State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

37. George Bernstein, The Myth of Decline: The Rise of Britain Since 1945 (London, 2004), pp. 453–5; Irene Rauta and Audrey Hunt, Fifth Form Girls: Their Hopes for the Future (London, 1975); Nick Tiratsoo, ‘The Seventies’, in Folio Society, England 1945–2000, pp. 296–7; David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1979 (London, 1980), p. 343.

  38. Dave Harker, ‘Blood on the Tracks: Popular Music in the 1970s’, in Bart Moore-Gilbert (ed.), The Arts in the 1970s: Cultural Closure? (London, 1994), pp. 251–2; Dave Laing, One Chord Wonders: Power and Meaning in Punk Rock (Milton Keynes, 1985), pp. 1–4; ‘The Diaries of Smurfette’, 18 April 1974, 9 May 1974.

  39. Ian MacDonald, Revolution in the Head: The Beatles’ Records and the Sixties (London, 1997), p. 340; Ian MacDonald, The People’s Music (London, 2003), pp. viii–ix; Philip Norman, The Stones (London, 1993), p. 284; and see Charlie Gillett, The Sound of the City: The Rise of Rock and Roll (London, 1983), pp. 375–7; Iain Chambers, Urban Rhythms: Pop Music and Popular Culture (Basingstoke, 1985), pp. 84–5, 111–15.

  40. NME, 19 February 1972, 14 July 1973, 16 September 1972, 15 April 1972.

  41. Melody Maker, 20 November 1971, 22 January 1972; NME, 24 September 1977; Barney Hoskyns, Glam! Bowie, Bolan and the Glitter Rock Revolution (London, 1998), pp. 15–19, 40–41, 52.

  42. Melody Maker, 9 November 1974, 19 April 1975.

  43. NME, 17 July 1971; Melody Maker, 16 September 1972; Tony Palmer, All You Need Is Love: The Story of Popular Music (London, 1977), pp. 261–2.

  44. Melody Maker, 29 September 1973; The Times, 21 November 1973.

  45. Melody Maker, 9 February 1974.

  46. The Times, 2 September 1970, 11 February 1970, 7 September 1970, 23 January 1971; Abbott, Family Affairs, pp. 130–31; on Maria Colwell, see The Times, 10, 11, 13, 16 and 17 October 1973.

  47. David Robins and Philip Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich: Growing Up in the Working-Class City (Harmondsworth, 1978), pp. 17–18, 22, 35–6, 115–18, 123–4, 203.

  48. Jerry White, London in the Twentieth Century (London, 2001), p. 73; Seabrook, City Close-Up, p. 14.

  49. C. Lesley Andrews, Tenants and Town Hall (London, 1979), pp. 53, 59; Tony Parker, The People of Providence: A Housing Estate and Some of Its Inhabitants (London, 1983); Paul Harrison, Inside the Inner City: Life under the Cutting Edge (London, 1983), pp. 229–30, 382; White, London in the Twentieth Century, pp. 163–4.

  50. Ibid., pp. 204–6, 72–3; on the dockers, see also Paul Ferris, The New Militants: Crisis in the Trade Unions (Harmondsworth, 1972), pp. 17, 102, 108.

  51. The Times, 14 March 1975, 19 April 1975, 5 June 1976; Russell Davies (ed.), The Kenneth Williams Diaries (London, 1993), p. 409; David Wilcox and David Richards, London: The Heartless City (London, 1977), p. 11; Clive Irving, Pox Britannica: The Unmaking of the British (New York, 1974), p. 159; Raban, Soft City, pp. 169–70.

  52. Dave Haslam, Not Abba: The Real Story of the 1970s (London, 2005), p. 237; James Herbert, The Rats (London, 1974), p. 59; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 45; Alexander Walker, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties (London, 1985), pp. 16–17; Amis, Success, p. 118; Margaret Drabble, The Middle Ground (Harmondsworth, 1980), p. 111.

  53. Haslam, Not Abba, p. 178; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1989), p. 246; The Times, 13 June 1978.

