State of Emergency: the Way We Were

by Dominic Sandbrook

  67. Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 44, 154; Pamela Church Gibson and Andrew Hill, ‘ “Tutto e Marchio!”: Excess, Masquerade and Performativity in 70s Cinema’, in Robert Murphy (ed.), The British Cinema Book (London, 2001), pp. 263–4.

  68. Zachary Leader, The Life of Kingsley Amis (London, 2006), pp. 666–7, 670–83; Neil Powell, Amis and Son (London, 2009), pp. 195–201; Kingsley Amis, Jake’s Thing (London, 1978), pp. 197–8, 269.

  69. Leader, The Life of Kingsley Amis, pp. 725–33; Powell, Amis and Son, p. 220; Zachary Leader (ed.), The Letters of Kingsley Amis (London, 2000), p. 955.

  70. Pamela Kettle, The Day of the Women (London, 1970); Science Fiction Monthly, 2:4 (1975), transcript online at http://www.bondle.co.uk/edmund_cooper/misc_files/interview.pdf.

  71. Edmund Cooper, Five to Twelve (London, 1969); Edmund Cooper, Who Needs Men? (London, 1973); Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?, p. 114; and see Turner’s entertaining pulp fiction website, http://www.trashfiction.co.uk/index2.

  72. Setch, ‘The Face of Metropolitan Feminism’, pp. 184–5, 188; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 404, 407, 431; Curtis, ‘Older Women and Feminism’, pp. 144–5.

  73. Oakley, Housewife, p. 141.

  74. Pressley, The Seventies, p. 100; Ingham, Now We Are Thirty, pp. 132, 134; Hunter Davies, The Creighton Report (London, 1977), p. 95.

  75. The Times, 23 December 1981; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, pp. 399–400, 413–14; Wrigley, ‘Women in the Labour Market and in the Unions’, p. 56; Whitehead, The Writing on the Wall, p. 313; Ingham, Now We Are Thirty, p. 136; Rowbotham, Dreams and Dilemmas, p. 93.

  76. The Times, 10 November 1978; Hannah Hamad, ‘Butterflies’, http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1180242/.

  77. Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why Do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 160–61; Patrick Cosgrave, Margaret Thatcher (London, 1978), p. 14.

  78. Margaret Thatcher Foundation [MTF] online archive, Document 103662, Thatcher interview for Hornsey Journal, 21 April 1978.

  79. MTF 100936, Sunday Graphic, 17 February 1952; Campbell, The Grocer’s Daughter, p. 96; MTF 100939, Onward, April 1954.

  80. E. H. H. Green, Thatcher (London, 2006) pp. 13–15.

  81. MTF 103725, Speech on the fiftieth anniversary of equal female suffrage, 3 July 1978.

  CHAPTER 11. THE RAVAGES OF PERMISSIVENESS

  1. The Times, 17 April 1971; Guardian, 17 April 1971.

  2. Guardian, 1 May 1971; The Times, 5 June 1971; Time, 10 September 1973; Independent, 28 July 1993; Elizabeth Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise: Women in Postwar Britain: 1945–1968 (London, 1980), pp. 105–6; David Limond, ‘ “I Never Imagined That the Time Would Come”: Martin Cole, the Growing Up Controversy and the Limits of School Sex Education in 1970s England’, History of Education, 37:3 (May 2008), pp. 411–13.

  3. Hansard, 21 April 1971; The Times, 29 April 1971, 25 April 1972; Cherwell, 31 October 1975; Limond, ‘ “I Never Imagined That the Time Would Come” ’, pp. 417–21.

  4. James Hampshire and Jane Lewis, ‘ “The Ravages of Permissiveness”: Sex Education and the Permissive Society’, Twentieth Century British History, 15:3 (2004), pp. 291, 295–7, 303; Michael Schofield, The Sexual Behaviour of Young People (London, 1965), pp. 84–5; Hansard, 6 May 1971.

  5. Hampshire and Lewis, ‘ “The Ravages of Permissiveness” ’, pp. 292, 300; Larry Lamb, Sunrise: The Remarkable Rise and Rise of the Bestselling Soaraway Sun (London, 1989), p. 142; Nova, June 1972.

