State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  28. Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p. 575; Ziegler, Wilson, p. 375; Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, p. 42; Ronald McIntosh, Challenge to Democracy: Politics, Trade Union Power and Economic Failure in the 1970s (London, 2006), p. 58.

  29. Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 260–61; Edmund Dell, A Strange Eventful History: Democratic Socialism in Britain (London, 2000), pp. 420–21; Mervyn Jones, Michael Foot (London, 1995), p. 330; Martin Westlake, Kinnock: The Biography (London, 2001), pp. 87–8.

  30. Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p. 581; Kenneth O. Morgan, Callaghan: A Life (Oxford, 1997), pp. 394–61.

  31. Benn, Office Without Power, pp. 352, 356; The Times, 19 July 1971; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp. 583–5.

  32. Roy Jenkins, A Life at the Centre (London, 1991), pp. 319–20; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, p. 582; Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain, pp. 50, 52; David Marquand, ‘ “The Welsh Wrecker” ’, in Andrew Adonis and Keith Thomas (eds.), Roy Jenkins: A Retrospective (Oxford, 2004), p. 120.

  33. The Times, 20 July 1971; Benn, Office Without Power, pp. 357–9, 382; John Campbell, Roy Jenkins: A Biography (London, 1983), pp. 140–41; Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, pp. 322–3, 329; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp. 585–7.

  34. Benn, Office Without Power, pp. 313–14, 316, 421; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp. 592, 595, 598; Ziegler, Wilson, p. 386; Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, pp. 342–9; Marquand, ‘ “The Welsh Wrecker” ’, p. 124; Daily Express, 2 October 1972.

  35. Roy Hattersley, Who Goes Home? Scenes from a Political Life (London, 1996), p. 109; Daily Telegraph, 24 April 1972; Denis Healey, The Time of My Life (London, 1989), p. 360; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp. 590, 597; New Statesman, 30 June 1972.

  36. Healey, The Time of My Life, p. 359; Pimlott, Harold Wilson, pp. 600–601; Young, This Blessed Plot, p. 271.

  37. Ibid., p. 239; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A Social History as Seen Through the Gallup Data (London, 1989), pp. 95, 98; Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 356; Weight, Patriots, pp. 477–8.

  38. Ibid., pp. 477–8, 481–2; Hansard, 21 July 1971; The Times, 13 July 1971.

  39. Daily Telegraph, 16 August 1971; Daily Mirror, 8 July 1971, 22 July, 1971; Daily Express, 14 May 1971, 22 May 1971, 22 July 1971; Sun, 23 July 1971; Roy Greenslade, Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits from Propaganda (London, 2004), pp. 292–4.

  40. Encounter, June 1971, July 1971; Time, 8 November 1971; The Times, 27 July 1971; Weight, Patriots, p. 479; John Lahr (ed.), The Diaries of Kenneth Tynan (London 2001), pp. 52, 59; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (London, 1993), p. 402; James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), p. 93.

  41. Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 397; Stuart Ball, ‘The Conservative Party and the Heath Government’, in Ball and Seldon (eds.), The Heath Government, p. 317; Weight, Patriots, p. 485.

  42. Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (London, 1998), pp. 517–18, 547, 579–80, 622–3.

  43. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 400–402; Heath, The Course of My Life, pp. 379–80.

  44. Hansard, 28 October 1971; The Times, 28 October 1971, 29 October 1971; Bernard D. Nossiter, Britain: A Future That Works (London, 1978), pp. 94–5, 97; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 403–4.

  45. The Times, 29 October 1971; Jenkins, A Life at the Centre, pp. 330–31; Benn, Office Without Power, p. 382; Heffer, Like the Roman, p. 607.

  46. The Times, 29 October 1971; Time, 8 November 1971.

  47. Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 381; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 404–5.

  48. Sunday Times, 23 January 1972; Heath, The Course of My Life, pp. 381–2.

  49. The Times, 17 February 1972, 18 February 1972, 3 May 1972; Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 437–41; Young, ‘The Heath Government and British Entry into the European Community’, pp. 277–8; Jim Prior, A Balance of Power (London, 1986), p. 86.

  50. The Times, 1 January 1973, 2 January 1973; David Butler and Uwe Kitzinger, The 1975 Referendum (London, 1976), p. 21.

  51. Daily Mirror, 1 January 1973; The Times, 1 January 1973, 2 January 1973; Daily Express, 1 January 1973.

  52. Hansard, 9 November 1972; Weight, Patriots, p. 498.

  53. The Times, 4 January 1973; Sunday Times, 7 January 1973; Heath, The Course of My Life, p. 394; Weight, Patriots, p. 500.

  54. The Times, 3 January 1973, 4 January 1973; Guardian, 4 January 1973; Christopher Booker, The Seventies: Portrait of a Decade (London, 1980), p. 127; Weight, Patriots, p. 499–500; Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), pp. 93–4.

