KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
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Gestapa
Gestapo; Himmler and; Kristallnacht
ghettos; Baltic; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; see also specific ghettos
Gideon, Wilhelm
Giering, Otto
Gładysz, Antoni
Gleiwitz
Globocnik, Odilo
Globocnik death camps; see also Belzec; Sobibor; Treblinka
Glogowski, Gertrud
Glück, Josef
Glücks, Richard; demise of; Holocaust and; as inspector of camps; leadership style; suicide of
Goebbels, Joseph; Kristallnacht
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
gold; dental; watches and pens
Goldmann, Ernst
Gorgass, Bodo
Göring, Hermann; early camps and; Prussian camp model; trial of
Göth, Amon
Göttingen
Gottschalk, Rudolf
Grabner, Maximilian
Gradowski, Salmen
granite
Grawitz, Ernst
Great Britain; BBC; bombing raids on Germany; declaration of war on Germany; German bombing of; intelligence; liberation of camps; press; relief effort after liberation of camps; South African War concentration camps; views on KL system
Great German Art Exhibition (1941)
Greek Jews
“green” Kapos
“greens,” criminal; see also criminals
green triangles, see “greens”
Grodno
Groeneveld, Alfred
Gross, Karl Adolf
Gross-Rosen; evacuation of; satellite camps of; Soviet POWs executed in; T-4 selections
Grotewohl, Prime Minister
Grünewald, Adam
Grünwiedl, Martin
Grynszpan, Herschel
guards; Auschwitz; Buchenwald; Camp SS; Dachau; Death’s Head SS; “decent” punishment and; discipline of; early camps; Emsland; execution policy; gender relations; hierarchies; Kapo system; looting and corruption; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; as “political soldiers”; prisoner resistance to; recruitment and training; response to escapes; Sachsenhausen; satellite camps; sex with prisoners; soldiers as; SS routines; violence; women; see also Camp SS; specific camps and guards; SS
Guard Troops, SS; foreigners in; recruitment and training
Gulag
Güntsche, Fritz
Gürtner, Franz
Gusen
Gussak, Adolf
Guttenberger, Elisabeth
Gypsies; in Auschwitz
Haas, Adolf
Habsburg Empire
Hackmann, Hermann
Hague, The
hair; industrial use of; shaved
Halle
Hamburg
Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel
Hammelburg
Hammerstein
hanging; of Bargatzky
hanging, from post
Hanover-Misburg
Hanover-Stöcken
Hart, Kitty
Hartheim
Hartinger, Josef
Hassebroek, Johannes
Haubner, Hermann
Haulot, Arthur
Hayes, Peter
Hebertshausen
Hebold, Otto
Heilbut, Fanny
Heilmann, Ernst
Hein, Wincenty
Heinen, Johann
Heinkel
Heinrich, Ilse
Heissmeyer, Kurt
Hejblum, Erko
Hereditary Health Courts
Herero
Herman, Chaim
Herrmann, Simon Heinrich
Herskovits, Eva
Herzberg, Abel
Herzogenbusch; evacuation of
Hesse
Hessel, Stéphane
Heuberg
Heyde, Werner
Heydrich, Reinhard; assassination of
Himmler, Heinrich; anti-Jewish policy; apocalyptic worldview of; arms production and; Auschwitz and; background of; building plans; Camp SS and; as commander of reserve army; corruption and; courts and; criminal police and; Dachau and; “decent” punishment and; dominance over Prussian police; Eicke and; end of war; escapes and; “euthanasia” program and; execution policy; fastidiousness of; on female prisoners; on food; forced labor and; General Plan East; and Gestapo; Hitler and; homophobia of; human experiments and; impending defeat and; inspections of camps; Kallweit murder and; Kapo system; last meeting with Camp SS leaders; military ambitions; model camp created by; mysticism of; Niederhagen folly of; organizational restructure of camp system; party career of; “path to freedom” slogan; pogrom and; Pohl and; on public awareness of KL system; prisoner relations and; pursuit of deal with western Allies; as Reich minister of the interior; rise to power; Röhm purge and; sexual repression of; slave labor and; social outsiders pursued by; Soviet POW executions; SS taken over by; suicide of; underground camps and; vision for KL system; visits to Auschwitz