  6. Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800 (Harlow, 1989), pp. 249–52; Guardian, 11 October 1967.

  7. New Society, 27 November 1969; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, pp. 252–4; Schofield, The Sexual Behaviour of Young People, pp. 78, 99–102, 231; Geoffrey Gorer, Sex and Marriage in England Today (London, 1971), pp. 30, 44–5; and see Dominic Sandbrook, White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties (London, 2006), pp. 477–500.

  8. Hera Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution: English Women, Sex and Contraception 1800–1975 (Oxford, 2005), pp. 274–82, 290, 298; Paul Ferris, Sex and the British: A Twentieth-Century History (London, 1993), pp. 204–7; Gorer, Sex and Marriage in England Today, pp. 131–3, 216; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 260; Christie Davies, Permissive Britain: Social Change in the Sixties and Seventies (London, 1975), p. 74; Evening Standard, 10 August 1971.

  9. Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 260; Cate Haste, Rules of Desire: Sex in Britain,World War I to the Present (London, 1994), pp. 205–6, 237–8; Ferris, Sex and the British, pp. 207, 209; Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution, pp. 289–90, 335; Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise, p. 97; ‘Jane’, ‘Unwomanly and Unnatural: Some Thoughts on the Pill’, in Sara Maitland (ed.), Very Heaven: Looking Back at the 1960s (London, 1988), p. 152.

  10. Sunday Times, 27 February 1972; Ann Cartwright, Parents and Family Planning Services (London, 1970), p. 245; Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise, p. 98; Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution, pp. 294, 337–8.

  11. Ibid., pp. 318, 339; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 222, 186; Jeremy Seabrook, City Close-Up (Harmondsworth, 1973), p. 151.

  12. Celia Haddon, The Limits of Sex (London, 1982), p. 84; John Sutherland, Reading the Decades: Fifty Years of British History Through the Nation’s Bestsellers (London, 2002), pp. 10–12; Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution, p. 226; Alex Comfort, The Joy of Sex: A Cordon Bleu Guide to Lovemaking (New York, 1972), pp. 158, 248.

  13. Cosmopolitan, March 1972, December 1978; Haste, Rules of Desire, p. 228; Lawrence James, The Middle Class: A History (London, 2006), p. 554.

  14. Ferris, Sex and the British, p. 241; Kaye Wellings et al., Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Oxford, 1994), pp. 70, 115, 235; Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution, pp. 320, 327, 335; Mary Ingham, Now We Are Thirty: Women of the Breakthrough Generation (London, 1982), p. 133.

  15. Jane Lewis, ‘Marriage’, in Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed.), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain (Harlow, 2001), p. 73; Peter Hitchens, The Abolition of Britain: The British Cultural Revolution from Lady Chatterley to Tony Blair (London, 2000), p. 189.

  16. Ferris, Sex and the British, p. 189; Davies, Permissive Britain, pp. 26, 68, 72–3; Jean Morton Williams and Keith Hindell, Abortion and Contraception: A Study of Patients’ Attitudes (London, 1972), pp. 55–6.

  17. Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 276; Sheila Rowbotham, A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States (London, 1999), pp. 428–9; Ingham, Now We Are Thirty, p. 179; Alison Pressley, The Seventies: Good Times, Bad Taste (London, 2002), pp. 74–5.

  18. Graham Heath, The Illusory Freedom: The Intellectual Origins and Social Consequences of the Sexual Revolution (London, 1978); 19, April 1982; Haste, Rules of Desire, p. 229; Pressley, The Seventies, pp. 74–5; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing on The Wall: Britain in the Seventies (London, 1985), p. 310.

  19. Anthony Hayward, Which Side Are You On? Ken Loach and his Films (London, 2005), pp. 70–74, 123–8; The Times, 14 January 1972; Alexander Walker, Hollywood, England: The British Film Industry in the Sixties (London, 1974), pp. 381–3; Socialist Worker, 5 February 1972.

  20. Gavin Miller, R. D. Laing (Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 7–64; R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise (Harmondsworth, 1967); Robert Hewison, Too Much: Art and Society in the Sixties, 1960–75 (London, 1986), p. 134.