  55. Campbell, Edward Heath, pp. 352–3; Young, This Blessed Plot, pp. 215–16.

  56. Young, ‘The Heath Government and British Entry into the European Community’, p. 281; Neill Nugent, ‘British Public Opinion and the European Community’, in Stephen George (ed.), Britain and the European Community: The Politics of Semi-Detachment (Oxford, 1992), p. 181; Observer, 6 October 1974; Weight, Patriots, pp. 494–6; Encounter, January 1963. On au pairs and town-twinning, see Weight, Patriots, pp. 488–9; on the rise of the duvet, see Joe Moran, Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life from Breakfast to Bedtime (London, 2007), pp. 206–7.

  57. Cleese and Booth, The Complete Fawlty Towers, pp. 140, 154–7.

  58. Weight, Patriots, p. 492; John Ramsden, Don’t Mention the War: The British and the Germans Since 1890 (London, 2006), pp. 363, 386–7, 389; John Mander, Our German Cousins (London, 1974), pp. 3, 5, 26–34.

  59. Campbell, Edward Heath, p. 381; Weight, Patriots, p. 491; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76 (London, 1980), p. 281; Bernard Donoughue, Downing Street Diary, vol. 2: With James Callaghan in No. 10 (London, 2008), p. 216; Clark, Diaries, p. 64.

  CHAPTER 5. THE GREEN DEATH

  1. Malcolm Bradbury, The History Man (London, 1977), pp. 3, 4–5, 16, 50–51, 70, 73.

  2. Marnie Fogg, Boutique: A ’60s Cultural Phenomenon (London, 2003), pp. 178–80; Robert Hewison, Too Much: Art and Culture in the Sixties, 1960–75 (London, 1986), pp. 165–6, 172–3; Dave Haslam, Not Abba: The Real Story of the 1970s (London, 2005), pp. 45, 67; Jonathon Green, All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture (London, 1998), pp. 277–81, 367–72, 397; Jann Wenner (ed.), Lennon Remembers: The Rolling Stone Interviews (Harmondsworth, 1972).

  3. Hewison, Too Much, pp. 175–6; Jon Savage, England’s Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock (London, 2005), p. 43; ‘Rock Fans Clash with Police at Festival’, BBC News, 29 August 1974, at http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday; Observer, 1 September 1974.

  4. Hewison, Too Much, pp. 211–12, Michael Billington, State of the Nation: British Theatre Since 1945 (London, 2007), pp. 210–13, 215, 232, 259; Patricia Waugh, Harvest of the Sixties: English Literature and its Background, 1960 to 1990 (Oxford, 1995), pp. 16–17, 176; Richard Boon, Brenton the Playwright (London, 1991), p. 63.

  5. Mary Ingham, Now We Are Thirty: Women of the Breakthrough Generation (London, 1982), pp. 16–17.

  6. Jonathan Raban, Soft City (London, 1975), pp. 60, 88, 175, 190; Roy Greenslade, Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits from Propaganda (London, 2004),p. 337; Lawrence James, The Middle Class: A History (London 2006), pp. 575–7.

  7. Margaret Drabble, The Middle Ground (Harmondsworth, 1980), p. 207; Michael Frayn, ‘Festival’, in Michael Sissons and Philip French (eds.), Age of Austerity (Oxford, 1963), pp. 307–8.

  8. Gordon Rattray Taylor, The Doomsday Book: Can the World Survive? (London, 1970), pp. 13–14, 17, 52–3, 59–61, 229, 275.

  9. Philip Lowe and Jane Goyder, Environmental Groups in Politics (London, 1983), pp. 16–17; Edward M. Nicholson, The Environmental Revolution (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 158–60; S. K. Brooks et al., ‘The Growth of the Environment as a Political Issue in Britain’, British Journal of Political Science, 6 (April 1976), pp. 245–55; Meredith Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain: Romantic Protest, 1945–1980 (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 208–10.

  10. Martin Weiner, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1980 (C
ambridge, 1981); Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: England Before the Industrial Age (New York, 1965), p. 22; E. J. Mishan, The Costs of Economic Growth (London, 1967), pp. 161, 166, 171; Barbara Ward, Spaceship Earth (London, 1966), pp. 1, 15; and see Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 211–12, 252–8; Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (Oxford, 2000), p. 133.

  11. The Times, 6 September 1977; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain pp. 273–7.

  12. E. F. Schumacher, Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered (New York, 1973), pp. 159, 55, 17, 297; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 277–8, 286–95.

  13. Anthony Sampson, The New Anatomy of Britain (London, 1971), pp. 559–60, 564; Anthony Sampson, The Changing Anatomy of Britain (London 1983), pp. 339–40; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), pp. 251–2, 394.