Hindenburg, Paul von
Hinzert
Hirsch, Fredy
Hirt, August
Hitler, Adolf; anti-Semitism of; appointment as chancellor; arms production and; assassination attempts against; in Berlin bunker; Berlin Olympics and; building plans; development of “Final Solution” and; early camps and; elation over early war victories; end of war; “euthanasia” program; execution policy; foreign opinion on; as Führer and Reich chancellor; General Plan East; Himmler and; human experiments and; hysterical rages of; impending defeat; invasion of Poland; KL system and; Kristallnacht; Mein Kampf; moustache; myth; 1923 putsch; 1934–39 camps and; 1944 failed bomb plot on; Operation Barbarossa; in Paris; rise to power; Röhm purge; SA “plot” against; scorched earth order; self-image of; Speer and; suicide of; terror of 1933; underground headquarters of; utopianism of; wartime racial policy; worldview of; World War I defeat and aftermath
Hitler Youth
Hochlinden
Hoechst
Hofbauer, Franz
Hohmann, Max
Hohnstein
holidays; SS
Holleischen
Hollerith technology
Holocaust; Auschwitz and development of “Final Solution”; foreign opinion on; genesis of; German public awareness of; legacy of; literature of; memory; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; survivors; terminology; T-4 program shift to; see also crematoria; “Final Solution”; gas chambers; Jews; specific camps
Holocaust (miniseries)
Holzlöhner, Ernst
homosexuals; Kapos; prisoners; Röhm
Hoppe, Paul Werner
Horvath, Hermine
Höss, Hedwig
Höss, Rudolf; as Auschwitz commandant; death of; family life in Auschwitz; as head of department D I; rise to power; trial of
Hössler, Franz
Hoven, Waldemar
Hradil, Adam
Hübner, Gertrud
Hübsch, Alfred
human experiments; air pressure; cocaine; Kapos and; malaria; Mengele and; phosgene; Polygal; public awareness of; sexual; sulfonamide drugs; on twins; typhus; victim swaps; water
humor; about camps; gallows; prisoner; SS
Hungarian Jews
Hungary
hunger; see also food
Hussarek, Paul
Hussels, Jupp
Hüttig, Hans
IG Farben; forced labor; Monowitz; postwar trial
Ihr, Jakob
IKL (Inspectorate of Concentration Camps)
illness; in Auschwitz; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; see also disease; doctors; infirmaries; invalid prisoners
indifference, German
industry; aircraft; arms production; chemical; civilian worker encounters with prisoners; forced labor for IG Farben; of 1944; pharmaceutical; postwar; SS and; underground relocation; see also specific industries
infirmaries; Auschwitz; “euthanasia” program; human experiments; Kapos in; of 1945; p
rison relations; see also disease; doctors; illness; invalid prisoners; specific camps
Inquisition
insignia; black triangle; colored triangle system; green triangle; Kapos; prisoners; SS; red triangle, see political prisoners; swastika; yellow star of David
inspiration, for Nazi camps
“The International”
International Committee of the Red Cross
interwar period; 1933 camps; 1934–39 camps
invalid prisoners; Auschwitz; Dachau; “euthanasia” program; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945
Israel
Italian Jews
Italy; Fascism
Itzkewitsch, Ferdinand
Iwes, Hendrikus
Jahn, Rudi
Jakobovics, Jenö
Jakubovics, Vilmos
Jankowski, Stanisław
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Jesenská, Milena
Jew Companies
