The Big Sort

by Bill Bishop

  28. Martin Marty, foreword in Understanding Church Growth and Decline: 1950–1978, ed. Dean R. Höge and David A. Roozen (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1979), p. 1l.

  29. Robert Wuthnow, "The Moral Minority: Where Have All the Liberal Protestants Gone?" American Prospect, May 22, 2000, p. 31.

  30. David Roozen and Jackson Carroll, "Recent Trends in Church Membership and Participation: An Introduction," in Understanding Church Growth and Decline: 1950-1978, ed. Dean R. Höge and David A. Roozen (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1979), pp. 11, 22–23.

  31. Jerry Falwell, quoted in Geoffrey Layman, The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p. 10.

  32. See Marc Hetherington and Thomas J. Rudolph, "Priming, Performance, and the Dynamics of Political Trust" (unpublished paper, n.d.).

  33. See ibid, and Seymour Martin Lipset and William Schneider, The Confidence Gap: Business, Lahor, and Government in the Public Mind (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), p. 15.

  34. Lipset and Schneider, The Confidence Gap, pp. 15–16.

  35. Joseph S. Nye Jr., Philip D. Zelikov, and David C. King, Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 1–4, 81, 111–13.

  36. Everett Carli Ladd Jr., "Liberalism Upside Down: The Inversion of the New Deal Order, Political Science Quarterly 91, no. 4 (Winter 1976–1977). 593.

  37. Converse, The Dynamics of Party Support, p. 106.

  38. New York Times, January 9, 1965; January 10, 1965; March 3, 1965; August 7; 1965; Gene Roberts, "Mass Integration Is Quiet in South," New York Times, August 31, 1965.

  39. New York Times, January 26, 1965.

  40. Julia S. Ardery, The Temptation: Edgar Tolson and the Genesis of Twentieth-Century Folk Art (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 145.

  41. Jack Raymond, "Americans Called Ready to Assume Main Burden of War on Vietcong," New York Times, July 12, 1965.

  42. New York Times, June 3, 1965.

  43. Charles Möhr, "Village Burnings Disturb Marines," New York Times, August 9, 1965.

  44. Austin C. Wehrwein, "U.S. Investigates Antidraft Groups," New York Times, October 18, 1965.

  45. Edward C. Burns, "Buckley Assails Vietnam Protest," New York Times, October 22, 1965.

  46. New York Times, November 15, 1965.

  47. New York Times, November 25 and 28, 1965.

  48. New York Times, March 27, 1965.

  49. New York Times, August 15, 1965.

  50. Gene Roberts, "Negroes Still Angry and Jobless Three Months After Watts Riot," New York Times, November 7,1965.

  51. Lawrence C. Davies, "California Issue for '66 Emerges," New York Times, August 16, 1965.

  52. Todd Gitlin, The Sixties. Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1993), p. 168.

  53. Walter Dean Burnham, The Current Crisis in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 295.

  54. Lipset and Schneider, The Confidence Gap, p. 410.

  55. Russell J. Dalton, "The Social Transformation of Trust in Government," International Review of Sociology 15, no. 1 (March 2005). 133–54.

  56. Virginia A. Chanley, Thomas J. Rudolph, and Wendy M. Rahn, "The Origins and Consequences of Public Trust in Government," Public Opinion Quarterly 64 (2000): 239–56.

  57. Lipset and Schneider, The Confidence Gap, p. 400.

  58. Dalton, "The Social Transformation of Trust," pp. 135–38.

  59. Jimmy Carter, quoted in Lipset and Schneider, The Confidence Gap, p. 13.

  60. Ivor Crewe, quoted in Dalton, "The Social Transformation of Trust," p. 134.

  61. Marc J. Hetherington, Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), p. 8.

  62. Ibid., p. 36.

  63. Ruth Marcus, "A Slide Toward Segregation," Washington Post, November 29, 2006, p. A23.

  64. Hetherington, Why Trust Matters, pp. 101–3.

  65. Harold L. Wilensky, Rich Democracies: Political Economy, Public Policy, and Performance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), p. 205.

  66. Terry Nichols Clark and Vincent Hoffmann-Martinot, eds., The New Political Culture (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998).

  67. Paul H. Ray and Sherry Ruth Anderson, The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World (New York: Harmony Books, 2000).

