Boulware, Lemuel R., 240, 242
Bourke-White, Margaret, 119, 149–54, 170, 170, 197, 213–14, 216–18, 377n
Braddock, Pennsylvania, 97, 110
branding, 50, 290–93
Brave New World (Huxley), 147
Bridgeport, Connecticut, 240
Brockport, New York, 240
Bron, Saul, 221
Brontë, Charlotte, 31, 42
Brooklyn Navy Yard, 228
Brown, Moses, 45
Brownson, Orestes, 72–73
Buffalo, New York, 85, 116, 133
Buick, 137, 144
Bukharin, Nikolai, 183, 215, 220, 371n
Burlington Free Press (newspaper), 61
Burnham, James, 226, 380n
Burtynsky, Edward, 273, 288, 312
Cadillac, 290
Calder, John K., 188, 196
calico industry, 5, 11, 51–52, 60, 345n
California, 232–33, 235, 237, 368n
Calvert Investments, 322
Cambodia, 274, 281
Cambria Iron and Steel Works, 91, 91, 93, 314
Camden, New Jersey, 166, 236
Cameron, Ardis, 76
Canada, 76, 363n
Capital (Marx), 19, 33–34, 94
capitalism
as atavistic slogan, 227
convergence theory and, 227, 316
early British textile mills and criticism of, 33–35
emergence of industrial capitalism, 33–35
factories as essential to development of, 319
implantation of by outside merchant capital, 56
iron and steel industry “super-capitalism,” 103–5
socialism vs., 172–73, 175–76, 224–25, 278
carding, 6–7, 18, 24, 45, 341n
Carding, Drawing, and Roving (illustration), 24
Carlyle, Thomas, 31
Carnegie, Andrew, 93–94, 100–101, 105, 111–12
Carrefour, 293
Carriage, Wagon, and Automobile Workers’ Union, 129
Castro, Fidel, 256
Cayenne, French Guiana, 46
Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 147
Cement (Gladkov), 217, 373n
cement industry, 138, 217, 249
Cendrars, Blaise, 87
Centennial Exhibition (1876), 80–82, 81, 84, 88, 107, 350n
“Centennial Inauguration March” (Wagner), 80
Central Labor Institute, 177, 371n
Chadwick, Edwin, 333n
Chagall, Marc, 86
Chamberlin, William Henry, 215
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., 290
Chaplin, Charlie, xii, 159–61, 209, 214
Charles River, 48–49
Chartists and Chartism, 38, 41, 88
Chase, Stuart, 215
Chelmsford, Massachusetts, 54
Chelyabinsk, Soviet Union, 196, 201, 203, 212, 221, 224, 374n, 379n
Chengdu, China, 272, 302, 304, 306
Chevalier, Michael, 43–44
Chevrolet, 144, 165, 237, 290, 314
Chiang Kai-shek, 283
Chicago, Illinois, 106, 128, 167, 228–29
post-WWII strikes, 238
world’s fairs, 85, 145, 158
WWI-era labor movement, 114–17
Chicago Century of Progress Exposition (1933–34), 145, 158
Chicago Federation of Labor, 114
Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts, 55, 62, 72
child labor, 19, 42, 348n
early British textile mills, 3, 21–25
efforts to regulate, 30–33, 41, 68
New England textile mills, 45–46, 59–60, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 347n, 349n
outsourcing, 294
China Labour Bulletin, 306
Chinese industry. See also names of specific locations
architecture and design, 310–11
changes leading to giantism, 274
company housing and villages, 278, 285–87, 300, 304–5
compensation and wages, 271, 286, 301
Cultural Revolution, 279–80, 391n
dagongmei or dagongzai, 286
debate over economic policies and industrial practices, 278–80, 391n
decline of giant factories, 317
decollectivization of agriculture, 284
discipline, 285, 301–3
excitement of, 301
export-oriented manufacturing, 281–86, 288, 392n
Five-Year Plans, 275, 277
foreign investment and manufacturing, 282–83
gender and rural/urban imbalances, 308, 397n
government support for giantism, 298–99
Great Leap Forward, 275–79
hukou system of residency permits, 284–85
