Firestone, 161, 164, 235–36
Fischer, Louis, 216
Fisher, Charles T., 155
Fisher Body, 137, 144, 155, 164–65
Fitch, John, 82, 95, 103, 109
Fitton, R. S., 15
Fitzpatrick, John, 114
Flagg, Edmund, 83
Flannery, Vaughn, 151–52
flax industry, 4–6, 15
Flextronics, 292
Flint, Michigan, 143–44, 164–66, 237, 314, 320
Flivver King, The (Sinclair), 147
flying shuttles, 6
Fontana, California, 232
footwear industry, 133, 273–74, 288–90, 289, 291–95, 298, 307, 309, 318
forced labor, 24–25, 203. See also slavery
Ford, Edsel, 137, 153, 155–57, 159, 366n
Ford, Henry, 118–19, 122, 124, 131, 138–41, 143, 147, 157, 159, 168, 174, 180, 186–87, 190–91, 319, 366n. See also Ford Motor Company and Fordism
Ford Motor Company and Fordism, 142, 317
architecture and design, 132–37, 136
assembly line, 118, 124–27, 125, 144–45
backward integration, 138
company paternalism, 130–32, 145
compensation and wages, 129–30, 132, 145–46
concentration of production, 143
continuous flow processing, 121–22, 124
conversion for military production, 229–31
conversion for Model A, 141–42
decentralization and downsizing, 242–43
depictions of, 77, 102–3, 119, 136, 145–61, 152, 157, 366n
discipline, 130–32
fascination with, 144–45
Five Dollar Day plan, 129–30, 132, 145–46
immigration and immigrants, 129–30
interchangeability of parts, 120–21, 123, 359n
labor problems, 127–29, 142, 155
manufacturer-dominated system, 290–91
mass production, 118–27
material-handling systems, 126
number of workers, 127–29, 144, 363n
outsourcing, 295
product standardization, 122, 141–42
progressive placement of machinery, 123–24
protests and strikes, 155, 167–68
publicity and factory tourism, 135–36, 144–45, 151–52, 363n
single-purpose machinery, 122–23
social status and class, 119
Sociological (Service) Department, 130–32, 145, 168
Soviet industrialization and, 186–87, 190–91, 196–98, 371n
stamped parts, 123
trade unions and labor organization, 129–30, 163, 167–68
turnover, 128–29
vertical integration, 138, 142
village factories, 143
women, 130
working day and hours, 129
“Forditis,” 127, 160
Fordson tractors, 138, 142, 180–81, 362n
Forge and Foundry (Rivera), 158
Fort Peck Dam, 150, 154
Fort Wayne, Indiana, 163
Fortune (magazine), 119, 150, 153–54, 213, 217, 244
Foster, William Z., 114, 116, 181, 371n
Foxconn, xiii
advantages for retailers, 296
architecture, 310
automation, 317–18
company housing, 304–5, 396n
decline of, 317
discipline and control, 301–4
interns, 308–9
investment in, 321–22
number of workers, 272–73
protests and strikes, 306
recruitment of men, 308
safety issues, 304
scaling up production, 296–98, 394n
secretiveness, 272, 289, 309–10
size and scale of, 289–90, 300–303, 389n
symbolism of, 312–13
worker suicides and reaction, 270–72, 300, 303, 389n
working conditions, 296–97, 301–3
Foxconn People (company newspaper), 303
France, 31, 79, 149, 330n
armor and armaments industry, 93
French Revolution, 39
life expectancy, xiv
world’s fairs, 85–88
Frank D. Chase Company, 169
Fraser, Steve, 179
free trade, 31
Freyn, H. J., 225, 379n
Freyn Engineering Company, 201, 252
Frick, Henry Clay, 101–2, 355n
Fridlyand, Semyon, 212
Fujian, China, 281
Fulton, Robert, 82–83
fustian industry, 5–6, 330n
Gadsden, Alabama, 235–36
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, 135
Gantt charts, 178
Garland, Hamlin, 103
Gary, Elbert H., 106, 116
Gary, Indiana, 106, 116, 163, 188, 201, 245, 385n
Gastev, Alexei, 177–78, 220–21, 301, 319, 371n