  68. Ruy Teixeira and John Judis, The Emerging Democratic Majority (New York: Scribner, 2002), p. 35.

  69. Ray and Anderson, The Cultural Creatives, p. 23.

  70. "American Piety in the 21st Century. New Insight to the Depth and Complexity of Religion in the U.S." (selected findings, Baylor Religion Survey, September 2006), pp. 7, 19, http://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/33304.pdf.

  71. Eileen E. Flynn, "Many in U.S. Pick Christ, Not Label," Austin American-Statesman, September 12, 2006, p. A1.

  72. Clifford Krauss, "Canada Steers Closer to Europe Than the U.S. on Social Issues," New York Times, December 2, 2003, p. A1.

  73. Adam Clymer, "College Students Not Drawn to Voting or Politics, Poll Shows," New York Times, January 13, 2000, p. A14.

  74. Howard W. French, "As Japan's Women Move Up, Many Are Moving Out," New York Times, March 25, 2003, p. A3.

  75. Denise Grady, "Scientists Say Herbs Need More Regulation," New York Times, March 7, 2000.

  76. "Swiss Back Ban on Modified Crops," International Herald Tribune, November 27, 2005.

  77. Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization, pp. 365–87; Krauss, "Canada Steers Closer to Europe," p. A1.

  78. Justin Blum, "'Blue' States Tackling Energy on Their Own," Washington Post, January 22, 2006, p. A1.

  79. Diana Jean Schemo, "In Small Town, 'Grease' Ignites a Culture War," New York Times, February 11, 2006, p. A1.

  80. Jack Citrin, "Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government," American Political Science Review 68 (1974): 973–74.

  81. Burnham, The Current Crisis in American Politics, pp. 295–96.

  82. Nye, Zelikov, and King, Why People Don't Trust Government, p. 97.

  83. David Broder, "Victory Doubted by G.O.P. Leaders," New York Times, November 21, 1965, p. A1.

  84. James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1983), p. 401.

  85. Hetherington, Why Trust Matters, p. 142.

  86. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, pp. 376, 340.

  87. Anna Greenberg, "Why Men Leave: Gender and Partisanship in the 1990s" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2000).

  88. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System, pp. 397–98.

  89. Norman H. Nie, Sidney Verba, and John R. Petrocik, The Changing American Voter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

  90. See the various measures of congressional voting devised by Nolan McCarty, Keith Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, including their unpublished paper "Political Polarization and Income Inequality" (January 27, 2003), p. 3, http://www.wws.princeton.edu/research/papers/01_03_nm.pdf.

  5. The Beginning of Division: Beauty and Salvation in 1974

  1. Alice Moore, quoted in Catherine Candor, "A History of the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy" (PhD diss., Virginia Tech University, March 1976), P. 54.

  2. Marvin Horan, quoted in Don J. Goode, "A Study of Values and Attitudes in a Textbook Controversy in Kanawha County, West Virginia: An Overt Act of Opposition to Schools" (PhD diss., Michigan State University, 1984), p. 95.

  3. Goode, "A Study of Values and Attitudes." The following discussion is based on this source.

  4. Geoffrey C. Layman and Edward G. Carmines, "Cultural Conflict in American Politics: Religious Traditionalism, Postmaterialism, and U.S. Political Behavior," Journal of Politics 59, no. 3 (August 1997): 751–77.

  5. Rodney Stark, "Secularization, R.I.P.," Sociology of Religion 60, no. 3 (Autumn 199
9): 249–50.

  6. Peter Berger, quoted ibid., p. 250.

  7. Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, "God, Guns and Gays: Religion and Politics in the US and Western Europe" (paper presented at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, September 6, 2004), p. 2. Emphasis in original.

  8. Martin E. Marty, Righteous Empire: The Protestant Experience in America (New York: Dial Press, 1970), pp. 177–80.

  9. Ibid., p. 184.

  10. Ibid., pp. 177, 179.

  11. Walter Rauschenbusch, quoted in Robert William Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), p. 120.

  12. Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (New York: Macmillan, 1908), pp. 230–86.

  13. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, pp. 124–25.

  14. Marty, Righteous Empire, pp. 218–19.

  15. Ibid.

  16. Jerry Falwell, ed., The Fundamentalist Phenomenon. The Resurgence of Conservative Christianity (New York: Doubleday, 1981), pp. 79–80.

  17. Ibid., p. 107.

  18. Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford Press, 1995), pp. 162–63.