interns, 308–9
involvement of Soviet Union, 275, 390n
iron and steel industry, 277–78
leftist approach to industrial management, 277–78
legacy of giantism, 320
Maoist era, 274–80
market-oriented policies, 280–83
mass production as passing stage, 311
migrant labor, 294–301, 305, 308
number of workers, 272–73, 287
percentage of workers in manufacturing, xiii
poverty and life expectancy, 305–6
protests and strikes, 302, 306–8
recruitment, 286–87, 308, 396n
safety issues, 304
secretiveness, 272, 289, 309–10
shutting down giant factories, 316
size and scale of, 272–74, 288–90, 296–98, 300
small-scale rural industry, 276
social status, 285–86, 392n
special economic zones, 281
Spring Festival holiday week, 287–88
symbolism of factories, 310–13
turnover, 285
women, 286–87, 308, 311
worker input over management, 276
worker suicides and company reaction, xii, 270–72, 389n
working conditions, 301–4
working day and hours, 302
Christian Community of Working People, 261
Christian Science Monitor (newspaper), 215
Christmas decorations and accessories, 295
Chrysler Corporation, 140, 143, 145, 163, 166, 243, 290
Chrysler Tank Arsenal, 228
Chukovskaya, Lydia, 211
Church Street El (Sheeler), 151
Chutex Garment Factory, 307
Cincinnati, Ohio, 229
Cisco, 292
Citroen, André, 363n
Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 382n
Civil War, 75, 120
Clarks shoes, 290
class. See social status and class
Classic Landscape (Sheeler), 152–53
Cleveland, Ohio, 116, 149, 163–64, 238, 242
Coburn, Alvin Langdon, 149
Cold War mass production
in Eastern Europe
decentralization and downsizing, 264–65
factory construction, 253–54, 257
model industrial cities, 249–57
Nowa Huta steelworks, 249, 251–65, 253, 255, 387n
politicized working class, 257–64
shrinkage of workforce, 264–65
urbanism, 250–51, 254
valorization of industry and workers, 249–50
in Egypt, 268–69
in Germany, 265–67
legacy of giant factories, 320
in Soviet Union
automotive industry, 246–48
convergence theory, 226–27
post-WWII reconstruction, 245–46
scientific and atomic cities, 246
tractor industry, 246
Western assistance, 247
in United States
convergence theory, 226–27
decentralization and downsizing, 227–28, 235–44, 382n
loss of interest in industrial workers, 244–45
military giantism, 228–33
post-WWII sale o
f plants, 238
productivity increases, 243
shrinkage of workforce, 240–41, 243–45
trade unions and labor organization, 233–42
Colt, Samuel, 123
Columbian Exposition (1893), 85
Coming of Post-Industrial Society, The (Bell), 244–45
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO), 163–68
Commons, John L., 112
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 42
company housing and villages
boardinghouse model, 54, 55, 61–62, 65–66, 74–75
in China, 278, 285–87, 300, 304–5
Eastern European model industrial cities, 249–51, 253–56
iron and steel industry, 103–6
in Soviet Union, 192–93, 208–10, 246, 248, 373n, 385n
company housing and villages (continued)
textile industry, 18, 20, 53–54, 61–62, 65–66, 74–75, 334n
WWII era, 230–32
company stores, 18, 46
compensation and wages, xv
in China, 271, 286, 301
company store credit, 46
currency shortages, 18, 46
downward pressure on wages and living standards, 37
Ford Motor Company, 129–30, 132, 145–46
piecework, 6, 65, 108, 176, 178–79, 371n
post-WWII, 234
productivity vs., 65–66
raising after bad publicity, 271, 389n
reductions in, 65–66, 99–100, 163
