KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
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Bárta, Drahomír
Bartel, Walter
batteries
Bavaria; early camps; 1919 civil war; 1934–39 camps in; quarry camps; “Red Guards”; social outsiders; see also specific camps
Bayer
BBC
Becher, Kurt
Behncke, Hugo
Beimler, Centa
Beimler, Hans
Belgian Jews
Belgian prisoners
Belgium
Belorussia
Belzec
Benario, Rudolf
Bendix, Ludwig
Bergen-Belsen; conditions; “exchange Jews”; Jews in; liberation of; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945
Berlin; architecture; early camps; Hitler’s bunker in; 1934–39 camps; Olympics; Reichstag fire of 1933; terror of 1933
Berlin-Columbia, see Columbia House
Berlstedt
Bernadotte, Count Folke
Bernburg
Bettelheim, Bruno
Biberstein, Aleksandar
Bickenbach, Otto
“bigwigs”; in early camps
Birkenau; barracks; building of; bunker 1; bunker 2; conditions; corpse removal; crematoria; daily life in; evacuation of; family camp; Gypsy camp; Jews in; killing complex; liberation of; “Mexico”; in 1942–43; in 1944; prisoner relations; selections; Special Squad; SS routines; uprising; women in; see also Auschwitz
Bischoff, Karl
Bisingen
Bismarckhütte
black market
black triangle; see also “asocials”
Blechhammer
blitzkrieg
Blobel, Paul
block elders
block leaders
“blood and soil” doctrine
Blum, Willy
BMW
Bobrek
Boca, Jacques
Bock, Fritz
Boder, David
body searches
Boelcke barracks
Boger, Wilhelm
Bohemia
Bolsheviks
Bonarewitz, Hans
bone fertilizer
bone fragments
“bone men”
Bonhoeffer, Dietrich
Bonitz, Bernhard
Börgermoor
Borowski, Tadeusz
Bouhler, Philipp
Brack, Viktor
Brandenburg; closing of
Brandt, Gerhard
Brandt, Karl
Braun, Wernher von
Braunschweig
Bredow
Breitscheid, Rudolf
Bremen
Breslau
brick production
Bringmann, Fritz
Brinkmann, Otto
British Legion
British POWs
Broad, Pery
Brodniewicz, Bruno
Broh, James
Broszat, Martin
brothels, camp
Brück, August
Brüggen, Johann
Brünnlitz
Buber-Neumann, Margarete
Buchenwald; Allied bombing of; Allied films of; arms production; barracks; brothel; conditions; corruption investigation; crematorium; deaths; disease; evacuation of; executions; expansion; forced labor; Goethe’s oak tree; guards; Gypsies in; human experiments; Jews; Kallweit murder and aftermath; Kapos; liberation of; “little camp”; memorial; Muselmänner mass murders; of 1944; of 1945; “November Jews”; opening of; prisoner relations; resistance; satellite camps; social outsiders in; as Soviet internment camp; T-4 selections; torture
Budapest
Budzyń
Buenos Aires
Buergenthal, Thomas
Bugdalle, Richard
Büge, Emil
Building Brigades, SS
bunker (lockup)
Bürckel, Josef
Burckhardt, Carl J.