  19. Marty, Righteous Empire, pp. 203, 250.

  20. John C. Green, James L. Guth, Corwin E. Smidt, and Lyman A. Kellstedt, Religion and the Culture Wars: Dispatches from the Front (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), p. 270.

  21. Diamond, Roads to Dominion, p. 25.

  22. Robert Wuthnow, After Heaven: Spirituality in America Since the 1950s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 90–93.

  23. Ibid., pp. 149, 167, 161.

  24. Ibid., p. 227.

  25. Ibid., p. 181.

  26. Diamond, Roads to Dominion, pp. 26–35.

  27. Marty, Righteous Empire, p. 250.

  28. Louis Menand, "Breaking Away: Francis Fukuyama and the New Conservatives," The New Yorker, March 27, 2006, pp. 82–84.

  29. Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins, Left Behind A Novel of the Earth's Last Days (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1995), p. 273.

  30. McGirr, Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 44.

  31. Fogel, The Fourth Great Awakening, p. 129.

  32. Time, May 26, 1961; Paul A. Crow Jr., "Eugene Carson Blake: Apostle of Christian Unity," Ecumenical Review 21 (1986): 228–36.

  33. "Churchmen Call Parley on Selma," New York Times, March 11, 1965, p. A1.

  34. "Christianity: The Servant Church," Time, December 25, 1964, pp. 45–49.

  35. David A. Roozen, "Four Mega-Trends Changing America's Religious Landscape" (speech, annual conference of the Religion Newswriters Association, September 22, 2001).

  36. "Christianity: The Servant Church," p. 47.

  37. Time, April 8, 1966.

  38. James Moffett, Storm in the Mountains (Carbondale. Southern Illinois University Press, 1988), p. 11.

  39. Candor, "A History of the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy," p. 31.

  40. Ibid., pp. 27–33.

  41. James C. Hefley, Textbooks on Trial (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1976), p. 159.

  42. Candor, "A History of the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy," p. 32.

  43. Ibid., pp. 52, 54.

  44. Ibid., pp. 27, 87, 92.

  45. Ibid., pp. 109–71.

  46. Carol Mason, "An American Conflict: Representing the 1974 Kanawha County Textbook Controversy," Appalachian Journal 32, no. 3 (2005): 65–66.

  47. Ibid., p. 66.

  48. Hal Lindsey, The Late Great Planet Earth (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1970), p.185.

  49. Mason, "An American Conflict," p. 58.

  50. Everett Carll Ladd Jr., "Liberalism Upside Down: The Inversion of the New Deal Order," Political Science Quarterly 91, no. 4 (Winter 1976–1977): 577.

  51. Larry M. Bartels, "What's the Matter with What's the Matterwith Kansas?" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 2004), http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/kansas.pdf. See also Jeffrey M. Stonecash, Mark D. Brewer, and Mack D. Mariani, Diverging Parties: Social Change, Realignment, and Party Polarization (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003), pp. 89–90.

  52. Ladd, "Liberalism Upside Down," p. 584.

  53. John Egerton, quoted in Candor, "A History of the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy," p. 24.

  54. Bartels, "What's the Matter?" p. 14.

  55. Ruy Teixeira, "It's the White Working Class, Stupid," Emerging Democratic-Majority.com, February 5, 2005, http://www.emergingdemocraticmajorityweblog.com/donkeyrising/archives/001042.php. See also Ruy Teixeira, "Once Again on the White Working Class," Democraticstrategist.org, May 7, 2005, http://www.thedemocraticstrategist.org/donkeyrising/2005/05/once_again_on_ the_white_workin.html.

  56. Goode, "A Study of Values and Attitudes," pp. 117, 120.

  57. Candor, "A History of the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy," p. 177.

  58. Ibid., p. 133.

  59. Mason, "Textual Reproduction of Ethnicity," p. 65.

  60. Moffett, Storm in the Mountains, p. 41.

  61. Candor, "A History of the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy," p. 132.

  62. Moffett, Storm in the Mountains, p. 41.

  63. Mason, "Textual Reproduction of Ethnicity," p. 18.

  64. Candor, "A History of the Kanawha County Textbook Controversy," pp. 214, 187.

  65. Edward B. Jenkinson, Censors in the Classroom (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979), p. 29.

  66. Richard Viguerie, quoted in Diamond, Roads to Dominion, p. 176.

  67. Diamond, Roads to Dominion, p. 174.

  68. Peter Francia, Jonathan S. Morris, Carmine Scavo, and Jody C. Baumgartner, "America Divided? Re-examining the 'Myth' of the Polarized American Electorate" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, September 1–4, 2005).