sliding scale, 90, 100
truck, 18, 36
Waltham-Lowell system, 60
withholding, 308, 335n
women and children, 23
Condition of the Working Class in England, The (Engels), 29–30, 41, 112, 337n
Connecticut, 46, 68, 240, 347n
Cook, Tim, 296
Cooper, Hugh L., 186
cooperatives, 10, 179, 224
Corliss engines, 80, 81, 350n
Corn Laws, 31–32, 41
Cotton Factories, Union Street, Manchester (engraving), 28
cotton gin, 5
cotton industry, 4–8
age of workers, 23
architecture and construction of mills, 14–17
early American, 45–46
in Egypt, 268
England compared to New England, 43–44
environmental damage from, 27–28
fire danger, 15, 17
first giant factories, 7–10
import substitution, 5
limit of plant size, 13
living conditions, 29–30
machine wrecking, 35
Marx’s Capital and, 34
mechanization of, 7, 9
radical change in, 6–7
renting space and power to multiple employers, 10
rising demand for goods, 4–5, 46
slavery and, 5
technical demands of, 5–6
theories behind adoption of factory model, 10–13
working conditions, 23–27, 30–32
Cotton States and International Exposition (1895), 85–86
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 252
Couzens, James, 359n
Cowie, Jefferson, 316–17
Coxe, Tench, 82
Criss-Crossed Conveyors—Ford Plant, 1927 (Sheeler), 152
Crockett, Davy, 68–69
Cromford, England, 7–8, 13–15, 17, 23, 36, 314, 333n–34n
Crompton, Samuel, 7
croppers, 36–37
Crystal Palace Exhibition (1851), 84–85, 88, 93, 134, 291
Cuba, 161
Curtis-Wright Corporation, 229
Czechoslovakia, 249, 385n
Daily Worker (newspaper), 161
Daimler AG, 248
Dalton, Massachusetts, 72
Daqing Oil Field, 277–78
Datang, China, 295
Davies, Stuart, 154
de Gaulle, Charles, 256
Dearborn, Michigan, 122, 137–38, 155, 242. See also River Rouge plant
Debabov, Dmitri, 213
Defense City proposal, 230–31
Defoe, Daniel, xii, 3
Delauney, Robert, 86–87
Dell, 270
Dell, Floyd, 103
democratic voice, xv
iron and steel industry, 101, 103
“labor question,” 111
late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Great Britain, 39–40
male suffrage, 41
workers shut out of direct participation, 38, 338n
Demuth, Charles, 154
Deng Xiaoping, 280–81
Derby Silk Mill (England), 1–4, 2, 7–8, 24, 314, 329n
Derbyshire, England, 36
Derwent Valley, 316
design. See architecture and design
Detroit, Michigan, 122. See also Ford Motor Company and Fordism
artwork by Kahlo, 159
artwork by Rivera, 155–58, 157
closure of factories, 245
involvement in Soviet
industrialization, 169, 188, 190, 194–95, 199
relocation from, 241
trade unions and labor organization, 129, 138, 167
workforce, 123, 129
Detroit Free Press (newspaper), 194
Detroit Industry (Rivera), 156–58, 157
Detroit Institute of Arts, 155, 158
Detroit News (newspaper), 169
Detroit Times (newspaper), 194–95
Devonshire, Duchess of, 14
Dickens, Charles, xii, 3, 16, 43, 64, 76, 272
Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria, 249, 257, 259
discipline
in China, 285, 301–3
early British textile mills, 18–20, 23, 30
in Eastern Europe, 258–59
Ford Motor Company, 130–32
iron and steel industry, 105
New England textile mills, 61–62, 74
in Soviet Union, 197
Disney, 293
Disraeli, Benjamin, 26
division of labor, 11, 60, 74, 121–22, 124, 232
Dix, John, 43–44
Dnieporstroi hydroelectric dam, 171, 185–86, 203, 217
Dodge and Dodge Main plant, 137, 143, 166, 229, 237, 243, 314
Dom Pedro II, 80, 81
Dongguan, China, 273, 300, 318
Dos Passos, John, 117, 147
“double speeder” roving frames, 49