  21. Angela Carter, ‘Truly, It Felt Like Year One’, in Maitland (ed.), Very Heaven, p. 215; Jonathon Green, All Dressed Up: The Sixties and the Counterculture (London, 1998), pp. 202–5; and see Patricia Waugh, Harvest of the Sixties: English Literature and its Background, 1960–1990 (Oxford, 1995), p. 6; Randall Stevenson, The Oxford Literary History, vol. 12: 1960–2000: The Last of England?, p. 375.

  22. The Times, 2 January 1968; Hitchens, The Abolition of Britain, pp. 224–5; Lucy Mair, Marriage (Harmondsworth, 1971), p. 19; Mary Abbott, Family Affairs: A History of the Family in Twentieth-Century England (London, 2003), p. 124; Cook, The Long Sexual Revolution, pp. 286–7; Whitehead, The Wri
ting on the Wall, p. 318; Ann Oakley, Housewife (London, 1974), p. 238.

  23. Lewis, ‘Marriage’, pp. 71–5; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 252; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 223–4; George L. Bernstein, The Myth of Decline: The Rise of Britain Since 1945 (London, 2004), p. 303; Home Office, Marriage Matters: A Consultative Document by the Working Party on Marriage Guidance (London, 1979), p. 21; Sunday Times, 2 May 1982.

  24. Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise, p. 77; Hansard, 17 December 1968; Lewis, ‘Marriage’, p. 73; Guardian, 24 September 1979, 19 December 1979; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 274; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 215, 226.

  25. Guardian, 8 September 1975; Wilson, Only Halfway to Paradise, p. 75; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 286, 288; Ingham, Now We Are Thirty, p. 152; Abbott, Family Affairs, p. 141.

  26. Sunday Times, 2 March 1980; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 226, 234–5, 287; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 274.

  27. The Times, 11 December 1969, 10 February 1970; Barry Cox, John Shirley and Martin Short, The Fall of Scotland Yard (Harmondsworth, 1977), pp. 143–4.

  28. Observer, 15 August 1971; Cox, Shirley and Short, The Fall of Scotland Yard, pp. 160–61, 165.

  29. The Times, 31 January 1973, 22 May 1974; Sunday People, 6 February 1972; Cox, Shirley and Short, The Fall of Scotland Yard, pp. 181–2, 184–5.

  30. The Times, 23 December 1976, 12 May 1977, 14 May 1977; Cox, Shirley and Short, The Fall of Scotland Yard, pp. 158–9, 207–9.

  31. Ibid., p. 162; Ferris, Sex and the British, p. 231; Bill Thompson, Softcore (London, 1994), p. 44; Screen International, 3 (1975); Leon Hunt, British Low Culture: From Safari Suits to Sexploitation (London, 1998), pp. 23–51.

  32. Cox, Shirley and Short, The Fall of Scotland Yard, p. 163; New Statesman, 30 May 1975; Report of the Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship, Cmnd. 7772 (London, 1979), pp. 44–5; Haste, Rules of Desire, p. 256; Mark Killick, The Sultan of Sleaze: The Story of David Sullivan’s Sex and Media Empire (London, 1994), p. 23; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 129–30.

  33. Lamb, Sunrise, pp. 140–41; Rebecca Loncraine, ‘Bosom of the Nation: Page Three in the 1970s and 1980s’, in Mina Gorji (ed.), Rude Britannia (London, 2007), pp. 96–103.

  34. Ibid., p. 105; Roy Greenslade, Press Gang: How Newspapers Make Profits from Propaganda (London, 2004), pp. 258, 337.

  35. Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 251; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 19–20, 24, 46–7; Colin Dexter, Last Seen Wearing (London, 1977), pp. 56–7.

  36. Hunt, British Low Culture, p. 2; Stuart Laing, ‘The Politics of Culture: Institutional Change in the 1970s’, in Bart Moore-Gilbert (ed.), The Arts in the 1970s: Cultural Closure? (London, 1994) p. 34; Alexander Walker, National Heroes: British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties (London, 1985), pp. 30–32, 35; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 198–9; Evening Standard, 9 December 1970, 29 April 1971.