Jews; Action “Harvest Festival”; arrival in Auschwitz; “asocial”; in Auschwitz-Birkenau; in Bergen-Belsen; blackmail of; in Buchenwald; children; circumcision; comradeship; “criminal”; in Dachau; in early camps; emigration; in Emsland; “exchange”; forced labor; holidays; as “hostages”; human experiments; intelligentsia; invalid prisoners; Kapos; Kristallnacht; latrine squads; looted possessions of; in Majdanek; memorials and; in 1934–39 camps; 1938 mass arrests; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; 1945 evacuations of; “November”; Operation Reinhard; orthodox; passive victim myth; pogrom of 1938; postwar; prisoner newspaper; prisoner relations; “race defilers”; release of; in Sachsenhausen; in satellite camps; seclusion of; selections; Special Squad; suicides; survivors; T-4 selections; torture of; transports; women; yellow star of David; see also specific nationalities
“Jew Song”
Jochheim-Armin, Karl
Johst, Hanns
K., Wilhelm
Kahn, Arthur
Kahn, Erwin
Kaindl, Anton
Kaiserwald
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Berlin
Kajzer, Avram
Kaldore, George
Kalk
Kallweit, Albert
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst
Kalvo, Haim
Kalvo, Juda
Kammler, Hans; underground camps and
Kapacki, Franc
Kapos; Auschwitz; block elders; brothels and; Buchenwald; camp elders; clothing; Communist; corruption; criminals as; Dachau; development of system; doctors; functional groups of; German; “green”; hierarchies; insignia; Jewish; last death transports; medical; morality of; political prisoners as; postwar justice and; power and privilege; prisoner relations; “red”; satellite camps; selections by; as “self-administration”; sex; terminology; as torturers and murderers; women; work supervisors
Kapp, Karl
Karaganda
Karołewska, Władislawa
Kašák, Karel
Kasaniczky, Johann
Kassebaum, Magdalene
Kassel
Katz, Delvin
Kaufering
Kaufmann, Karl
Kautsky, Benedikt
Kemna
Kendall, Kopel
Kershaw, Ian
Kersten, Felix
Kielar, Wiesław
Kislau
Klee, Ernst
Klein, Fritz
Klemperer, Victor
Kłodziński, Stanisław
Klooga; massacre
KL, as acronym
KL system; Allied bombing of; as Allied internment camps; Allies and; anti-Semitic policy; arms production; atrocity rumors; brothels; Camp SS; classification scheme; Commandant Staff; “copied” from British camps; courts and; Death’s Head SS; “decent” punishment; denials of personal responsibility; early camps; Eicke as inspector of; Eicke’s organizational restructure of; emerging personnel policy; end of war; escape; “euthanasia” program; evacuations; execution policy; expansion of; final collapse of; forced labor; foreign opinion on; foreign prisoners in; formation of; functional design; funding of; in General Government; genocide and; German public awareness of; Glücks as inspector of; Guard Troops; hierarchies; Himmler model; Holocaust; human experiments; incriminating evidence destroyed; industry and; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; Kapos; legacy of; looting and corruption; memorials; memory and; mid-1930s official image; military ambitions and; multifaceted nature of; myth of ignorance; new model camps; 1933 camps; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1942–43 camps; 1944 camps; 1945 camps; 1950s–80s public views on; “November Jews” and; Operation Reinhard; overcrowding; pogrom and; Pohl as head of; in Poland; postwar justice for war crimes; precedents; prewar racial policy; prisoner resistance to; reducing death rates; reward system; Röhm purge; roots of; satellite camps; secrecy; of September 1939; slave labor; social outsiders in; Soviet POWs; SS routines; state threat to; of summer 1935; of summer 1944; terminology; underground; uprisings; wartime racial policy; women’s camps; WVHA absorption of; see also barracks; Camp SS; compounds; conditions; deaths; guards; prisoners; satellite camps; specific camps, groups, and organizations; torture
