Traditional Japanese Literature
Page 84
Record of the Deep North (Mutsuwaki), 343
Record of the Jōkyū Disturbance (Jōkyūki), 344, 345
Record of the Meitoku Disturbance (Meitoku-ki), 344, 345
Record of the Ōnin War, The (Ōnin-ki), 344
Records of the Historian (Shi ji; Shiki; Sima Qian), 160n.155
Records of the Three Countries (Sangoku denki), 413
regency (shikkan) system, 3–4, 67–68. See also Fujiwara clan
Reizei (emperor), 67
renga (linked verse), 5; aesthetics of, 498, 499, 501n.148; allusions in, 503n.154; anthologies of, 499; and aristocracy, 411, 498, 502; and Buddhism, 284, 502; and commoners, 414, 420; and enlightenment, 502; and haikai, 414, 487–88, 522, 523, 526; in Kamakura period, 280, 282, 283, 396; in Muromachi period, 411, 498–506; and nō, 414, 420, 449; in Northern and Southern Courts period, 410, 526; rules for, 502, 503n.154, 522; and Shinto, 502; topics for, 501n.143, 502; and travel, 382, 413; and waka, 488, 498–99, 501n.148; works on, 411, 498
Rengejō, 325–28
Rise and Fall of the Genji and the Heike, The (Genpei seisuiki; Genpei jōsuiki), 344
ritsuryō state system, 35, 40, 59, 66–68, 72, 73
ritual, 14, 40; exorcism, 149, 423; land-looking, 37; and suicide, 325n.105. See also pollution, ritual
Rokkasen (Six Poetic Immortals), 78, 111n.97, 525n.214
Ryōgen (Jie Daishi; priest), 339n.116
sabi/wabi aesthetics, 307n.52, 411, 498
Saga (emperor), 72, 315
Sagi school (kyōgen), 487
Saigyō (Satō Norikiyo), 91, 284–94, 400; and Account of a Ten-Foot-Square Hut, 320n.85, 322nn.95–96; and Buddhism, 284–85, 289n.12, 292n.21; and Confessions of Lady Nijō, 383, 384; and recluse literature, 312; Sankashū, 286–89, 320n.85, 322nn.95–96, 338; and Shinkokinshū, 284, 286–93, 306n.51; and travel, 382
Saigyō and the Cherry Tree (Saigyō zakura; nō play), 288n.9
Saigyō shōninshū, 293n.23
Saimei (empress), 38, 315n.65
Saionji Sanekane (Akebono), 383, 384
Sakanoue, Lady (Ōtomo no Sakanoue), 35, 69
saké, 134, 221, 385, 394, 407
samurai: and anecdotes, 328; vs. aristocracy, 412; in Heian period, 68, 260; and Jōkyū rebellion, 278; in Kamakura period, 279–80, 282; and kyōgen, 488; in Muromachi period, 498, 508; and nō, 280, 416, 464–65; in Northern and Southern Courts period, 410, 487; and otogi-zōshi, 508; and travel, 382; and Zen Buddhism, 7, 281, 412
Sanjūrokkasen (Thirty-six Poetic Immortals), 78
Sankashū (Saigyō), 286–89, 320n.85, 322nn.95–96, 338
Sarashina Diary (Sarashina nikki; Daughter of Takasue), 2, 5, 7, 69, 70, 128, 218–48; and Kagerō Diary, 218, 224n.220
sarugaku (monkey music, mime), 248, 422, 448n.56; and nō, 411, 414, 415, 434, 486
Sarumaru Dayū, 321
school (house; iemoto) system (kyōgen), 487
seasons, 113, 299n.29, 313, 449; autumn, 98–104, 290n.14, 291n.16; in Essays in Idleness, 397; in haikai, 523, 526; in Kokinshū, 91–104; in Man’yōshū, 38–39; in renga, 502; Saigyō on, 290n.15, 291; in Shinkokinshū, 297; spring, 92–97; summer, 97–98
Sei Shōnagon, 2, 68, 69, 139–60, 224n.221, 302n.39. See also Pillow Book