  37. The Times, 23 July 1971; Walker, National Heroes, pp. 41–2; Pamela Church Gibson and Andrew Hill, ‘ “Tutto e Marchio!”: Excess, Masquerade and Performativity in 70s Cinema’, in Robert Murphy (ed.), The British Cinema Book (London, 2001), p. 268.

  38. Walker, National Heroes, pp. 42–3; Sheldon Hall, ‘Under Siege: The Double Rape of Straw Dogs’, in Robert Shail (ed.), Seventies British Cinema (London, 2008), pp. 130–32; The Times, 17 December 1971.

  39. Walker, National Heroes, pp. 43–4, 48; Sun, 10 January 1972; The Times, 18 January 1972; Lewis Baston, Reggie: The Life of Reginald Maudling (Stroud, 2004), p. 395; and see Christian Bugge, ‘The Clockwork Controversy’, http://www.visual-memory.co.uk/amk/doc/0012.html.

  40. Ali Catterall and Simon Wells, Your Face Here: British Cult Movies Since the Sixties (London, 2002), pp. 127–8; Sun, 6 January 1972; Evening News, 27 January 1972.

  41. Catterall and Wells, Your Face Here, p. 128; Walker, National Heroes, pp. 48–9; The Times, 9 March 1972, 10 March 1972, 16 March 1972, 4 January 1975.

  42. I. Q. Hunter, ‘Take an Easy Ride: Sexploitation in the 1970s’, in Shail (ed.), Seventies British Cinema, pp. 3, 5–7; Films and Filming, September 1974; Hunt, British Low Culture, pp. 112, 117–18, 120; and see the very funny account of these films in Matthew Sweet, Shepperton Babylon: The Lost Worlds of British Cinema (London, 2005), pp. 287–317.

  43. Guardian, 21 September 2009; P. D. James, An Unsuitable Job for a Woman (Harmondsworth, 1974), p. 136; Alwyn W. Turner, Crisis? What Crisis?: Britain in the 1970s (London, 2008), pp. 250–52.

  44. John Lahr, Prick Up Your Ears: The Biography of Joe Orton (Berkeley, 2000), p. 114; Richard Neville, Play Power (London, 1970), p. 74: Malcolm Bradbury, The History Man (London, 1977), pp. 46–7.

  45. Hunter Davies, The Glory Game (London, 1972), p. 57; Haste, Rules of Desire, pp. 252, 255–6; Rowbotham, A Century of Women, p. 429; Sunday Times, 30 December 1973.

  46. Ferris, Sex and the British, p. 246; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 280; Michael Tracey and David Morrison, Whitehouse (London, 1979), p. 181; The Times, 30 January 1976.

  47. The Times, 12 April 1971, 21 May 1971; and see Paul Johnson’s entry on Longford in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

  48. The Times, 25 April 1971, 26 April 1971, 27 April 1971, 20 September 1972; Longford Committee Investigating Pornography, Pornography: The Longford Report (London, 1972).

  49. Haste, Rules of Desire, p. 217; Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, pp. 249, 279; Sunday Express, 22 February 1970; Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (Basingstoke, 1978), pp. 239–40, 250, 275, 287.

  50. Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, pp. 266–7; Baston, Reggie, pp. 390, 393–4, 396; New Statesman, 20 August 1971; Reginald Maudling, Memoirs (London, 1978), pp. 170–72.

  51. The Times, 11 October 1969, 14 June 1971, 16 June 1971.

  52. The Times, 16 June 1971; Dallas Cliff, ‘Religion, Morality and the Middle Class’, in Roger King and Neill Nugent (eds.), Respectable Rebels: Middle Class Campaigns in Britain in the 1970s (London, 1979), pp. 129, 130, 141, 148; Hampshire and Lewis, ‘ “The Ravages of Permissiveness” ’, pp. 29–300; and see http://www.famyouth.org.uk/.

  53. The Times, 12 July 1971, 10 September 1971; Max Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse (London, 1975), p. 182; Richard Ingrams, Muggeridge: The Biography (London, 1996), p. 217; Green, All Dressed Up, p. 348.

  54. The Times, 10 September 1971; Ingrams, Muggeridge, pp. 217–18.

  55. Hall et al., Policing the Crisis, p. 286; Cliff, ‘Religion, Morality and the Middle Class’, p. 128; The Times, 28 September 1971.