Gatrell, V. A. C., 13
GAZ (Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod [Gorky Automobile Factory]), 190–94, 199–200, 204, 207–8, 208, 210, 212, 221
Gdañsk, Poland, 262–64
General Electric (GE), 128, 163, 166, 186, 238–44, 290
General Motors (GM), 137, 142–44, 190–91, 237–38, 291
decentralization, 237, 382n
protests and strikes, 164–65, 234
trade unions and labor organization, 163–66
world’s fair exhibits, 145, 158
George N. Pierce Company, 133
Georgia, 85–86, 164
Germany, 79, 149, 174, 186, 293. See also names of specific locations
armor and armaments industry, 93
automotive industry, 265–67, 388n
Eastern German industry, 249
trade unions and labor organization, 267
giantism. See factories and factory gigantism
gig mills, 36
Gilbreth, Frank, 174, 370n
gingham industry, 49
Gladkov, Fyodo Vasilievich, 217
Glasgow, Scotland, 29
Gleason, Jackie, 244
GM. See General Motors
Goddard, Paulette, 160
Godley, John Robert, 71
Goldblatt, Louis, 161
Gomułka, Władysław, 260
Goodman, Susan Tumarkin, 214
Goodrich, 235
Goodyear Tire and Rubber, 128, 164, 167, 235–36
Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod. See GAZ
Gorky, Maxim, xii, 211–12, 214
Gou, Terry, 271, 283, 303
GPU (later known as NKVD), 203–4
Graham, Charles, 97
Gramsci, Antonio, 131–32, 319
Grant, Ulysses S., 80, 81
Gray, John, 32–33
Great Britain, xiv, 39–40, 186, 321. See also cotton industry; names of specific locations
architecture and construction of factories, 14–15
average mill size in nineteenth century, 9
compared to New England, 43–44
life expectancy, xiv
textile industry, 1–7, 9–10, 15, 17, 30, 35–36, 38
worker protests, 35
Great Depression, 155–56, 159, 162, 168, 188, 194, 211, 219
Great Falls, New Hampshire, 54
Greenfield Village (Ford), 141, 143
Gropius, Walter, 140, 230
Gross Pointe, Michigan, 137
Grumman Aircraft, 232, 381n
Guangdong, China, 281–82, 306
Guangxi, China, 299
Guangzhou, China, 300
Guanlan, China, 308
Guardivaglio, John, 329n
Guess, 318
Gunther, John, 98
Gursky, Andreas, 312
H&M, 318
Habermas, Jürgen, xvii
Hamilton, Alexander, xii, 82
Hamilton Manufacturing Company, 53, 61, 63, 74
Hamtramck, Michigan, 143
Hard Times (Dickens), 16, 21
H
argreaves, James, 7, 35–36
Harney, G. Julian, 88
Harrison, New Jersey, 106
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 95–96
Hayek, Friedrich von, 226–27
Heathcott, Joseph, 316–17
hemp industry, 4
Henry Ford Hospital (Kahlo), 159
Herman, Victor, 375n
Hewlett-Packard, 270, 295
Highland Park factory (Ford), 125, 127–28, 133–38, 136, 141, 143, 145, 159, 167–68, 363n
Hillman, Sidney, 114, 178–79
Hindus, Maurice, 186–87
Hine, Lewis, 77, 78, 150–51, 153
History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain (Baines), 5–6
Hitler, Adolf, 266
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 289, 307
Hobsbawm, Eric, 38
Hollingsworth, Edward, 36
Hollywood, California, 237
Holyoke, Massachusetts, 55
Home Depot, 293
Homestead, Pennsylvania, 93–94, 100–103, 102, 105, 110, 245, 314, 357n
Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., 270, 321. See also Foxconn
Honey, Frank, 197–98
Hong Kong, 282–83, 295
Hopper, Edward, 154
hours. See working day and hours
housing. See company housing and villages
Huafang Group, 273
Huajian Shoes, 318
Hudson Motor Company, 137
Hudson River, 83
Hunan, China, 300–301
Hungary, 249, 257–60, 387n
Huxley, Aldous, 147
“I Fall Asleep, Just Standing Like That” (Xu), 303