  54. Haslam, Not Abba, pp. 139–40; Time, 15 September 1975; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 394–6; Gordon Burn, Somebody’s Husband, Somebody’s Son: The Story of Peter Sutcliffe (London, 1984), p. 74; Seabrook, City Close-Up, pp. 12, 14.

  55. Robert Colls, Identity of England (Oxford, 2002), p. 341; Bernstein, The Myth of Decline, pp. 419–20; Wickham, The Likely Lads, pp. 25–6.

  56. David Marquand, The Progressive Dilemma: From Lloyd George to Blair (London, 1999), pp. 170–71, 191–2, 212; Ben Pimlott, Harold Wilson (London, 1992), pp. 577–8.

  57. Morgan, The People’s Peace, p. 394; The Times, 4 July 1975; ‘The Science Park Story’, www.cambridgesciencepark.co.uk/about/9/history-early-years; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, pp. 392–3; The Times, 11 September 1970; White, London in the Twentieth Century, p. 58.

  58. The Times, 18 March 1970, 24 March 1972; Mark Clapson, A Social History of Milton Keynes: Middle England/Edge City (London, 2004), pp. 45–6, 54, 58, 65.

  59. Clapson, A Social History of Milton Keynes, pp. 111–12; Daily Telegraph, 6 July 1974; Christopher Booker, The Seventies: Portrait of a Decade (London, 1980), pp. 145–8.

  60. The Times, 17 May 1973, 23 October 1976; Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), p. 430; Clapson, A Social History of Milton Keynes, pp. 112, 168.

  61. The Times, 28 August 1975, 23 October 1976, 20 August 1980.

  CHAPTER 10. WHO NEEDS MEN?

  1. See James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), pp. 79–80.

  2. The Times, 21 June 1965, 8 October 1971; John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 1: The Grocer’s Daughter (London, 2000), p. 210.

  3. Brian Jackson, Working-Class Community (Harmondsworth, 1968), pp. 11, 172.

  4. Mary Ingham, Now We Are Thirty: Women of the Breakthrough Generation (London, 1982), pp. 15, 18; Sheila Rowbotham, A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States (London, 1999), p. 398.

  5. Steven Fielding, The Labour Governments, 1964–1970, vol. 1: Labour and Cultural Change (Manchester, 2003), p. 127; Barbara Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1964–70 (London, 1984), p. 373; Elizabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise: Women in Postwar Britain. 1945–1968 (London, 1980), pp. 184–5; Sheila Rowbotham, Women, Resistance and Revolution (Harmondsworth, 1973), p. 12.

  6. Jonathon Green, Days in the Life: Voices from the English Underground, 1961–1971 (London, 1998), pp. 418–19; Miriam Akhtar and Steve Humphries, The Fifties and Sixties: A Lifestyle Revolution (London, 2001), p. 181.

  7. Green, Days in the Life, p. 401; Sheila Rowbotham, Promise of a Dream: Remembering the Sixties (London, 2000), pp. 208–11; Idiot International, October 1970.

  8. The Times, 3 February 1968, 4 February 1968 (on Hull); 10 June 1968, 15 June 1968, 18 June 1968 (on Dagenham); Sheila Rowbotham, Dreams and Dilemmas: Collected Writings (London, 1983), pp. 33–4; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 347–9.

  9. The Times, 19 May 1969; Black Dwarf, 1 June 1969; Rowbotham, Dreams and Dilemmas, pp. 54–5; Rowbotham, Promise of a Dream, pp. 234–5.

  10. The Times, 6 May 1968, 29 January 1970, 14 February 1970, 12 May 1970; Fielding, Labour and Cultural Change, pp. 131–2.

  11. The Times, 21 November 1970; Green, Days in the Life, p. 412; Jonathon Green, All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture (London, 1998), pp. 407–8; Paul Ferris, Sex and the British: A Twentieth-Century History (London, 1993), p. 219.

  12. The Times, 2 March 1970; Rowbotham, Dreams and Dilemmas, p. 39; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 401; Green, Days in the Life, pp. 405–6; Green, All Dressed Up, pp. 403–6.