Douglass, Frederick, 5
Dover, Massachusetts, 66
Dover, New Hampshire, 54–55
Dover Manufacturing Company, 54
Dowlais iron works (Wales), 41
Dreiser, Theodore, 103
Dresden, Germany, 267
Driggs, Elsie, 154, 366n
Du Pont, 194
Dublin, Thomas, 63, 345n–46n
Dunapetele, Hungary. See Sztálinváros, Hungary
Dunaújváros, Hungary. See Sztálinváros, Hungary
Duranty, Walter, 215
Dynamo (play), 150
East Chelmsford, Massachusetts, 51
East Springfield, Massachusetts, 163
Edison, Thomas, 106
Edison Illuminating Company, 122
Egypt, 268–69
Eiffel, Gustave, 86
Eiffel Tower, 86–88
Eisenstein, Sergei, 216, 377n
Eisler, Hanns, 216
Electric Auto-Lite, 163
electronics industry, 270–73, 289–97, 306, 308
elevators, 16–17, 333n
Elizabethport, New Jersey, 121
Embargo Act, 46
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 57, 70, 348n
Encyclopedia Britannica, 118
Engels, Friedrich, 19, 26, 29–30, 32–34, 41–42, 88, 112, 337n–38n
Engineering Magazine, 144
England. See cotton industry; Great Britain; names of specific locations; textile industry
Enlightenment, xvi
Entuziazm (Si
mfoniya Donbassa) (Enthusiasm: Symphony of the Donbas) (film), 214, 216
environment and ecology, xiv–xv
British mills and factories, 16, 27–28, 28
Eastern European industry, 261, 387n
iron and steel industry, 91
legacy of giant factories, 320–21
New England textile mills, 56–57, 76
Ericsson, 292
Essen, Germany, 93, 104, 266
Ethiopia, 318
EUPA, 288–90, 301
Evans, Walker, 244
Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations (1853), 85, 88, 351n
Exposition Universelle (1855), 85
Exposition Universelle (1889), 86–88, 100
Eyes on Russia (Bourke-White), 217
F-150 trucks, 314
factories and factory giantism
abandoned factories, xv–xvi
concepts of modernity and progress and, xiii–xvii, 5, 20–21, 31, 40–41, 171, 319
consolidation, 57–58
cycles of factory giantism, 315–17
defense of, 30–32
defining nature of, xii–xiii
efforts to regulate, 31–33
environmental damage, 27–28
expansion through replication, 53, 55–58
exploitation of labor, 22–27, 65–66, 301–4
first factories, 1–4
future of, 321
general definition of factory system, 22
legacy of, 318–22
longevity of, 314–15
loss of manufacturing jobs, xi
nostalgia for, xv–xvi
as objects of wonder, xii, xiv–xv, 20–22, 119
percentage of workers in manufacturing, xiii
“postindustrial society,” xiii
poverty, 29–31
revolutionary nature of, xii–xiv
size and scale of, xvii, 1, 9, 289–96, 328n
as source of fear, xv
support of the state, 39–40
sustainability vs. reemergence, xv, 316
theories behind adoption of factory system, 10–13
transformation from novel to ordinary, 40–42
transformation of social status and, 13–14
ubiquity of, xi–xii, xviii, 127–28
unknown to purchasers of goods, 317
Waltham-Lowell system, 47–61
Factory Acts, 32–33
factory cities. See company housing and villages
Factory Girls’ Association, 65–66
“Factory Girls of Lowell, The” (Whittier), 69–70
factory housing. See company housing and villages
factory tourism, xii, 4, 20–22, 43, 69–70, 85, 135–36, 144–45, 151–52, 156, 159, 217, 310
Fair Labor Association, 271
Fairbairn, William, 17, 53
Fairfield shipyard (Baltimore, Maryland), 232
Fallows, James, 305
Female Labor Reform Associations, 67–68
FIAT, 136–37, 247, 314, 362n
Figes, Orlando, 184
Filene, Edward, 119, 146–47, 182
filmmaking, 86, 136, 148, 159–61, 214, 216–17
fires and fire danger, 15, 17, 52, 76–77, 349n
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