581 [“All spacecraft systems go!”]: quoted in Swenson et al., p. 426.
[“Real hard-to-define feeling”]: quoted in Time, vol. 79, no. 10 (March 9, 1962), p. 22.
[“Now it is the time”]: Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, May 25, 1961, in Kennedy Public Papers, vol. 1, pp. 396-406, quoted at pp. 403, 404, 403, respectively.
[Congressional reaction to Kennedy challenge]: Young et al., p. 92; McDougall, pp. 361-62, 373-76, 392-97; New York Times, May 26, 1961, pp. 1, 13.
[July 20, 1969]: Young et al., ch. 13; Time, vol. 94, no. 4 (July 25, 1969), pp. 10-19; Charles R. Pellegrino and Joshua Slott, Chariots for Apollo: The Making of the Lunar Module (Atheneum, 1985), chs. 43-52.
[“You are go”]: quoted in Young et al., p. 269.
582 [The Eagle has landed”]: ibid., p. 272.
[Objects in space]: J. E. S. Fawcett, Outer Space: New Challenges to Law and Policy (Clarendon Press, 1984), p. 116.
[Space shuttle Columbia’s launch]: Joseph J. Trent, Prescription for Disaster (Crown, 1987), pp. 187-93; Time, vol. 117, no. 17 (April 27, 1981), pp. 16-23.
583 [Early hints of O-ring problems]: Trento, pp. 205, 259-61, 276, 281.
[Challenger mission 51-L]: ibid., pp. 249-50, 280-92; Newsweek, vol. 107, no. 6 (February 10, 1986), pp. 26-42.
[“Feel that mother go”]: quoted in Trenlo, p. 290.
[“Uh, Oh!”]: ibid.
584 [“More than the Challenger exploded”]: Wilford, “After the Challenger: America’s Future in Space,” New York Times Magazine, March 16, 1986, pp. 38-39, 93, 102-6, quoted at p. 38.
584 [“Story of political failure”]: Trento, Acknowledgments; see also U.S. Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Report to the President, 5 vols. (1986).
[“Hock his jewels”: quoted in Young et al., p. 72.
[Reasons for Kennedy’s moon decision]: McDougall, ch. 15; Young et al., ch. 5; Kennan and Harvey, pp. 74-83; John M. Logsdon, The Decision
to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest (MIT Press, 1970).
[“Second in everything”]: quoted in McDougall, p. 320.
[“Do the big things together”]: ibid., pp. 394-95, quoted at p. 395.
[“Vehicle rather than a mission”]: Trento, p. 105.
584-5 [Post-Apollo planning and shuttle decision]: McDougall, pp. 420-23; Trento, pp. 88-94, ch. 5; John M. Logsdon, “The Shuttle Program: A Policy Failure?,” Science, vol. 232 (May 30, 1980), pp. 1099-1105; Gregg Easterbrook, “Big Dumb Rockets,” Newsweek, vol. 110, no. 7 (August 17, 1987), pp. 50-54; see also Logsdon, Decision, ch. 6.
585 [“Make access to orbit routine”]: John M. Logsdon, “After Challenger Does the U.S. Have a Future in Space?,” American Politics, vol. 1, no. 7 (August 1986), pp. 6-9, quoted at p. 7.
[“Highest possible level”]: quoted in Easterbrook, p. 52.
[“Mortgaged nearly everything”]: John Noble Wilford, “At NASA, All That’s Up Is the Shuttle Columbia,” New York Times, November 1, 1981, sect. 4, p. 9.
[Space commercialization]: Pamela E. Mack, “Government and Enterprise: Commercialization and Privatization in the U.S. Space Program,” paper prepared for delivery at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Washington, DC, December 1987; Nathan C. Goldman, Space Commerce: Free Enterprise on the High Frontier (Ballinger, 1985); David Osborne, “Business in Space,” Atlantic, vol. 255, no. 5 (May 1985), pp. 45-58.
[Projected and actual costs of payload per pound]: Easterbrook, pp. 54-55.
[Space militarization]: Paul B. Stares, The Militarization of Space: U.S. Policy, 1945-1984 (Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 178-79, 225-35, and passim; Stares, Space and National Security (Brookings Institution, 1987); Zbigniew Brzezinski et al., eds., Promise or Peril: The Strategic Defense Initiative (Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1986); Daedalus, vol. 114, nos.2-3 (Spring-Summer 1985); Jonathan B. Stein, From H-Bomb to Star Wars: The Politics of Strategic Decision Making (Lexington Books, 1984), chs. 8-9.
586 [“Awesome Soviet missile threat”]: Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security, March 23, 1983, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982- ), vol. 3, part 1, pp. 437-43, quoted at p. 442.