IBM, 290, 292
IG Farben, 267
Ignatovich, Boris, 212
Illinois. See Chicago, Illinois
immigration and immigrants
Ford Motor Company, 129–30
involvement in protests, 110–11, 117
iron and steel industry, 110, 115, 357n
New England textile mills, 74, 76–78, 343n
Imperialism (Lenin), 174–75
India, 4–6, 17, 37, 48, 329n, 331n
Indiana. See names of specific locations
Indianapolis, Indiana, 237
Indonesia, 274
Industrial Revolution, xiv, xvi, 4, 13, 16, 20, 24, 27, 40, 96, 111, 148, 318–19, 321
Industrial Valley (McKenney), 162
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), 77–78, 129
Inkeles, Alex, 227
insurance, 113, 131, 234–35
interchangeability. See standardization and interchangeability
International Exhibition (1873), 85
international exhibitions. See world’s fairs and international exhibitions
International Harvester, 128, 167, 372n
International Labor Organization, xiii
interns, 308–9
Ireland, 29, 74, 111
Iron Age (trade journal), 144, 212
iron and steel industry, 41, 88–95
Bessemer process, 91–92, 94, 96
blast furnaces, 89–90, 92, 94, 96, 353n
cast iron, 90
in China, 277–78
company paternalism, 104–5
compared to textile industry, 93–94, 96, 98
criticism of, 96–97, 103–4
democratic voice, 101, 103
depictions of, 96, 97
early nonfactory production, 89
in Eastern Europe, 249, 251–65
factory housing and villages, 103–6
fascination with, 95–96, 97, 117
growth of, 92–93
immigration and immigrants, 110, 115, 357n
iron shafts, 49
number of workers, 91, 93, 245
pollution, 91
production system, 93–95
protests and strikes, 98–103, 102, 167, 358n
puddling, 90–92, 94, 96, 103
railroads and, 89–94, 99
reformers’ focus on, 111–13
repression by, 103–4
safety issues, 109–10
scientific management, 107–9
shift work, 109
social status and class, 99–100
in Soviet Union, 171, 185, 201–5, 207, 209–10, 214, 246
“super-capitalism,” 103–5
as symbol of modernity, 97–98
technological innovations in, 89–92
trade unions and labor organization, 99–103, 166–67
undercover reporting on, 112
unionization efforts, 166–67
use of iron in early mill construction, 15, 52
working day and hours, 109
wrought iron, 90
WWI-era labor movement, 114–17
WWII and post-WWII, 234, 246
Istanbul, Turkey, 17
Italy, 3, 111, 149, 247. See also names of specific locations
Ivanov, Vassily, 185, 188, 197–98, 219, 221
Ivens, Joris, 216
IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), 77–78, 129
Jackson, Andrew, 69
Jagiellonian University, 261
James, C. L. R., 380n
Japan, 283, 302, 307, 310
Jefferson, Thomas, 69
jennies, 7, 9, 20
Jobs, Steve, 271, 296
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 91, 91, 235, 245, 314
joint stockholder corporations, 47–48, 50–52
Jones and Laughlin, 92–93
Journey to the End of the Night (Céline), 147
Joy, Henry B., 133, 137
Judt, Tony, 40
Kaganovich, Lazar, 200, 215
Kahlo, Frida, 155, 156, 158–59, 366n–67n
Kahn, Albert, 133–34, 137–40, 143–45, 156, 158, 169, 187–91, 194–95, 219, 228–29, 232, 363n, 380n
Kahn, Julius, 133
Kahn, Louis I., 230–31
Kahn, Moritz, 194–95
Kaiser, Henry J., 232
Kaiser Permanente, 232
Kaiser-Frazer Corporation, 232
KamAZ, 248
Kansas City, Kansas, 164, 238
Kazakhstan, 171
Kazin, Alfred, 147
Kelly, Florence, 112
Kennan, George Frost, 215
Khaldei, Yevgeny, 212
Kharkov, Soviet Union, 195–96, 200, 221, 224
Khrushchev, Nikita, 247, 256
Kingsford charcoal, 138
“knockers-up,” 20
Kotkin, Stephan, 171
Krupp, 93, 104, 265–66