  13. Rowbotham, Dreams and Dilemmas, pp. 87–9; Green, All Dressed Up, p. 406; Eve Setch, ‘The Face of Metropolitan Feminism: The London Women’s Liberation Workshop, 1969–79’, Twentieth Century British History, 13:2 (2002), pp. 171–90.

  14. Guardian, 7 March 1971; Setch, ‘The Face of Metropolitan Feminism’, p. 185; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 402; Evening Standard, 7 March 1971; Daily Telegraph, 6 March 1971.

  15. Zelda Curtis, ‘Older Women and Feminism: Don’t Say Sorry’, Feminist Review, 31 (28 February 1989), p. 144; Sue O’Sullivan, ‘Passionate Beginnings: Ideological Politics 1969–72’, Feminist Review, 11 (30 June 1982), pp. 82–3; Elaine Aston, ‘Finding a Voice: Feminism and Theatre in the 1970s’, in Bart Moore-Gilbert (ed.), The Arts in the 1970s: Cultural Closure? (London, 1994), p. 104.

  16. Cate Haste, Rules of Desire: Sex in Britain, World War I to the Present (London, 1994), pp. 235, 243; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 402, 404, 419; Rowbotham, Dreams and Dilemmas, p. 40; Jenny D
iski, The Sixties (London, 2009), pp. 51–2.

  17. Elizabeth Wilson, What Is To Be Done About Violence Against Women? (Harmondsworth, 1983), p. 84; Sun, 9 July 1970; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 420; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 239–40; Mary Abbott, Family Affairs: A History of the Family in Twentieth-Century England (London, 2003), p. 140; Daily Mail, 22 January 2007; Hansard, 11 July 1975.

  18. Abbott, Family Affairs, p. 140: Mark Garnett, From Anger to Apathy: The British Experience Since 1975 (London, 2007), p. 55; The Times, 28 June 1975, 21 June 1975, 18 June 1977, 20 June 1977, 21 June 1977, 22 June 1977.

  19. Haste, Rules of Desire, p. 241; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 407; and see http://www.corrie.net/updates/classic/1977.html and http://coronationstreet.wikia.com/wiki/Coronation_Street_in_1977.

  20. Rosie Boycott, A Nice Girl Like Me: A Story of the Seventies (London, 1984), pp. 66 ff.; Green, Days in the Life, pp. 412–17; Andy Beckett, When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies (London, 2009), pp. 225–8; Ingham, Now We Are Thirty, p. 140; and see Marsha Rowe, The Spare Rib Reader (London, 1982).

  21. On the history of Virago, see ‘About Virago’, http://www.virago.co.uk/; the Callil quotations are from Alison Pressley, The Seventies: Good Times, Bad Taste (London, 2002), p. 48.

  22. Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise, pp. 146–61; A. S. Byatt, The Game (London, 1968), p. 115; D. J. Taylor, After the War: The Novel and England Since 1945 (London, 1993), pp. 255–7.

  23. Mandy Koonen, ‘Undesirable Desires: Sexuality as Subjectivity in Angela Carter’s The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman’, Women’s Studies, 36:6 (September 2007), pp. 399–416; Angela Carter, The Passion of New Eve (London, 1977); Aidan Day, Angela Carter: The Rational Glass (Manchester, 1998), pp. 55–131.

  24. Guardian, 7 March 1991, 31 May 2007; Green, All Dressed Up, pp. 329–30.

  25. Germaine Greer, The Female Eunuch (London, 1970), p. 325; New York Times, 22 March 1971.

  26. Listener, 22 October 1970; New Society, 22 October 1970; Observer, 11 October 1970; John Sutherland, Reading the Decades: Fifty Years of British History Through the Nation’s Bestsellers (London, 2002), pp. 109–10; Green, All Dressed Up, pp. 410–11.

  27. Green, Days in the Life, p. 411; Green, All Dressed Up, pp. 411–13; Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise, pp. 194–203.

  28. Roy Greenslade, Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits from Propaganda (London, 2004), pp. 262, 273; Larry Lamb, Sunrise: The Remarkable Rise and Rise of the Bestselling Soaraway Sun (London, 1989), pp. 56–7; Patricia Holland, ‘The Politics of the Smile: “Soft News” and the Sexualisation of the Popular Press’, in Cynthia Carter, Gill Branston and Stuart Allan (eds.), News, Gender and Power (London, 1998), p. 24.

