The Big Sort

by Bill Bishop

  31. Paul M. Romer, "Two Strategies for Economic Development: Using Ideas and Producing Ideas," in Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics, 1992, pp. 68–69.

  32. Joe Cortright, "New Growth Theory, Technology and Learning: A Practitioner's Guide" (U.S. Department of Commerce Economic Development Administration, Reviews of Economic Development Literature and Practice, no. 4, 2001), http://cherry.iac.gatech.edu/REFS/TRP-Ref/cortrightngt.pdf.

  33. Ibid., p. 4.

  34. Ibid., pp. 4–6.

  35. Ibid., p. 2.

  36. Jane Jacobs, The Economy of Cities (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), pp. 51–52.

  37. Ibid., pp. 52–53.

  38. Paul Romer, "Innovation: The New Pump of Growth," Blueprint: Ideas for a New Century, Winter 1998.

  39. Jacobs, The Economy of Cities, pp. 85–121.

  40. Robert E. Lucas Jr., "On the Mechanics of Economic Development," Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1988). 38–39.

  41. Mark S. Granovetter, "The Strength of Weak Ties," American Journal of Sociology 78, no. 6 (May 1973): 1360–80.

  42. Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization (New York: Fromm International, 1998), p. 494.

  43. Ibid., pp. 526–35.

  44. AnnaLee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). See also AnnaLee Saxenian, "Lessons from Silicon Valley," Technology Review, July 1994, pp 42–51.

  45. Glaeser and Gottlieb, "Urban Resurgence and the Consumer City," p. 2.

  46. Jung Won Sonn and Michael Storper, "The Increasing Importance of Geographic Proximity in Technological Innovation: An Analysis of U.S. Patent Citations, 1975–1997" (paper prepared for the conference "What Do We Know About Innovation?" November 2003).

  47. Randall Stross, "It's Not Who You Know. It's Where You Are," New York Times, October 22, 2006.

  48. Sam Roberts, "Tech-Drive Metro Areas Renew Their Population Gains," New York Times, April 5, 2007, p. A11.

  49. Glaeser and Gottlieb, "Urban Resurgence and the Consumer City," p. 13.

  50. Cortright, "The Young and Restless," p. 10.

  51. N. C. Aizenman, "D.C. May Be Losing Status as a Majority-Black City," Washington Post, May 17, 2007, p. A1.

  52. Glaeser and Gottlieb, "Urban Resurgence and the Consumer City," pp. 13–15.

  53. Joseph Gyourko, Christopher Mayer, and Todd Sinai, "Superstar Cities" (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 12355, July 2006).

  54. Glaeser and Gottlieb, "Urban Resurgence and the Consumer City."

  55. Richard Florida, "Cities and the Creative Class," City and Community, March 2003, pp. 3–19.

  56. Terry Nichols Clark, The City as Entertainment Machine (Oxford: Elsevier, 2004).

  57. Gyourko, Mayer, and Sinai, "Superstar Cities," p. 2.

  58. Data collected by the Bus Project in Portland, Oregon, and provided to the author.

  7. Religion: The Missionary and the Megachurch

  1. Brad Stone, "Social Networking's Next Phase," New York Times, March 3, 2007, p. B1.

  2. Rick Warren, The Purpose-Driven Church: Growth Without Compromising Your Message and Mission (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1995), pp. 29–30.

  3. Donald McGavran, quoted in a presentation by Robert Shuster to Wheaton College alumni, May 11, 2002, Billy Graham Archives, Wheaton College, http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/treasure/tr02/tr02.html.

  4. C. Peter Wagner, ed., Church Growth: State of the Art (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1986), p. 9.

  5. Donald McGavran, The Bridges of God (New York: Friendship Press, 1968), PP. 44. 59.

  6. Ibid., p. 66.

  7. J. Waskom Pickett, Christian Mass Movements in India (New York: Abingdon Press, 1933), p. 43.

  8. Ibid., pp. 43–45.

  9. Wagner, Church Growth, pp. 41–42.

  10. Donald McGavran, quoted in Wagner, Church Growth, p. 9.

  11. McGavran, The Bridges of God, pp. 44–45.

  12. Donald McGavran, Understanding Church Growth (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1970), p. 107.

  13. Ibid., pp. 190, 198, 271.

  14. Dean R. Hoge and David A. Roozen, eds., Understanding Church Growth and Decline: 1950–1978 (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1979), pp. 70–80.

  15. Eddie Gibbs, Donald A. McGavran Professor of Church Growth, Fuller Theological Seminary, interview with author, 2005.