Burger, Adolf
Burger, Wilhelm
burial alive
Busse, Ernst
Buton, Albert Abraham
cabaret
camp compound leader; 1942 restructure of
camp elder
Camp SS; anti-Semitism; Commandant Staff; Death’s Head; “decent” punishment and; denials of personal responsibility; execution policy; forced labor; foreigners in; gender relations; hierarchies; incriminating evidence destroyed; infighting; internal investigation of; looting and corruption; mass executions of invalid prisoners; military ambitions; nepotism; 1942 restructure of; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; as “political soldiers”; postwar investigations and trials; prisoner resistance to; professionals; response to escapes; routines; satellite camps; Soviet POWs killed by; test of ruthlessness; torture methods; veterans; violence; wartime; youth; see also specific camps; SS
Canada
Canada Commando
cannibalism
Cap Arcona
Caplan, Jane
carbon monoxide
caricatures
Carl Walther company
Cäsar, Joachim
castor oil, force-feeding of
castration
Catholic Church
CBS
Celle
Cheka
Chelmno
chemical industry; Auschwitz collaboration; see also IG Farben
Chemnitz, Arno
Chicago Daily Tribune
children; in Auschwitz; barracks; evacuations; experiments on; family camp; forced labor; games; German reactions to prisoners; Gypsy camp; Jews; newborns; orphans; selections; of SS; survivors; torture
Chmielewski, Karl
Choinowski, Moritz
Chopfenberg, Chana
Christmas; amnesty
cigarettes
civilian workers, encounters with prisoners
civil liberties, suspension of
Claims Conference
Clauberg, Carl
clergymen; as prisoners
clothing; Kapos; looting of prisoners; shortages of; SS; winter and; women’s; see also uniforms
cocaine experiments
coded SS transmissions
Cohen, Elie
Cohen, Leon
Colditz
Cold War; end of
colonialism; concentration camps
Columbia House
Commandant Staff; departments; of 1934–39 camps; 1942 restructure of; of 1944 camps; social life of; wartime
commemoration; memorials
commissars, Soviet
Communist Brown Book
Communists; conflicts with Social Democrats; Kapos; 1933 terror against; postwar; prisoners; underground leadership
comradeship; criminal “greens”; Jewish; prisoner; SS
concentration camp (term)
concentration camps, see KL system; specific camps
Confessing Church
Continental rubber works
corpse removal
corruption, SS; black market; investigation of; looting of prisoners’ possessions
counterfeiting commando
“counterterrorism”
courts; Allied war crime trials; execution policy and; Habitual Criminals Law; KL system and; of 1942–43; of 1950s–70s; postwar trials; racial policies
crematoria; Auschwitz-Birkenau; Dachau; evidence smuggled out of camps; German public awareness of; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; Sachsenhausen; Special Squad; T-4 program; see also specific camps
criminal police
criminals; early attacks on; German fear of; “greens”; Jews; as Kapos; 1937 raids against; “professional”; in quarry camps
Croatia
Croatian Jews
cross, prisoners marked with
Cyrankiewicz, Józef
Czech Jews
Czechoslovakia; German invasion of
Czech prisoners
Dachau; arms production; atrocity rumors; barracks; brothel; camp regulations; conditions; crematorium; deaths; escapes; evacuation; expansion; final hours of; forced labo
r; Freiland II; gas chamber; guards; Himmler and; human experiments; influence on Auschwitz; invalid prisoners; Jews; Kapos; liberation of; Loritz as commandant of; memorial; militarization of; as model camp; Muselmänner; in 1933; 1933 judicial investigation of; in 1934–39; in 1939–41; in 1944; in 1945; prisoner relations; propaganda; releases from; resistance in; Röhm purge and; satellite camps; school; social outsiders in; Soviet POW executions in; spectators at; survivors; testimonies; T-4 program; torture; trials
Daluege, Kurt
D’Angelo, Karl
Danish Red Cross
Dante, Divine Comedy
Danzig
DAW (German Equipment Works)
Day of Labor
Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism
Day of the German Police
D-day
Death Mills (film)