  14. Robert Colls, Identity of England (Oxford, 2002), p. 350; Taylor, The Doomsday Book, p. 49; Des Wilson, The Environmental Crisis (London, 1984), pp. 41, 43; James, The Middle Class, p. 485; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 252; Marion Shoard, The Theft of the Countryside (London, 1980), p. 16.

  15. Geoffrey Moorhouse, Britain in the Sixties: The Other England (Harmondsworth, 1964), pp. 95, 97; The Times, 8 June 1972.

  16. Margaret Drabble, The Ice Age (London, 1977), pp. 168–9, 30, 51–2.

  17. Raban, Soft City, p. 28; Gordon E. Cherry, Town Planning in Britain Since 1900: The Rise and Fall of the Planning Ideal (Oxford, 1996), p. 184; David Eversley, The Planner in Society: The Changing Role of a Profession (London, 1973), p. 14; Douglas Adams, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy (London, 1982), p. 53.

  18. Patrick Dunleavy, The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain, 1945–1975 (Oxford, 1981), pp. 36, 41, 44–8, 259; Patrick Nuttgens, The Home Front: Housing the People 1840–1990 (London, 1989), p. 86; Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (London, 2001), p. 55; and see Dominic Sandbrook, White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (London, 2006), pp. 627–34.

  19. Barbara Adams and Jean Conway, The Social Effects of Living off the Ground (London, 1973), p. 8; Elizabeth Gittus, Flats, Families and the Under Fives (London, 1976); Sutherland Lyall, The State of British Architecture (London, 1980), pp. 33, 42–3, 45–50; Building Design, 5 January 1979; Dunleavy, The Politics of Mass Housing in Britain, pp. 70, 94–9.

  20. Peter Hall, Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1996), pp. 226–7; Cherry, Town Planning in Britain Since 1900, p. 185; Raban, Soft City, pp. 26–7; J. G. Ballard, High Rise (London, 1975).

  21. Christopher Booker, The Seventies: Portrait of a Decade (London, 1980), p. 300; White, London in the Twentieth Century, p. 83; Alice Coleman, Utopia on Trial: Vision and Reality in Planned Housing (London, 1985), p. 180.

  22. James Lees-Milne, Diaries, 1971–1983 (London, 2008), pp. 67, 81–2.

  23. Ibid., pp. 84–5; Bevis Hillier, John Betjeman: The Biography (London, 2002), pp. 506–8.

  24. Cherry, Town Planning in Britain Since 1900, p. 163; White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 67–71; Simon Jenkins, A City at Risk: A Contemporary Look at London’s Streets (London, 1970); Terry Christensen, Neighbourhood Survival: The Struggle for Covent Garden’s Future (Dorchester, 1979); Nick Wates, The Battle for Tolmers Square (London, 1976).

  25. The Times, 23 February 1971, 5 April 1971, 27 April 1971, 3 February 1972, 3 May 1972, 6 February 1973, 1 February 1974, 21 March 1974, 12 June 1974; Noel Annan, Our Age: The Generation That Made Post-War Britain (London, 1991), pp. 465–6; Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), pp. 37–45.

  26. Scotsman, 7 November 1970, 29 November 1972; James, The Middle Class, pp. 479, 484; The Times, 4 December 1974, 5 December 1974, 5 November 1975, 8 November 1975, 4 February 1976, 5 February 1976. 14 February 1976.

  27. The Times, 30 June 1976, 1 July 1976, 14 July 1976; Tom Sharpe, Blott on the Landscape (London, 1975).

  28. Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 244, 250; Deborah S. Ryan, The Ideal Home Through the Twentieth Century (London, 1997), p. 145.

  29. White, London in the Twentieth Century, p. 68; Richard Weight, Patriots: National Identity in Britain 1940–2000 (London, 2002), p. 578; James, The Middle Class, p. 534; David Cannadine, ‘The National Trust and the National Heritage’, in David Cannadine, In Churchill’s Shadow: Confronting the Past in Modern Britain (London, 2002), pp. 240, 238; Patrick Cormack, Heritage in Danger (London, 1978), p. 10.

  30. John Sutherland, Reading the Decades: Fifty Years of British History Through the Nation’s Bestsellers (London, 2002), pp. 88–9; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), pp. 150–51; Walker, Hollywood, England, p. 432; Ruth Barton, ‘When the Chickens Came Home to Roost: British Thrillers of the 1970s’, in Robert Shail (ed.), Seventies British Cinema (London, 2008), p. 48; Alexander Walker, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties (London, 1985), pp. 129, 227–8; John Leggott, ‘Nothing To Do Around Here: British Realist Cinema in the 1970s’, in Shail (ed.), Seventies British Cinema, p.100; John Goodwin (ed.), Peter Hall’s Diaries: The Story of a Dramatic Battle (London, 1983), pp. 227–8.

