Ring of Steel

by Alexander Watson

  Ujzsolna 200

  Ukraine

  Austro-Hungarian troops in 506

  as ‘breadbasket of the east’ 496

  and Brest-Litovsk Treaty 494–5, 496–9

  and Chełm 499, 512

  Hetman set in place by Germans 497, 498

  and Lwów 546

  and promise of grain supply to Austria-Hungary 497

  Ukrainian (language) 20, 191, 192

  Ukrainian People’s Council 496–8

  Ukrainians

  see Ruthenes

  Ullstein (publishers) 444

  Ulm 357

  unemployment, mass 74–5

  Ungarisch-Hradisch (Uherské Hradišt) 201

  Uniate Churches 20, 102, 154, 184, 191–3

  Union of Active Struggle (ZWC) (Poland) 97, 98

  United Press International 238

  United States of America

  Bethmann and 421

  Congress 450

  entry into war (declaration of war on Germany) 347, 417, 420, 437, 446, 449, 450, 451, 456, 463, 470; and effect on other nations 474, 481–2

  German propaganda and 518

  German resentment of 423–4, 443–4

  and German U-boat warfare 239–40, 425, 439, 443

  intellectuals in 388

  and Karl’s appeal for peace 540

  lack of military power 449, 467

  Ludendorff and 468, 481–2

  mediation attempts 464

  merchant marine 449

  mobilization 447

  Navy Department 437

  neutrality 277, 424, 443

  outrage at mass deportations of Belgians 388

  propaganda 530

  recognizes Czechoslovak National Committee 537, 541

  shipbuilding 436

  training of army 514, 515

  weaponry 524; manufacture and exports 240, 443–4

  Upper Austria

  farms 358

  refugees in 202

  Upper Silesia 69, 80, 352, 481, 535, 562

  Ural Mountains 179

  Valona 246

  Van 274

  Večer 473

  venereal disease 290–92, 426

  Verdun

  as Ausblutungsschlacht 294

  battle of 279, 280, 293–300, 301, 311, 320, 322, 326, 327, 417, 422

  psychiatric casualties 297 (Fig. 3), 326

  Fort Douaumont 296, 299–300, 326

  Fort Vaux 297, 299–300, 326

  Le Mort Homme hill 298

  Versailles

  Hall of Mirrors 29, 557

  Treaty of 464, 557, 562–3

  ‘war-guilt clause’ 563

  Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 49

  Vienna 7, 61, 62, 308

  censorship in 242, 243

  Central Welfare Bureau for Refugees from Galicia and Bukovina 205

  charges against traders 363

  civil service privileges 354

  Czechs in 60

  death from starvation 341

  food rationing in 352

  food shortages in 209, 332, 341, 353, 361–2, 499, 507, 539

  Hofburgpfarrkirche 54

  Jews in 370, 371, 504, 505–6

  and nail figures 221–2, 224

  patriotic demonstrations in 62, 63–4

  People’s Kitchens 356, 356 (Table 12)

