KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps
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memory; of German public; history and; memorials; of 1950s–70s; of 1980s; survivors and; testimonies; unification and
men; in Auschwitz; brothels and; in Camp SS, safe from front line; daily lives of; desexualization of; hair; homosexuals; masculinity undermined in camps; prisoner relations; prisoner worlds; “race defilers”; rape of; SS masculine identity; sterilization of; survival rates; torture methods used on; “work-shy”
Mengele, Josef; escape of
Mennecke, Friedrich
mental asylums;
mentally ill prisoners; “euthanasia” program; sterilization of
Messerschmitt
Mettbach, Anna
“Mexico”
Meyer, Konrad
Michael, Gotthold
Michalowski, Leo
Michelet, Edmond
military routines; in early camps
Minderlein, Karl
Ministry of Propaganda
Minsk
Minz, Erich
Minzberg, Shmuel
Missler
Mitron, Henrika
Mittelbach, Dr.
Mittelbau
Mława
Möckel, Karl Ernst
mock executions
Moll, Otto
Mommsen, Hans
Monowitz; forced labor; IG Farben; 1944 complex
moor cultivation
Moravia
Morgen, Konrad
Moringen; women in
Moscow
Mühldorf
Mühlgraben
Mühsam, Erich
Mühsam, Kreszentia
Muhsfeldt, Erich
Mulin, Josef Henri
Müller, Filip
Müller, Heinrich
Müller, Wilhelm
Mülsen St. Michelin
Munich; Bürgerbräukeller bombing; 1919 uprising
Munich conference (1938)
Munich Soviet
Murr, Wilhelm
Murrow, Edward R.
Muselmänner
music; camp orchestras; prisoner; SS
Muslims
Mussolini, Benito
mustard gas
myth of ignorance
Nama
Namibia
Nansen, Odd
Narva
Nathorff, Erich
Natzweiler; evacuation of; human experiments in
Naujoks, Harry
Nazi Party (NSDAP); establishment of
Nazism; anti-Semitic policy; atrocity rumors; Berlin Olympics; “blood and soil” doctrine; blurring between state and party; building plans; “counterterrorism”; development of “Final Solution”; early camps; end of war; “euthanasia” program; execution policy; fading confidence in victory; foreign opinion on; formation of camp system; Hitler myth and; Hitler’s rise to power; Holocaust; human experiments; ideology; Janus face of punishment; Kristallnacht; leaders’ elation over early war victories; legacy of; looting and corruption; masculine identity; 1923 putsch; popular appeal of; postwar justice for war crimes; prewar racial policy; racial science; rituals and symbols; Röhm purge; roots of camps; terror of 1933; wartime racial policy; see also leaders, divisions, and ideologies
Nebe, Arthur
neck-shooting mechanism
Neff, Walter
neo-Nazis
Netherlands
Neu-Dachs
Neuengamme; arms production; liberation; prisoner relations; satellite camps
Neufeld, Michael J.
Neuhammer
Neuhoff, Chaim
Neumann, Heinz
Neusustrum
newsreels
New York Times, The
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations)
Niederhagen
Niemöller, Martin
“Night of the Long Knives”
nighttime raids
Nitsche, Hermann
NKVD
NN prisoners
Nohra
Noma
Nordhausen
Normandy
North Africa
Norway
Norwegian prisoners
notes and diaries, secret
“November Jews”
Nuremberg; castle
Nuremberg Laws
Nuremberg Rally
Nuremberg Trials; Doctors’
Nyiszli, Miklós
Oberlindhart
Ohm Krüger (film)
Olympics, Berlin
open-air cremation
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Bernhard
Operation Reinhard; anatomy of
Operation Thunderstorm
Oranienburg; brick works; closing of; Nazi propaganda on; SS takeover of
orchestras, camp; see also music
ordinary Germans, see German public
Orth, Karin
Osnabrück
Ossietzky, Carl von; death of
Osthofen
OT (Organization Todt)
Ovici, Elisabeth
Ovrashko, Sergey
Oyrzyńska, Maria
Pagel, Fritz
Palestine
Palitzsch, Gerhard
Palmnicken
Pannicke, Kurt
Papenburg
Pappenheim, Ludwig
Paris
Paserman, Oskar
passive victim myth
“path to freedom” slogan
Pauler, Stefan
Pauly, Max
Pawiak
Peenemünde
penal block; see also penal company
penal company
People’s Storm
Petz, Heinrich
Peulevé, Henri
pharmaceutical industry
phosgene experiments
photographs of prisoners; of KL atrocities; smuggled out of camps; staged