  31. Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, vol. 5: Competition (Oxford, 1995), pp. 944–6; Weight, Patriots, pp. 543–4; Sergio Angelini, ‘Upstairs, Downstairs’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/473764/.

  32. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 48, 67; Elizabeth Wilson, Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity (London 1985), pp. 114, 177; The Times, 11 September 1973, 22 August 1972.

  33. Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 98–101; Evening News, 2 July 1979; Sunday Times Magazine, 2 January 1972.

  34. The Times, 3 September 1973; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 83, 87, 108–10; Patrick Curry, Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien, Myth and Modernity (London, 1998), pp. 59–97; Colin Wilson, ‘Tree’ by Tolkien (London, 1973), pp. 28–9.

  35. Independent, 8 June 1996; New Statesman, 22 December 1972; The Economist, 23 December 1972; Booker, The Seventies, p. 251; Sutherland, Reading the Decades, p. 88.

  36. Booker, The Seventies, pp. 255–6; John Sutherland, Bestsellers: Popular Fiction of the 1970s (London, 1981), pp. 112, 114; Walker, National Heroes, p. 176; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries 1974–76 (London, 1980), p. 145.

  37. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 43–5, 54; Walter Harris, The Fifth Horseman (London, 1976), p. 48; PRO CAB 128/47, CM (70) 34, 29 October 1970; The Times, 3 October 1970, 5 October 1970, 6 October 1970, 7 October 1970, 2 November 1970; Daily Mail, 11 March 1975.

  38. Radio Times, 5 February 1970; Briggs, Competition, p. 946; Anthony Clark, ‘Doomwatch’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/442747/index.html; for background and synopses, see the excellent website http://www.doomwatch.org/.

  39. James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), pp. 76, 77–83, 85–6, 108–9.

  40. Ibid., pp. 89–91; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 54–5.

  41. John Christopher, The Prince in Waiting (pbk., Harmondsworth, 1973), pp. 10, 19, 39, 58, 148–50.

  42. See another fine website, http://www.thechestnut.com/changes.htm.

  43. Rich Cross and Andy Priestner, The End of the World: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Survivors (London, 2005); Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 202–3; and see the splendid episode guides at http://www.survivorstvseries.com/index2.htm and http://www.survivors-mad-dog.org.uk/a-world-away/index.shtml.

  44. Radio Times, 10 April 1975; John and Sally Seymour, Self-Sufficiency (London, 1970); John Seymour, The Complete Book of Self-Sufficiency (London, 1976); ‘How CAT Started’, http://www.cat.org.uk/information/aboutcatx.tmpl?init=4; Gwilym Thear, ‘The Self-Sufficiency Movement and the Apocalyptic Image in 1970s British Culture’, http://www.1970sproject.co.uk/event
s/papers/gwilym-thear.pdf.

  45. Raban, Soft City, p. 118; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (London, 1993), p. 492.

  46. Ryan, The Ideal Home Through the Twentieth Century, p. 154; Observer, 11 October 1964; Lowe and Goyder, Environmental Groups in Politics, p. 78; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 218–19, 221–2.

  47. The Times, 19 February 1971, 10 May 1971, 11 May 1971; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 222–4.

  48. The Times, 7 March, 1972, 27 March 1972, 9 June 1975; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 224–6.

  49. Frank Chapple, Sparks Fly! A Trade Union Life (London, 1984), p. 158; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 50; Susan Crosland, Tony Crosland (London, 1982), pp. 254, 256–7.

  50. The Ecologist, March 1971; James, The Middle Class, pp. 473, 478–80; Val Stevens, ‘The Importance of the Environmental Movement’, in John Minnion and Philip Bolsover (eds.), The CND Story (London, 1983), pp. 77–9; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 244, 305–10; Tony Benn, Conflicts of Interest: Diaries 1977–80 (London, 1990), p. 259.

  51. The Ecologist, July 1970; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 227–8; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 235–6. For back issues and articles from The Ecologist, see http://www.theecologist.info/page0.html and http://www.edwardgoldsmith.org/.

  52. The Ecologist, July 1975, November 1975; Edward Goldsmith, Can Britain Survive? (London, 1971), pp. 44–55, 227–30; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 227–30, 267, 269–70; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, p. 238.

  53. The Ecologist, January 1972, reprinted as A Blueprint for Survival (Harmondsworth, 1972). The entire Blueprint is online at http://www.theecologist.info/key27.html.

  54. Guardian, 14 January 1972; The Times, 14 January 1972, 25 January 1972; Sunday Times, 16 January 1972; Daily Mail, 14 January 1972; Lees-Milne, Diaries, p. 40.

  55. Hansard, 28 April 1972; The Times, 1 March 1972; Veldman, Fantasy, the Bomb and the Greening of Britain, pp. 234–5; Guardian, 15 January 1972.