  16. Ibid.

  17. Michael Luo, "Religion: With Expansion Stalled, Some Consider Steps Such as Replacing Pews with Tables and Chairs to Draw Young Congregants," Los Angeles Times, June 7, 1999.

  18. Scott Thumma, Dave Travis, and Warren Bird, "Megachurches Today 2005: Summary of Research Findings" (paper prepared for the Hartford Institute for Religion Research, 2005), p. 13, http://hirr.hartsem.edu/megachurch/megastoday2005_summaryreport.html.

  19. Malcolm Gladwell, "The Cellular Church: How Rick Warren's Congregation Grew," The New Yorker, September 12, 2005, pp. 60–67.

  20. Joel Comiskey, "Cell-Based Ministry: A Positive Factor for Church Growth in Latin America" (PhD diss., Fuller Theological Seminary, June 1997), pp. 61–69.

  21. Dean Kelley, quoted in Hoge and Roozen, Understanding Church Growth and Decline, p. 70.

  22. C. Peter Wagner, "Church Growth Research: The Paradigm and Its Applications," in Understanding Church Growth and Decline. 1950–1978, ed. Dean R. Hoge and David A. Roozen (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1979), p. 282.

  23. Martin Marty, foreword in "Church Growth Research' The Paradigm and Its Applications," in Understanding Church Growth and Decline: 1950–1978, ed. Dean R. Hoge and David A. Roozen (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1979), pp. 12–13.

  24. David A. Roozen, "Oldline Protestantism: Pockets of Vitality Within a Continuing Stream of Decline" (Hartford Institute for Religion Research Working Paper 1104.1, 2004).

  25. Marty, foreword, p. 13.

  26. George M. Marsden, Reforming Fundamentalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1987), p. 243.

  27. McGavran, The Bridges of God, p. 8.

  28. Robert Evans, "Recovering the Church's Transforming Middle: Theological Reflections on the Balance Between Faithfulness and Effectiveness," in Understanding Church Growth and Decline: 1950–1978, ed. Dean R. Hoge and David A. Roozen (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1979), pp. 293, 304.

  29. James H. Smylie, "Church Growth and Decline in Historical Perspective: Protestant Quest for Identity, Leadership, and Meaning," in Understanding Church Growth and Decline 1950–1978, ed. Dean R. Höge and David A. Roozen (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1979), p. 79.

  30. Warren, The Purpose-Driven Church, pp. 155–72. The following discussion is from this source.

  31. Diana C. Mutz and Jeffery Mondak, "The Workplace as a Context for Cross-Cutting Political Discourse," Journal of Politics 68, no. 1 (February 2006): 140. 55.

  32. John Green, "The American Political Landscape and Political Attitudes: A Baseline for 2004," Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, September 9, 2004, http://pewforum.org/publications/surveys/green-full.pdf.

  33. "The 2000 Bum Steer Awards," Texas Monthly, January 2000, p. 84.

  34. James Guth, "Southern Baptist Clergy, the Christian Right, and Political Activism in the South," in Politics and Religion in the White South, ed. Glenn Feldman (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), p. 191.

  35. Green, "The American Political Landscape," p. 3.

  36. Thumma, Travis, and Bird, "Megachurches Today," p. 6.

  37. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, "Myths of the Modern Mega-Church" (transcript, May 23, 2005).

  38. John Green, "Religious Groups and the 2004 Election: Spring 2004 Baseline," p. 10.

  39. Scott Keeter of the Pew Research Center provided this analysis to the author.

  40. Andy Newman, "At Crusade, Spirit Meets Science in the Altar Call," New York Times, June 25, 2005, p. A1.

  8. Advertising: Grace Slick, Tricia Nixon, and You

  1. John E. O'Toole, "Are Grace Slick and Tricia Nix
on Cox the Same Person?" Journal of Advertising 2, no. 2 (1973): 32–34.

  2. Richard Jensen, The Winning of the Midwest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), pp. 165–66.

  3. Ibid., p. 173.

  4. Daniel Pope, The Making of Modern Advertising (New York: Basic Books, 1983), p. 63.

  5. Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 57.

  6. Ibid., p. 50.

  7. Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 134.

  8. Richard B. Westbrook, "Politics as Consumption: Managing the Modem American Election," in The Culture of Consumption Critical Essays in American History, 1880–1980, ed. Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears (New York: Pantheon Books, 1983), p. 155.

  9. Wendell Smith, "Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies," Journal of Marketing 21, no. 1 (July 1956). 3–8. See also Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers' Republic. The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003), chap. 7.