  29. The Times, 16 February 1972; Cosmopolitan, March 1972; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 417, 428.

  30. Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis? Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), p. 114; Chapman, Inside the TARDIS, pp. 80, 114–15; John Tulloch and Manuel Alvarado, Doctor Who: The Unfolding Text (London, 1983), pp. 212–13; The Times, 10 October 1977.

  31. Alexander Walker, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties (London, 1985), pp. 19–21; James Chapman, Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films (London, 1999), pp. 118–19; People [US], 18 July 1983.

  32. Richard Webber, Fifty Years of Carry On (London, 2008), pp. 129–32; Leon Hunt, British Low Culture: From Safari Suits to Sexploitation (London, 1998), pp. 39–40.

  33. Ann Oakley, Housewife (London, 1974), pp. 143–4.

  34. Ibid., pp. 238–40; Michael Young and Peter Willmott, The Symmetrical Family: A Study of Work and Leisure in the London Region (London, 1973), p. 113; Jane Lewis, Women in Britain Since 1945 (Oxford, 1992), p. 88; Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990 (London, 1996), p. 365.

  35. Oakley, Housewife, pp. 99–101, 144–5, 147–8, 150–52.

  36. Ibid., pp. 142, 153–5.

  37. Ibid., pp. 108–9, 111, 113; Ingham, Now We Are Thirty, pp. 136–7, 139.

  38. Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘Housewifery’, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed.), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain (Harlow, 2001), p. 153; Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise, p. 40; Hera Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution: English Women, Sex and Contraception 1800–1975 (Oxford, 2005), p. 336.

  39. Joe Moran, Queuing for Beginners: The Story of Daily Life from Breakfast to Bedtime (London, 2007), p. 39; Daily Mirror, 12 August 1965; Jackson, Working-Class Community, pp. 86–8.

  40. Daily Mirror, 5 June 1970; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 112; Sandra Stanley Holton, ‘The Women’s Movement, Politics and Citizenship, 1960s-2000’, in Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed.), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain, pp. 282–3; Time, 2 February 1976; New Society, 23 August 1979; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 404–6, 413–14; Chris Wrigley, ‘Women in the Labour Market and in the Unions’, in John McIlroy, Nina Campbell and Alan Fishman (eds.), The High Tide of British Trade Unionism: Trade Unions and Industrial Politics, 1964–1979 (Monmouth, 2007), p. 56; Sunday Times, 1 February 1970.

  41. Tony Benn, Office Without Power: Diaries 1968–72 (London, 1988), p. 427; Wrigley, ‘Women in the Labour Market and in the Unions’, pp. 56–7, 59–60, 66; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 414–18.

  42. David Childs, Britain Since 1945: A Political History (London, 1979), pp. 276–7; Time, 2 February 1976; The Times, 3 May 1972, 6 May 1972, 9 May 1972, 27 March 1973, 16 June 1973; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London, 2009), pp. 550–51; David Kynaston, The City of London, vol. 4: A Club No More, 1945–2000 (London, 2001), p. 420.

  43. Cosmopolitan, February 1978; Lawrence James, The Middle Class: A History (London, 2006), p. 554; Christopher Booker, The Seventies: Portrait of a Decade (London, 1980), pp. 136–41.

  44. Jackson, Working-Class Community, p. 167; Young and Willmott, The Symmetrical Family, pp. 95, 115; Oakley, Housewife, p. 93.

  45. Kate Colquhoun, Taste: The Story of Britain Through Its Cooking (London, 2007), pp. 354–5; various Shoot articles reprinted in Barney Ronay (ed.), Studs!: The Greatest Retro Football Annual The World Has Ever Seen (London, 2006); Hunter Davies, The Glory Game (London, 1972), pp. 96, 325–9.