  Police 203–4

  Prater 57, 337

  press 243

  prosecutions of ‘political crimes’ 100

  protests against Serbia 55–6

  Radetzky Monument 62

  refugees in 202, 204

  Revolution (1848) 144

  St Stephen’s Cathedral 475

  strikes near 495

  support for war in 91, 93

  surrender rumours in 308

  and ultimatum to Serbia 61, 62

  University 374

  War Ministry 62

  War Welfare Office 214

  Warrior in Iron (Wehrmann in Eisen) 221–2, 225

  Visé 127

  Vistula, river 149, 161, 163

  Viviani, René 12

  Volga, river 179, 195

  Volhynia 465

  Volksblatt 73

  Volksdeutsche, deportation of 271

  Volkskrieg, First World War as 2

  Vorarlberg 91, 247

  Vorwärts 451, 456, 478

  Wadowice 200

  Wandel, Major General Franz von 394–5

  War Council 35–6

  war credits 78, 81, 84, 89, 93, 457–8, 478

  war cultures 216, 255–6, 348

  and expressions of love 210–26, 255–6

  and hatred between nations 226–56

  war games 141–2

  war graves 565

  ‘war psychosis’ 477

  Warburg, Max 30

  Wars of Liberation (1813) 85

  Warsaw 7, 43, 98, 245, 268, 408, 413, 517

  death rate 409

  malnutrition in 409

  Regency Council 413–14, 496, 498, 542

  University re-established 411

  ‘The Watch on the Rhine’ 62, 67, 71, 83

  Waterloo, battle of 228

  Weiden 83

  Weiskirchner, Richard 368, 371

  Wekerle, Sándor 541, 542

  welfare organizations 212–14, 219

  Wemyss, Admiral Sir Rosslyn 555–6

  West Prussia 265

  and ZABs 414–15

  Westphalia 180, 368, 465

  Wetzell, Major 515, 533

  Wiesbaden 223, 362, 367

  Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany and Prussia 515

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser 30–31, 32, 229, 327, 520

  abdication demanded 550–51, 553–5

  after abdication 557–8

  ascends throne 30

  and Belgium 259

  and Bethmann Hollweg 37–8, 41, 459, 461

  caricatures of 501

  celebrates ‘victory’ 520

  and coordination of civilian and military spheres 44–5

  decree of September 1918 547

  and East Prussia 179

  and Emperor Karl 454

  and Falkenhayn 328

  Franz Joseph’s letter to (July 1914) 9, 10, 28–9, 37–8

  and German children 220

  and Hindenburg 457, 550, 551

  ineffectuality and loss of status 375, 377, 550

  intended trial 557, 558

  and Kühlmann 494

  and legislation 383

  and Lithuania 460

  loyalty of army to 110

  and Ludendorff 457, 533, 550, 551

  and Max of Baden 548, 550

  and military 44–5, 50, 252

  and mobilization plans 46–7

  and navy 32, 239, 448, 552

  and occupied territories 392

  pacifism 41

  on parties 84, 89, 455

  and Poles 265

  and Polish Legions 414

  on prospect of war 71, 72, 257

  and Prussia 555

  and Reichstag 34

  and SPD 81

  and U-boat campaign 422, 424, 438

  and United States 424, 448

  and United Supreme Command 327

  and War Council 35–6

  Wilhelmshaven 553, 554

  Wilson, President Woodrow 275, 388, 413, 423, 443, 470

  and Croatians 544

  and Czechs 477, 544

  on democracy 450, 540, 544

  Fourteen Points 499, 535, 537, 540, 541, 547, 548, 561

  and Germany 456, 547, 548–51, 554

  and Hungarians 561

  and national self-determination 450, 470, 490, 545, 546, 561–2

  new order 563

  and ‘peace without victory’ 469

  and Poles 499, 537, 541

  response to Karl’s manifesto 541–2

  and rise of democracy 449, 450, 451

  satirical depiction of 444

  Witos, Wincenty 500

  Wolff, Theodor 238, 443
, 446, 455

  women

  in Congress Poland 290

  crime rate 365

  employment in wartime 2, 335, 336, 354, 362–3, 365, 381

  as farmers 361, 389

  in Germany 87–9, 361

  ‘hamstering’ by 336

  and military service 382

  as nurses 88

  organizations 88, 89, 217

  rights of 88

  sexual relationships with enemy 390

  in wartime atrocities 143, 163–4, 176

  Württemberg 357, 379, 424

  Wysockem 176

  Young Bosnia 24

  Young Czechs 250, 470

  young people, employment 335–6

  Young Turks 24, 273

  Ypres 157, 159, 235, 278

  Yugoslavia 560, 561, 562

  Zabelin, Lieutenant General A. 189

  Zabłotów 68, 183, 194

  ZABs, see Civil Worker Battalions

  Zagreb (Agram) 20, 58, 542, 544

  Zaleszczyki 194

  Zbaraż 57

  Zeppelin attacks 238, 241

  Žerajić, Bogdan 21

  Zeynek, Colonel Theodor von 305, 307, 395

  Zimmermann, Arthur 10, 461

  Zimmermann Telegram 445–6

  Zionism 205, 308

  Zita, Empress 538–9

  Zülch (Mayor of Allenstein) 165, 166–7, 168, 169, 170

  Związek Strzelecki (Galician Polish rifle club) 97

  Zwickau 222