Pilecki, Witold
Pingel, Falk
pink triangle, see homosexuals
Piorkowski, Alex
Pipel
Pister, Hermann
Plaszow; evacuation
Plauen
Pogonowski, Janusz
pogrom (1938)
Pohl, Eleonore (née von Brüning)
Pohl, Gerhard
Pohl, Oswald; arms production and; building projects; commandants of; corruption and extravagance; death of; Eicke and; as head of KL system; Himmler and; leadership style; reducing death rates; rise to power; SS corruption and; SS economy and; WVHA and
poison gas, see carbon monoxide; gas chambers; Zyklon B
Poland; Bromberg murders; ghettos; KL system in; Nazi occupation of; Operation Reinhard; war crimes trials
police; attacks on social outsiders; criminal; Himmler’s dominance over Prussian police; Kristallnacht; terror of 1933; wartime; see also Gestapo; SS
Polish Home Army
Polish Jews; arrival in Auschwitz; of 1942–43
Polish prisoners; attacks on; intelligentsia; as Kapos; last days of KL system; mass executions of; in 1942–43 camps; relations; resistance; women
Polish Red Cross
Political offices, inside KL
political prisoners; “bigwigs”; Dirlewanger Formation; in early camps; as Kapos; 1934 releases; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; prison relations; procession to camps; Röhm purge; underground; see also Communists; Left; resistance; individual countries
political soldiers; of 1934–39 camps; SA prototype; SS ideal of
Poller, Walter
Polygal experiments
Pomerania
porcelain
Porta Westfalica
Posen
possessions of prisoners; dental gold; looting of
postwar period; early days of; emigration; justice; legacy of KL system and; media coverage; memory and; of 1950s–70s; relief effort; reparation payments; repatriation of survivors; testimonies; trials
Prague
pregnancy
press; American; atrocity rumor
s and; British; Communist; on early camps; exile; on female perpetrators; foreign views on camps; Jewish; on liberation; Nazi; postwar; Soviet
Prettin
preventive police custody; see also “asocials”; “criminals”;
prisoners; anti-Semitism of; arms production; Auschwitz-Birkenau; awareness of mass extermination; blackmail of; black market; brothels; Buchenwald; children; civilian workers and; clergymen; Communist; communities; comradeship; corpse removal; Dachau; daily lives of; defiance; as doctors; early camps; elite; end of war; escapes; evacuations; evidence smuggled out by; exchange; experiments on; final moments of captivity; flogging; forced labor; foreign; friction between; future discussed by; “greens”; “groupness”; groups and hierarchies; Gypsy camp; hair; homosexuals; insignia; insubordination; invalid; Jehovah’s Witnesses; Jewish; Kapos; languages; letters; liberation of; life after liberation; looted possessions of; Majdanek; marriages; morality; Muselmänner; mutual support among; national groups; 1934 releases; 1934–35 daily inmate numbers; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; NN; numbers; passive victim myth; pregnancies; protective custody; reducing death rates; relations; relatives of; releases; religious believers; reports about early camps; rescues; resistance; reward system; Röhm purge; roll call; sabotage; Sachsenhausen; satellite camps; second-time-rounders; secret notes and diaries; selections; sex; slaps; slave labor; social outsiders; solidarity and friction; Soviet POWs; Special Squad; stages system; sterilization; suicide; surrogate families; training; triangle colors; underground; uniforms; uprisings; veteran; victim swaps; women; “work-shy”; see also conditions, prisoner; specific camps, prisoners, and nationalities
prisons, state, see state prisons
“professional” criminals; see also “greens, criminal”
progressive stages system
propaganda; atrocity rumors; Berlin Olympics; early camps; films; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1942–43 camps; 1944 camps; 1945 camps; public opinion; on social outsiders; staged visits to camps
prostitutes; brothels