Knittler, Martin
Knödler, Magdalena
Knoll, Christof
Knöller, Helmut
Koch, Ilse
Koch, Karl Otto; corruption case against; death of; execution policy; extravagance of; leadership style of
Koch, Robert
Koegel, Max
Kogon, Eugen
Kohn, Armand
Kohn, Georges
Kohnstein
Koker, David
Kolacek, Josef
Kola-Fu
Kolbe, Maksymilian
Kolberg (film)
Konzentrationslager, see KL system
Köpenick
Koretz, Arieh
Korewina, Helena
Kovno
Kozlowieki, Adam
Kozlowski, Ella
KPD (Communist Party of Germany)
Krakow
Krakow University
Kramer, Josef
Krebsbach, Eduard
Kremer, Johann Paul
Kreuzberg
Kristallnacht
Kristan, Bernhard
Kruk, Hershl
Krupp
KTI (Criminal Technical Institute)
Kulikow, Anatolij
Künstler, Karl
Kupfer, Edgar
Küsel, Otto
Kutno
labor, see economically pointless labor; forced labor; slave labor
labor action leaders
Ladik, Grigorij
Lagedi
Lammers, Hans Heinrich
Landsberg
Langbein, Hermann
Langefeld, Johanna
Langer, Lawrence
Langfus, Lejb
Langhoff, Wolfgang
languages, prisoner
Laqueur, Renata
Lasker-Allais, Renate
latrines; cleaning; disease and; suicides; underground
Latvia
Lauenberg
Laurahütte
Lauwe, Marijo Chombart de
League of Nations
Lebedev, Benjamin
Lechenich, Jonny
Left; conflicts within; German fear of; 1933 terror against; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1944 camps; of 1945; pamphlets about early camps; see also Communists; political prisoners
legal system, see courts
Lehmann, Arthur
Lehmann, Gertrude
Lehmann, Günther
Lehrburger, Karl
Leibstandarte
Leipzig-Schönefeld
Lenard, Dionys
Lengyel, Olga
lethal injections
letters, prisoner; blackmail; censored; mail embargo; secret
Levi, Primo; If This Is a Man
Levy, Ludwig
Lévy-Hass, Hanna
Lewental, Salmen
liberatio
n; of Auschwitz; early days of; media coverage; memory and; relief effort; see also specific camps
libraries, camp
lice
Lichtenberg, Bernhard
Lichtenburg; organizational restructure of; women in
Liebehenschel, Arthur; as commandant of Auschwitz; death of; demise of; trial of
Lieberose
Lingens-Reiner, Ella
Linz
Lippert, Michael
literature, Holocaust
Lithuania
Litten, Hans; death of
Litten, Irmgard
living space, Nazi concept of
Lodz
Lolling, Enno
London
London Times
Loritz, Hans; as commandant of Dachau
Loslau
Lower Silesia
Lübeck
Lublin
Lucas, Franz
Luckau
Ludolph, Erna
Ludwigshafen
Lukawski, Victor
Lüneburg
Lütjenburg
MacDonald, Ramsay
machine guns
Machnew, Aleksander
Magdeburg
Magnussen, Karin
Mahl, Emil
Majdanek; Action “Harvest Festival”; barracks; conditions; corruption; escapes; evacuation of; forced labor; foreign opinion on; gas chambers; Jews in; prisoner relations; trial
Majewicz, Stanisław
malaria; experiments
Malsen-Ponickau, Baron von
Manchester Guardian
Marczyński, Józef
marriages, prisoner
Marseilles
Marxism
mass extermination; Camp SS killers; “euthanasia” program; foreign opinion on; German public awareness of; Holocaust; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; mass shootings; neck-shooting mechanism; 1941 transition to; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; Operation Reinhard; of Soviet POWs; see also “Final Solution”; Holocaust
mass graves
mass shootings; of 1945
masturbation
Masur, Norbert
Matthäus, Jürgen
Maurer, Gerhard
Mauriac, François
Mauthausen; brothel; “Bullet” prisoners; gas chamber; Jews; memorial; prisoner relations; resistance; satellite camps; Soviet POWs executed in; T-4 selections; see also Gusen
Max Planck Society
Mazower, Mark
Medryk, Danuta
Meier, Gretel
Melk
Melmer, Bruno
memorials; Auschwitz; Buchenwald; Dachau; Mauthausen
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Berlin)