  56. Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse, pp. 45–6, 110, 127; Daily Telegraph, 24 November 2001; Guardian, 21 July 2006; and see Mary Warnock’s excellent entry on Whitehouse in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

  57. Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, p. 277; Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse, p. 142; Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, pp. 42–4.

  58. Independent, 24 November 2001; Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, pp. 88–9; The Times, 24 May 2008.

  59. Independent, 24 November 2001; The Times, 24 May 2008; Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse, p. 152; Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, p. 85; James Chapman, Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who (London, 2006), pp. 112–14.

  60. Sun, 26 March 1975; The Times, 18 April 1973; Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse, pp. 120, 170; Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, p. 145; Cliff, ‘Religion, Morality and the Middle Class’, pp. 128, 140; Seabrook, City Close-Up, pp. 98–9.

  61. Mary Whitehouse, Whatever Happened to Sex? (London, 1977), pp. 71–2, 243; Cliff, ‘Religion, Morality and the Middle Class’, p. 136; Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, pp. 49, 64; Daily Telegraph, 19 September 1969.

  62. Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, pp. 277–9; Caulfield, Mary Whitehouse, pp. 4–5, 40; Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, pp. 55, 188–9, 198; Cliff, ‘Religion, Morality and the Middle Class’, pp. 129–30; Mary Whitehouse, Who Does She Think She Is? (London, 1972), p. 15. On the middle-class groups of the later 1970s, see the various essays in King and Nugent (eds.), Respectable Reb
els.

  63. Mark Garnett, From Anger to Apathy: The British Experience Since 1975 (London, 2007), p. 183; Ingrams, Muggeridge, p. 213; Grace Davie, Religion in Britain Since 1945: Believing Without Belonging (Oxford, 1994), pp. 52, 61, 78–9; The Times, 1 October 1971.

  64. Callum Brown, The Death of Christian Britain (London, 2001), pp. 179–80; Whitehouse, Who Does She Think She Is?, p. 11; Owen Chadwick, Michael Ramsey: A Life (London, 1990), p. 114.

  65. Stevenson, The Last of England, pp. 239–40; C. B. Cox, ‘Welsh Bards in Hard Times: Dylan Thomas and R. S. Thomas’, in Boris Ford (ed.), The New Pelican Guide to English Literature, vol. 8: From Orwell to Naipaul (London, 1998), pp. 208–10; James Lees-Milne, Diaries, 1971–1985 (London, 2008), pp. 114–15.

  66. Sunday Times, 30 December 1973; James, The Middle Class, pp. 444–5; The Times, 19 October 1974, 23 October 1974; Ferris, Sex and the British, pp. 232–5.

  67. Hampshire and Lewis, ‘ “The Ravages of Permissiveness’ ”, pp. 301, 307–9; Ferris, Sex and the British, pp. 208–9, 238, 243; Family Planning Association, Too Great a Risk! (1973), reprinted in Zweiniger-Bargielowska (ed.), Women in Twentieth-Century Britain, pp. 62–5.

  68. Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, pp. 273, 288, 296; James, The Middle Class, pp. 553–4; Woman’s Own, 4 January 1975.

  69. PRO PREM 15/1904, Sir John Stradling-Thomas to Francis Pym, 14 May 1973; the letter is also reproduced online at http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2004/nyo/scandal.htm.

  70. The Times, 24 May 1973; ‘Sex scandal Tory blamed pressure’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3360629.stm; Daily Telegraph, 2 January 2007.

  71. Daily Mail, 26 January 2007: Matthew Parris, Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear and Innuendo (London, 1995), pp. 170–72; Christopher Andrew, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (London, 2009), p. 575.

  72. PRO PREM 15/1904, Record of Meeting Chaired by Prime Minister, 18 May 1973; Parris, Great Parliamentary Scandals, p. 172; Andrew, The Defence of the Realm, pp. 575–6.

  73. Daily Mirror, 24 May 1973; The Times, 25 May 1973, 30 May 1973; Hansard, 5 June 1973; ‘Sex scandal Tory blamed pressure’, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3360629.stm; Daily Telegraph, 1 January 2004, 2 January 2007.