  46. Ibid., p. 248; Marnie Fogg, Boutique: A ’60s Cultural Phenomenon (London, 2003), pp. 74–5; Howard Sounes, Seventies: The Sights, Sounds and Ideas of a Brilliant Decade (London, 2006), pp. 18, 27; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 60–63, 66.

  47. James Chapman, Saints and Avengers: British Adventure Series of the 1960s (London, 2002), pp. 214–15; Davies, The Glory Game, p. 114.

  48. Ibid., pp. 25, 27; Phil Wickham, The Likely Lads (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 54–5; Graham McCann, Fawlty Towers: The Story of Britain’s Favourite Sitcom (London, 2007), p. 179.

  49. NME, 26 August 1972; Plays and Players, November 1972; Sounes, Seventies, pp. 145–6, 156; James Miller, Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947–1977 (New York, 1999), pp. 298–9.

  50. Barney Hoskyns, Glam! Bowie, Bolan and the Glitter Rock Revolution (London, 1998), pp. 10–14; Sounes, Seventies, pp. 140, 146–7; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 4, 11, 58; Dave Haslam, Not Abba: The Real Story of the 1970s (London, 2005), pp. 30–31.

  51. NME, 3 April 1971, 27 January 1973; Melody Maker, 22 January 1972, 12 March 1973; Rolling Stone, 1 April 1971. Bowie in 1993 is quoted at http://www.5years.com/shape.htm.

  52. Melody Maker, 20 November 1971, 1 July 1972, 14 July 1973; George Tremlett, The Slade Story (London, 1975), p. 49; Haslam, Not Abba, p. 132; David Robins and Philip Cohen, Knuckle Sandwich: Growing Up in the Working-class City (Harmondsworth, 1978), p. 81.

  53. Dominic Sandbrook, White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (London, 2006), pp. 495–6; Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Society Since 1800 (Harlow, 1989), pp. 285–6; Green, Days in the Life, pp. 378–9; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 210–12, 215.

  54. ‘Poove Power’, in Private Eyesores (Londo
n, 1970).

  55. Green, All Dressed Up, pp. 393–4; Beckett, When the Lights Went Out, pp. 219–20; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 286; Raban, Soft City, pp. 200–201.

  56. Margaret Drabble, Angus Wilson, A Biography (London, 1995), pp. 415–17; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 244; Nigel Nicolson, Portrait of a Marriage (London, 1973); Michael Tracey and David Morrison, Whitehouse (London, 1979), p. 173.

  57. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 243–4; Sunday Telegraph, 24 June 1979.

  58. Stephen Poliakoff, Strawberry Fields (London, 1977), p. 25; Gay News, 20 November 1975; Robert J. Wybrow, Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A Social History as Seen Through the Gallup Data (London, 1989), p. 116; Drabble, Angus Wilson, pp. 482, 486; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 275; The Times, 20 January 1970, 5 February 1970, 26 January 1978.

  59. Eric Dunning, Patrick Murphy and John M. Williams, The Roots of Football Hooliganism: A Historical and Sociological Study (London, 1988), pp. 169–71, 187; Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Oxford, 1990), pp. 330, 337, 339.

  60. Peter Everett, You’ll Never Be 16 Again: An Illustrated History of the British Teenager (London, 1986), p. 104; Pete Fowler, ‘Skins Rule’, in Charlie Gillett (ed.), Rock File (London, 1972), p. 15; Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, pp. 62–3.

  61. Trevor Griffiths, Comedians (London, 1976), p. 41; Kynaston, A Club No More, p. 425; Castle, The Castle Diaries, 1964–70, p. 486.

  62. Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), p. 223 (photograph facing page); Elizabeth Wilson, Adorned in Dreams: Fashion and Modernity (London, 1985), p. 241; Guardian, 7 February 1973.

  63. Angela McRobbie, Feminism and Youth Culture: From Jackie to Just Seventeen (Basingstoke, 1991), pp. 67–115; Pressley, The Seventies, p. 49. The Shoot story from 1970 is reprinted in the Studs! anthology.

  64. Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 41–3, 46–7.

  65. Chapman, Saints and Avengers, pp. 235–6; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 71–2.

  66. Humphrey Carpenter, Dennis Potter: A Biography (London, 1998), pp. 309–17.