deaths; atrocity rumors; certificates; corpse removal; in early camps; of escaped inmates; “euthanasia” program; execution policy; forced labor; friendly fire; gender and; Holocaust; human experiments; marches of 1945; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; 1941 transition to mass extermination; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; 1945 camps and transports; reducing rates of; Röhm purge; Sachsenhausen “death squad”; of Soviet POWs; see also crematoria; executions; extermination policy; gas chambers; mass extermination; specific camps and methods; torture
Death’s Head SS; recruitment and training;
“decent” punishment
Decree Against Malicious Attacks
Deen, Helga
de Gaulle, Charles
Delaunois, Émile
Delbo, Charlotte
Delmotte, Hans
Demjanjuk, Ivan
Denmark
deportations; of 1942–43; of 1944; see also transports
“Desert” project
DESt (German Earth and Stone Works); arms production
Deubel, Heinrich
Devoto, Andrea
Dickmann, August
Dietrich, Otto
Ding, Erwin
Dirlewanger, Oskar
Dirlewanger Formation
disease; caught from inmates; human experiments with; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; see also doctors; illness; infirmaries; invalid prisoners; specific diseases
displaced persons (DP) camps
disinfections
doctors; Auschwitz; daily lives of; diseases caught from inmates; “euthanasia” program; human experiments; postwar trials of; prisoner; SS; sterilization program; T-4 program; see also infirmaries
dogs, guard
Dollfuss, Engelbert
Dönitz, Karl
Dora
Dörnhau
Dragon, Abraham
Dragon, Shlomo
Drancy
Dresden
Dressel, Fritz
Düsseldorf
Dutch Jews
DVA (German Experimental Institution for Nutrition and Provision)
Dwory
dysentery
Dziedziecka, Helena
early camps; atrocity rumors; Bavarian; Berlin; “bigwigs” in; conditions; coordination; Dachau; death in; decline of; Emsland; food; forced labor; foreign opinion on; guards; Himmler model; Jews in; large state camps; mass detention; militarization of; press on; prisoner reports about; procession of prisoners to; propaganda; protective custody; Prussian model; public awareness of; relatives’ visits to; releases from; roots of; rumors about; spectators at; staged visits to; terminology; terror of 1933; torture; turnover; see also specific camps
Eastern Front
Eastern Land
Ebensee; liberation
Ebert, Friedrich
economically pointless labor
economy; advantages of camps to local Germans; arms production; black market; DESt projects; forced labor; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; post–World War I; slave labor; SS; Weimar
education, camps as
Education Platoon
Ehrsam, Ludwig
Eichmann, Adolf; death of; Holocaust and
Eicke, Bertha
Eicke, Theodor; background of; Camp SS and; death of; as commandant of Dachau; Himmler and; as inspector of camp system; Kapo system; leadership style; legacy of; organizational restructure of camp system; Pohl and; in Poland; Röhm purge; Soviet POW executions and
Eiden, Hans
Eintrachthütte
Eisenhower, Dwight
Elgas, Karl
elite prisoners; see also Kapos
Ellrich
Elser, Georg
emigration; Jewish; postwar
Emsland; conditions; Jews in
Engel, Fritz-Karl
Epstein, Berthold
Epstein-Kozlowski, Nechamah
Erdmann, Lothar
Ereda
Erlenbusch
escapes; “Bullet” prisoners; Dachau; failure and consequences; final transports and; methods; of SS; staged
Essen
Esterwegen; SS takeover of
Estonia
ethnic Germans
Ettersberg
eugenics; “asocials” and; sterilizations
“euthanasia” program; Action 14f13; crematoria; gas chambers; of 1941–42; selections for; shift to Holocaust; T-4 program
evacuations; of Auschwitz; Baltic; death marches; of 1944; of 1945; transports
“exchange Jews”
excrement; diarrhea; “shit commando”; used as fertilizer; used in torture
executions; of Bargatzky; Camp SS killers; collective; death squad; of escaped inmates; “euthanasia” program; first official execution of camp inmate; of Heinen; human experiments; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; of Jews; mass; mass shootings; mock; Nazi policy of; neck-shooting mechanism; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; Röhm purge; of Soviet POWs; women and; see also deaths; specific methods
extermination policy; development of “Final Solution”; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; see also deaths; executions; mass extermination; specific camps and policies