  10. Smith, "Product Differentiation," p. 6.

  11. Albert Lasker, quoted in Pope, The Making of Modern Advertising, p. 258.

  12. Pierre Martineau, "Social Classes and Spending Behavior," Journal of Marketing 23, no. 2 (October 1958): 122–23.

  13. Ibid., p. 127.

  14. Pierre Martineau, quoted in Cohen, A Consumers' Republic, p. 297.

  15. Ibid., p. 300.

  16. Daniel Yankelovich, "New Criteria for Market Segmentation," Harvard Business Review, March/April 1964, pp. 83–90.

  17. Richard Tedlow, New and Improved: The Story of Mass Marketing in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1996), p. 23.

  18. Ibid., pp. xxiii–xxvii.

  19. Don Peppers and Martha Rogers, The One to One Future: Building Relationships One Customer at a Time (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 1993), pp. 174, 386–87.

  20. Ibid., p. 132.

  21. Joseph Turow, Breaking Up America. Advertisers and the New Media World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 192.

  22. Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York: McKay, 1957), pp. 3–4, 266.

  23. Turow, Breaking Up America, pp. 3, 108, 126.

  24. Robert Wiebe, The Segmented Society: An Introduction to the Meaning of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 8–9.

  25. Emanuel Rosen, The Anatomy of Buzz (New York: Doubleday, 2000), pp. 60–61.

  26. William H. Whyte Jr., "The Web of Word of Mouth," Fortune, November 1954.

  27. Mark Grinblatt, Matti Keloharju, and Seppo Ikaheimo, "Interpersonal Effects in Consumption: Evidence from the Automobile Purchases of Neighbors" (Yale International Center for Finance Working Paper No. 04–10, September 2004), http://ssm.com/abstract=513945.

  28. Whyte, "The Web," p. 143.

  29. George G. Hunter III, "The Bridges of Contagious Evangelism: Social Networks," in Church Growth State of the Art, ed. C. Peter Wagner (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House, 1986), pp. 69–81.

  30. Rosen, The Anatomy of Buzz, p. 70.

  31. F. B. Evans, "Selling as a Dyadic Relationship: A New Approach," American Behavioral Scientist 6, no. 9 (May 1963): 76–79.

  32. David A. Roozen, "Oldline Protestantism: Pockets of Vitality Within a Continuing Stream of Decline" (Hartford Institute for Religion Research Working Paper 1104.1, 2004).

  33. Cohen, A Consumers' Republic, p. 342.

  9. Lifestyle: "Books, Beer, Bikes, and Birkenstocks"

  1. Alfred Marshall, quoted in Joe Cortright, "Making Sense of Clusters" (paper prepared for the Brookings Institution, August 29, 2005).

  2. Gwenda Richards Oshiro, "The Evolution of Dark Horse Comics," Portland Oregonian, July 6, 2006.

  3. George Gene Gustines, "A Quirky Superhero of the Comics Trade," New York Times, November 12, 2006.

  4. Joe Cortright, "The Economic Importance of Being Different: Regional Variations in Taste, Increasing Returns and the Dynamics of Development," Economic Development Quarterly 16, no. 1 (February 2002) 3–16.

  5. Charles Tiebout, "A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures," Journal of Political Economy 64, no. 5 (October 1956): 416–24.

  6. Ari L. Goldman, "The Catskills Come of 'New Age'; New Life for the Old Hotels, Though Not for the Tax Rolls," New York Times, August 14, 1992.

  7. Tim Hibbitts, Oregon pollster, interview with author, 2005.

  8. James Mayer, "Think the Commutes Bad Now? More Jobs May Mean More Jams," Portland Oregonian, October 2, 2005, p. A1.

  9. Ronald Brownstein and Richard Rainey, "GOP Plants Flag on New Voting Frontier," Los Angeles Times, November 22, 2004.

  10. Alan Berube, Audrey Singer, Jill H. Wilson, and William H. Frey, "Finding Exurbia. America's Fast-Growing Communities at the Metropolitan Fringe" (Brookings Institution, October 2006), p. 7, http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2006/10metropolitanpolicy_berube.aspx.

  11. Michael Harrington, "Democrats Should Try Appealing to More Married Voters," Christian Science Monitor, May 25, 2006.

  12. Robert E. Lang and Thomas W. Sanchez, "The New Metro Politics Interpreting Recent Presidential Elections Using a County-Based Regional Typology" (election brief, Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech, 2006).

  13. George Lakoff, Moral Politics What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don't (Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 12.

  14. Marc J. Hetherington and Jonathan Weiler, "Authoritarian Values and Political Choice" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, 2005); Marc J. Hetherington and Jonathan Weiler, "Spare the Rod and Spoil the Nation?" (unpublished paper, n.d.).