Kunshan, China, 318
Küppers, Sophie, 212–13
Kuznetsk, Soviet Union, 171, 201
labor organization. See trade unions and labor organization
“The Laboring Classes” (Brownson), 72
Lackawanna, New York, 245
LaFarge, Laura, 88
LaFarge, Paul, 88
Lake Michigan, 105
Lake Winnipesaukee, 57
Lancashire, England, 9, 20, 29, 37, 40, 336n
Lancaster, England, 20
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 237
Landes, David, 12, 20, 40
Lange, Dorothea, 232
Lawrence, Abbott, 68
Lawrence, David L., 239
Lawrence, Massachusetts, 55, 57, 75–77, 79, 349n
Lawrence Manufacturing, 53
layoffs, 141, 163, 166, 234, 264, 268
Le Corbusier, 140, 230
Le Creusot, France, 93, 104
Lebow, Katherine, 258
Leeds Mercury (newspaper), 26
Leica, 214
Leicestershire, England, 36
Lenin, Vladimir, 158, 170–71, 174–76, 184, 205, 370n
Lenin Shipyard (Gdañsk, Poland), 262–64
Letters from America (Godley), 71
Levi Strauss, 290, 293
Lewis, John L., 165–66
Liberty ships, 232
Lichtenstein, Nelson, 300
Life (magazine), 119, 150, 1
54, 211
Life and Adventures of Michael Armstrong the Factory Boy, The (Trollope), 13–14, 21, 25
Life of Riley, The (television program), 244
Lincoln, 167–68, 242
Lingotto, Italy, 136, 314, 362n
Lissitzky, El, 212–13
Liverpool, England, 40, 95
Locks and Canals company, 52–53
Lombe, John, 1–4, 7–9, 15, 45
Lombe, Thomas, 1–4, 7–9, 15, 45
London, England, 84–85, 87–88, 93
Long Island, New York, 232
Longhua Science and Technology Park. See Foxconn
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 72
looms, 7, 15, 36–37, 47–48, 59, 65, 333n
Lord’s Ark church (Nowa Huta, Poland), 261–62
Los Angeles, California, 235, 368n
Louisville, Kentucky, 238, 243
Lowell, Frances Cabot, 47–49, 54, 57, 59, 79
Lowell, Massachusetts, xiii
architecture of mills, 51–52
boardinghouse model, 54, 55, 61–62, 65–66, 74–75, 304
company paternalism, 61–62, 71, 74–75, 131
corporate structure, 52–53
criticism of, 70–73
economic downturn, 75
effects on American manufacturing, 79
engraving of, 53
expansion beyond, 55–58
founding and composition of town, 53–54, 62
infrastructure for mills, 51
longevity of, 314
manufacturer-dominated system, 290
“milking” of old property, 315–16
number of workers, 54, 56–57, 75
population of, 54
protests and strikes, 66–68, 77, 347n
sale of patent rights, 54
shutting of mills, 79
visitors’ impressions of, 43–44, 54, 58–59, 68–69
women laborers, 48, 54, 58–70
working day and hours, 67–68
Lowell Bleachery, 57
Lowell Machine Shop, 57, 61, 344n
Lowell Manufacturing, 53
Lowell Offering, The (magazine), 61, 63–64
Lozowick, Louis, 154, 161
Lu Zhang, 298
Luce, Henry, 150
Ludd, Ned, 35–37
Luddites, 161
Ludowy Theater (Nowa Huta, Poland), 256
Ludwigsafen, Germany, 267
Lumière, Louis, 86
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 213
Luther, Seth, 70–73
Lynn, Massachusetts, 128, 163
Ma Wen-jui, 278–79
Macao, 282–83
Mack Avenue plant (Ford), 133
Magnavox-Capehart, 163
magnetos, 124, 125
Magnitogorsk, Soviet Union, xiii, 171, 185, 201–5, 207, 209–10, 212, 214–17, 224, 246, 314
Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex. See Magnitogorsk, Soviet Union
Magnitogorsk Mining and Metallurgical Institute, 207
Mahalla el-Kubra, Egypt, 268–69
Maiak plutonium plant (Ozersk, Soviet Union), 246
Maine, 55, 81
Makarewicz, Henryk, 253, 255
Making Bessemer Steel at Pittsburgh (illustration), 97
Malaysia, 295, 307
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