eyeglasses
Fascism
family camp (Birkenau)
Farge
Faust, Director
Faust, Max
Federal Republic of Germany
Federn, Ernst
Fejer, Eva
Ferri, Luigi
Fighter Staff
films; camp; on KL atrocities; Nazi propaganda
“Final Solution”; development of; foreign opinion on; genesis of; German public awareness of; legacy of; of 1945; terminology; see also Holocaust
fingerprinting
flags
Flanders
Flensburg
flogging
Florstedt, Hermann
Flossenbürg; arms production; in 1945; prisoner relations; resistance; Soviet POWs executed in; T-4 selections
flowers
food; black market; cut rations; early camps; German crisis; hunger; Kapos; kosher; liberation and; in 1934–39 camps; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; packages; prisoner relations and; Red Cross; SS; theft; vouchers
forced labor; arms production; Auschwitz; brick production; brothels; camp growth; children; civilian workers and; early camps; eastern European camps; economically pointless; economy; foreign; General Plan East; IG Farben; illness and deaths; Jews; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; public awareness of; punishment and; quarry camps; reducing labor rates; reward system; satellite camps; shortages; slaves; Soviet POWs in; Soviet youths; SS Building Brigades; underground; women; see also slave labor; specific camps
foreign opinion; Allies and the camps; compassion fatigue; on early camps; on Holocaust; on KL system; resistance
foreign prisoners; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; NN; see also specific nationalities
Forster, Peter
fountain pens
Fraenkel, Ernst
Fraenkel, Siegbert
&n
bsp; France; Allied landings in; declares war on Germany; Nazi occupation of; resistance
Franco, Francisco
Frank, Anne
Frank, Hans
Frank, Margot
Frankfurt
Franz, Wilhelm
Freemasons
freezing water experiments
Freikorps
French Jews
French prisoners
Frick, Wilhelm
Friedlander, Henry
Friedländer, Saul
Friemel, Rudolf
friendly fire
Frister, Roman
Fritzsch, Karl
Frohnecke, Bruno
Frommhold, Ernst
frostbite
fuel supply
Führer Cities
Fürstenberg
Fürstengrube
Galiński, Edek
Gandersheim
Gardelegen massacre
“Gas Chamber” (song)
gas chambers; Auschwitz; Dachau; defiance at; evidence destroyed; first used in Auschwitz; foreign opinion on; German public opinion on; Majdanek; Mauthausen; mobile; of 1945; Natzweiler; Neuengamme; passive victim myth; T-4 program; Ravensbrück; Sachsenhausen; Stutthof; Treblinka; Zyklon B
Gaschler, Josef
gas gangrene
Gebhardt, Karl
Geilenberg, Edmund
General Government; Action “Harvest Festival”; camps; evacuation; Operation Reinhard; see also Poland; Holocaust
General Plan East
Genzken, Karl
German army; deserters; impending defeat; invasion of Poland; Operation Barbarossa; soldiers as camp guards
German Army High Command
German Democratic Republic
German Jews
German language
German National Bank
German POWs
German prisoners; Kapos; of 1942–43; racism of
German public; awareness of KL system; civilian worker encounters with prisoners; early camps and; end of war; fatalism; fear of freed prisoners; fear of Left and criminals; fear of Red Army; final death transports and; gas chambers and; human experiments and; indifference and sense of victimhood of; memory of; myth of ignorance; 1934–39 camps and; 1939–41 camps and; 1942–43 camps and; 1944 camps and; postwar responses to KL crimes; propaganda; satellite camps and; SS wives’ knowledge of “Final Solution”; treatment of Soviet POWs and
Germany; Allied bombing raids on; annexation of Austria and Sudetenland; anti-Semitism; conscript army; decline of Weimar Republic; division of; early camps; end of World War II; “ethnic Germans”; food crisis; Hitler’s rise to power; Hitler-Stalin pact; Holocaust; impending defeat of Third Reich; interwar period; invasion of Soviet Union; modern; myth of ignorance; 1918 revolution; 1923 putsch; of 1933; 1933 elections; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; of 1950s–70s; of 1980s; postwar justice; postwar period; public awareness of KL system; unification (1990); World War I defeat and aftermath