  15. Hetherington and Weiler, "Authoritarian Values and Political Choice."

  16. Daniel J. Elazar, The American Mosaic: The Impact of Space, Time and Culture on American Politics (Boulder, CO. Westview Press, 1994), p. 97.

  17. Robert H. Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York. Hill & Wang, 1967), pp. 2–3.

  18. Manuel Castells, quoted in Craig Calhoun, "Populist Politics, Communications Media and Large Scale Societal Integration," Sociological Theory 6, no. 2 (Autumn 1988): 224.

  19. Ibid., p. 226.

  20. Stephanie McCrummen, "Redefining Property Values," Washington Post, April 16, 2006, p. A1.

  21. Sarah Schweitzer, "Like Recycling? Cooking? Then Welcome Home," Boston Globe, September 3, 2006.

  22. Ron Lesthaeghe and Lisa Neidert, "The Political Significance of the 'Second Demographic Transition' in the US: A Spatial Analysis" (paper prepared for the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, March 28–30, 2007). See also Ron Lesthaeghe and Lisa Neidert, "The Second Demographic Transition in the United States: Exception or Textbook Example?" Population and Development Review 32, no. 4 (December 2006): 669–98.

  23. Émile Durkheim, Selected Writings, ed. Anthony Giddens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), pp. 142–44.

  24. Ibid., pp. 186–88.

  25. Ibid., p. 175.

  26. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society (New York: Basic Books, 1999), pp. 287–88.

  10. Choosing a Side

  1. Alan Greenblatt, "What Makes ALEC Smart?" Governing, October 2003; Pauline Vu, "How ALEC, CPA Help Shape State Laws," Statehne.org, June 7, 2005, http://www.stateline.org/live/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId = 136 &languageId=1&contentId=35924.

  2. Greenblatt, "What Makes ALEC Smart?"

  3. Sarah A. Binder, "Elections and Congress's Governing Capacity," Extensions: A journal of the Carl Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center (Fall 2005). 10–14.

  4. Defenders of Wildlife and Natural Resources Defense Council, "Corporate America's Trojan Horse in the States. The Untold Story Behind the American Legislative Exchange Council," 2002, http://alecwatch.org/report.html.

  5. People for the American Way and Defenders of Wildlife Action Fund, "ALEC and the Battle of the States," January 2003, http://www.
pfaw.org/pfaw/dfiles/file_169.pdf.

  6. Jason DeParle, "Goals Reached, Donor on Right Closes Up Shop," New York Times, May 29, 2005, p. A1.

  7. Theda Skocpol, Diminished Democracy From Membership to Management in American Civic Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003), p. 230.

  8. James Piereson, "Investing in the Right Ideas," WSJ.com Opinion Journal, May 27, 2005, http://www.opimonjournal.com/extra/?id=110006723.

  9. Skocpol, Diminished Democracy, pp. 135, 219.

  10. Katrina vanden Heuvel, "Building to Win," Nation, July 9, 2001.

  11. Michelle Goldberg, Kingdom Coming: The Rise of Christian Nationalism (New York. Norton, 2006), p. 206.

  12. Jerome Armstrong and Markos Moulitsas Zuniga, Crashing the Gate: Netroots, Grassroots, and the Rise of People-Powered Politics (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2006), pp. 95, 109.

  13. Bill McKibben, "The Hope of the Web," New York Review of Books (April 27, 2006, p. 6.

  14. Stephen Simon, "A Conservative's Answer to Wikipedia," Los Angeles Times, June 19, 2007.

  15. Armstrong and Zuniga, Crashing the Gate, pp. 105–10. See also Matt Bai, "Wiring the Vast Left-Wing Conspiracy," New York Times Magazine, July 25, 2004.

  16. Thomas B. Edsall, "Rich Liberals Vow to Fund Think Tanks; Aim Is to Compete with Conservatives," Washington Post, August 7, 2005, p. A1.

  17. Carsey and Layman take up the issue of party identification in these pieces: Thomas M. Carsey and Geoffrey C. Layman, "Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party Identification and Policy Preferences in the American Electorate," American Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2 (April 2006); Thomas M. Carsey and Geoffrey C. Layman, "Party Polarization and Party Structuring of Policy Attitudes: A Comparison of the 1972–1974–1976 and 1992–1994–1996 National Election Study Panels" (presentation at the Vanderbilt University Conference on Parties and Partisanship, October 25–27, 2001); Thomas M. Carsey, Geoffrey C. Layman, John Green, and Richard Herrera, "Party Polarization and 'Conflict Extension' in the United States: The Case of Party Activists" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, January 6–8, 2005).