protective custody; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; Prussian model of; releases of 1934; social outsiders in; terminology; women in
Protectorate, of Bohemia and Moravia
Protestant Church
Prussia; criminal police; early camps; emerging state camp system; Emsland camps; Himmler’s dominance over political police; as model for early camps; 1934–39 camps in; organizational restructure of camp system; social outsiders in; terror of 1933; see also specific camps
Prussian Mint
public opinion, see foreign opinion; German public; memory; rumors
pubs; SA
quarantine compounds
quarry camps
“race defilement”
racial policy; attacks on social outsiders; development of “Final Solution”; Holocaust; human experiments; hygiene and purity; of 1934–39; of 1939–41; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; pogrom and; prewar anti-Jewish; in satellite camps; sterilization program; wartime
racial science; human experiments
Radinger, Eduard
radio; Allied; BBC; coded transmissions; German; hidden; postwar; Soviet
Radom
railway building brigades
Rakers, Bernhard
Raoul-Duval, Guy
rape; Red Army and; early camps
Rascher, Sigmund
Rathenow
Rauter, Hanns Albin
Ravensbrück; arms production; human experiments; memorial; men in; in 1945; prisoner relations; resistance; satellite camps; tailors’ workshops; T-4 selections; women in
Red Army; advance of; German fear of; German troop desertions to; rape and; see also Soviet POWs; commissars, Soviet
Red Cross
“Red Guards”
“red” Kapos
Redl-Zipf
red triangle, see political prisoners
reeducation
Reichel, Peter
Reich Ministry of Justice
Reichstag; fire of 1933
relatives of prisoners; detention of; mail embargo; packages from; relations among; T-4 program; visits to camps
releases; amnesty of 1939; Christmas amnesty of 1933; Dirlewanger Formation and; early camps; end of war; of Jews; of 1934; of 1937; of 1944; of “November Jews”; postwar timing of
relief effort, postwar
religious prisoners
Renouard, Jean-Pierre
report leader
resistance; Allied spies; escapes; of 1944; of 1945; occupied Europe; Polish; prisoner; secret messages; SS; underground; uprisings
Revolution of 1918, impact on Nazism
reward system, in camps
Riese
Riga
RKPA (Reich Criminal Police Office)
Rödl, Arthur
Röhm, Ernst; homosexuality of; murder of
roll call
Rolnikaite, Mascha
Roma, see Gypsies
Romania
Rome
room elder
Rose, Gerhard
Rosenberg, Eliasz
Rosenberg, Nicholas
Rosenthal, Rolf
Rosenwasser, Irena
Rost, Nico
Rotschild, Inge
Rousset, David
Rózsa, Ágnes
RSHA (Reich Security Main Office)
rumors; atrocity; of early camps; of “euthanasia” program; of mass extermination in Auschwitz; of 1934–39
Russian prisoners; see Soviet prisoners
SA; brownshirts; demise of; early camps; homes; Murder Storm; 1934–39 camps; political soldier prototype; pubs; Röhm purge; terror of 1933
Saarland
Sachsenburg; SS takeover
Sachsenhausen; barracks; brick works; brothel; conditions; counterfeiting commando; crematorium; deaths; “death squad”; “euthanasia” program; executions; expansion; forced labor; human experiments; infirmary; Jews; Kapos; May 1942 massacre; memorial; neck-shooting mechanism; of 1942–43; of 1945; opening of; Poles in; prisoner relations; prototype; resistance; satellite camps; social outsiders in; Soviet POW executions in; torture
“Sachsenhausen Song”
Saint-Clair, Simone
St. Lambrecht
Salzgitter-Watenstedt
Sandbostel
satellite camps; Allied bombing of; arms production; Buchenwald; eastern European camps; encounters with civilian workers; evacuation of; gender in; Jews in; Kapos; liberation of; in 1944; of 1945; postwar obscurity of; production and construction; public opinion and; racial hierarchies; SS Building Brigades; staff; underground; see also specific camps
Sauckel, Fritz
Sauerbruch, Professor
Saxony
scabies
Schäfer, Werner
Schelvis, Jules
Schilling, Claus
Schillinger, Josef
Schindler, Oskar
Schitli, Wilhelm
Schlaf, Gustav
Schlier
Schlinger, Lajos
Schloss, Louis
Schmalzl, Centa
Schmelt, Albrecht
Schmelt camps
Schmid, Dr.