  69. Ibid.

  70. Ibid.

  71. Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular. Religion and Politics Worldwide (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 201.

  72. Norris and Inglehart, "God, Guns and Gays."

  73. Norris and Inglehart, Sacred and Secular, pp. 201–12.

  6. The Economics of the Big Sort: Culture and Growth, in the 1990s

  1. Dave Eggers, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), p. 129.

  2. See Bill Bishop and Mark Lisheron, "Cities of Ideas" (series), Austin American-Statesman, 2002, http://www.statesman.com/specialreports/content/specialreports/citiesofideas/.

  3. Edward L. Glaeser and Christopher R. Berry, "The Divergence of Human Capital Levels Across Cities" (Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper 2091, August 2005), p. 10, http://www.economics.harvard.edu/hier/2005papers/HIER2091.pdf.

  4. Richard Florida, "The World Is Spiky"Atlantic, October 2005, pp. 48–49.

  5. Glaeser and Berry, "The Divergence of Human Capital," pp. 10–11.

  6. Joe Cortright, "The Young and Restless in a Knowledge Economy" (report prepared for CEOs for Cities, December 2005), p. 30.

  7. Edward Glaeser and Jesse M. Shapiro, "City Growth and the 2000 Census: Which Places Grew, and Why" (Center of Urban and Metropolitan Policy, Brookings Institution, May 2001), p. 9, http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2001/05demographics_edward-glaeser-and-jesse-m—shapiro.aspx.

  8. Glaeser and Berry, "The Divergence of Human Capital," pp. 2–11. See also Michael E. Porter, "The Economic Performance of Regions," Regional Studies 37, nos. 6 & 7 (August/October 2003). 550–51.

  9. Joe Cortright, "The Young and Restless," p. 10.

  10. Ibid., p. 29.

  11. Yolanda K. Kodrycki, "Migration of Recent College Graduates: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth," New England Economic Review, January/February 2001, p. 15.

  12. Cortright, "The Young and Restless," p. 4
3.

  13. Porter, "The Economic Performance of Regions," p. 553.

  14. Ibid., p. 550.

  15. Glaeser and Berry, "The Divergence of Human Capital," pp. 29–30.

  16. Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006).

  17. Paul Seabright, The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), p. 198.

  18. Richard Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), pp. 236–42.

  19. William O'Hare and Bill Bishop, "U.S Rural Soldiers Account for a Disproportionately High Share of Casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan" (fact sheet, Carsey Institute, Fall 2006).

  20. "Enlistment Supply in the 1990s" (Defense Manpower Data Center Report No. 2000–015, April 2001).

  21. Roger Alford, "Fedex Has No Plans to Resume Drug Deliveries," Whitesburg (KY) Mountain Eagle, March 2, 2005, p. B1.

  22. Tom Lasseter, "A Familiar Story: From Miner to Drug User to Dealer," Lexington Herald-Leader, December 7, 2003, p. A1.

  23. Charles B. Camp, "Millions Sold, Office by Office," Lexington Herald-Leader, August 17, 2003, p. A1.

  24. "OxyContin Maker Pleads Guilty to Misleading Public on Risks," Wall Street Journal, May 10, 2007.

  25. "Drug Overdose Numbs Appalachia," Lexington Herald-Leader, January 19, 2003, p. A8.

  26. Laura Ungar, "Poverty Fuels Medical Crisis," Louisville Courier-Journal, September 25, 2005, p. A1.

  27. See Richard Florida, Robert Cushing, and Gary Gates, "When Social Capital Stifles Innovation," Harvard Business Review, August 1, 2002; the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey, on which we based our analysis, can be found at http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/data_access/data/datasets/social_capital_community_survey.html.

  28. Professor Putnam has made the DDB Needham Life Style survey, conducted by the advertising firm DDB Worldwide of Chicago, available at http://www.bowlingalone.com/data.htm.

  29. Florida, The Rise of the Creative Class, pp. 273–76.

  30. Edward L. Glaeser and Joshua D. Gottlieb, "Urban Resurgence and the Consumer City" (Harvard Institute of Economic Research Working Paper 2109, 2006), pp. 6–9.