Schneider, Paul
scholarship; on KL system
Schott, Bully
Schubert, Wilhelm
Schumann, Horst
Schur, Grigori
Schwarz, Wilhelm
Schwarzhuber, Johann
Schwerin
SD
second-time-rounders
secrecy; importance of, in KL system; T-4 program
Seger, Elisabeth
Seger, Gerhart
Segev, Tom
selections; Auschwitz-Birkenau; children; “euthanasia” program; by Kapos; of 1945; restrictions on; sexual abuse during
sex: brothels; Camp SS guards; homosexuals; human experiments; Kapos; prisoner; prisoner-guard; “race defilers”; rape; for survival; torture
ships, German
shooting ranges
shrunken heads
Siemens & Halske
Siemens-Schuckert works
Silesian Jews
Simoni, Walter
Sinti, see Gypsies
Sippenhaft
sirens
skeleton collections
skull-and-bones badge
slaps
slave labor; in brothels; camp growth and; civilian workers and; foreign; hunt for; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; public awareness of; reducing death rates; satellite camps; terminology; underground; see also forced labor
sleeping quarters, see barracks
slogans, SS; “path to freedom”; “To Each His Own”; “Work Makes Free”
Slovakia
Slovakian Jews
Sobibor; conditions
soccer
social outsiders; early attacks on; extralegal detention of; Jews; 1937–38 raids against; propaganda on; in quarry camps and brick works; survivors; see also “asocials”; criminals; Gypsies; homosexuals; “professional” criminals
Sofsky, Wolfgang
Soldmann, Fritz
Solmitz, Fritz
Sommer, Martin
“Song of the Moorland Soldiers”
Sonnenburg; closure of
Sonnenstein
Sorge, Gustav
Soski
South African War; concentration camps
Soviet Jews
Soviet POWs; Action “Bullet”; in Auschwitz; in Dachau; as forced labor; mass death of in KL; mass extermination of; in Sachsenhausen; survivors; transports; see also commissars, Soviet
Soviet prisoners; see also commissars, Soviet; Soviet POWs; Ukrainian prisoners
Soviet Union; advance of Red Army; disinterest in “Final Solution”; General Plan East; German invasion of; Gulag; Hitler-Stalin pact; liberation of camps; postwar; press
Soviet youths, as forced labor
Soyfer, Jura
Spain; camp system; Civil War; “Red Spaniards”
Spandau
SPD (German Social Democratic Party); conflicts with Communists
Special Inspectorates, SS
Special Squad; uprising
Speer, Albert; as armaments minister; building plans; Hitler and; rise; trial of
spies, Allied
“sport”
SS; anti-Semitic policy; apocalyptic worldview; arms production; Auschwitz; black market; Buchenwald; Building Brigades; building plans; Camp SS; Commandant Staff; comradeship; Dachau; Death’s Head; “decent” punishment and; denials of personal responsibility; discipline of; diseases caught from prisoners; early camps; economy; end of war; entertainment; escapes at end of war; ethnic Germans in; “euthanasia” program; execution policy; family life in Auschwitz; forced labor; foreigners in; formation of camp system; gender relations; General Plan East; growing status of; Guard Troops; hierarchies; Himmler’s takeover of; Holocaust; homophobia; housing; human experiments; incriminating evidence destroyed; industry and; infighting; insignia; internal investigation of; invention of Auschwitz gas chamber; looting and corruption; loyalty to Himmler; masculine identity of; military ambitions; nepotism; of 1933; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1941 transition to mass extermination; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; “November Jews” and; prewar racial policy; pogrom and; postwar justice for war crimes; prisoner resistance to; professionals; recruitment and training; response to prisoner escapes; Röhm purge; routines; satellite camps; secrecy; slave labor; slogans; social life of; social outsiders pursued by; Soviet POW executions; Special Squad prisoners and; state threat to camp system; suicides; terror of 1933; underground operations; uniforms; utopianism; wartime racial policy; wives and children; WVHA absorption of concentration camps; see also Camp SS; Commandant Staff; Death’s Head SS; Guard Troops; KL system; specific members, groups, offices, camps, and staff; WVHA