Sekigahara, battle of, 279, 409, 410
Sekio (poet), 103
sekkyō jōruri (ballads sung to shamisen), 283
Semimaru, 321
Sengoku period. See Warring States period
Senjūshō (anecdote anthology), 449
Senshi (empress), 139
Senzaishū (Senzai wakashū; seventh imperial waka anthology), 297, 369, 500
seppuku (ritual suicide), 325n.105
sermon ballads (sekkyō-bushi), 8, 283–84
Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, 250
sexuality: in anecdotes, 330; male–male, 508, 525n.212, 527; in nō, 449–50
Shakyamuni Buddha, 64, 261, 289n.12, 435n.28
Shibukawa Seiemon, 507n.169
shidai (sequences of poems), 91, 156n.63
Shijō no dainagon. See Fujiwara no Kintō
Shijō Takachika, 383
Shimogamo Shrines, 312, 313, 319n.78
Shingon Buddhism, 281, 285, 439n.35
Shinkei (poet), 411, 498, 501n.148; in Old Man’s Diversions, 499; and Shinkokinshū, 307n.52; Whisperings, 499
Shinkokinshū (Shinkokin wakashū; New Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems; eighth imperial waka anthology), 296–312; allusions in, 298, 299n.29, 308n.55, 311n.59; Buddhism in, 297, 307n.53; compilation of, 282, 296; in Confessions of Lady Nijō, 389n.156; Daughter of Shunzei in, 306, 310–12; Fujiwara no Ietaka in, 302, 304, 310; Fujiwara no Yoshitsune in, 298, 299n.30, 300, 308; GoToba in, 299n.29, 302, 305, 306n.50; haikai in, 298; and Kokinshū, 90, 296–97, 302n.40, 306n.48, 307n.53, 308n.55, 310n.58; in nō, 427n.13; Princess Shokushi in, 299, 307, 310; and renga, 500, 502, 503n.154; Saigyō in, 284, 286, 287, 289–93, 306n.51; Shunzei in, 304; Teika in, 294, 295, 302n.41, 303, 305, 306n.51, 307–9, 311
Shinran, 281, 283
Shinto, 6, 269n.322, 297, 312, 396; Ise, 281, 410; in Kamakura period, 281; in nō, 477n.115, 478n.116, 479n.124; and pilgrimages, 413; and renga, 502
Shinto–Buddhist fusion (shinbutsu shūgō), 110n.96, 338, 477n.115
Shintoshū (Collection of the Way of the Gods), 283
Shinzokukokinshū (twenty-first imperial waka anthology), 282
Shirakawa (emperor), 68
Shishuo xinyu (Sesetsu shingo; anecdote collection), 523n.207
Shōhaku, 502–4
Shōjo (prince; Ariake), 383, 384
Shoku Nihongi (Chronicles of Japan Continued), 40, 57
Shokushi (princess; Shokushi Naishinnō), 299, 307, 310
Shōmu (emperor), 59–61, 74, 75; and Tōdai-ji, 362, 363
shōmyō (minor landlord) kyōgen plays, 488
Shōshi (empress), 68, 139, 161
Shōtetsu (poet), 282, 411, 498
Shōtoku Taishi (Prince Shōtoku), 12
Shrine in the Fields (Nonomiya; Zenchiku), 415, 417, 475–86
shugo/jitō system, 66
Shūishū (third imperial waka anthology), 91, 299n.29, 321n.87, 453n.70, 500n.142; and Sarashina Diary, 225n.224, 226nn.227–28; in Tale of Genji, 197n.188, 209n.198; and Teika, 295, 296
shukke zatō (renunciation/blind men) kyōgen plays, 488
Shunkan (bishop), in Tales of the Heike, 349, 359
Sima Qian, Records of the Historian, 160n.155
Six Poetic Immortals (Rokkasen), 78, 111n.97, 525n.214
Skimmings One Hundred Times Tempered (Hyakurenshō), 325n.104
Sōchō, 499, 526; in Three Poets at Minase, 502–6
society: aristocrat vs. commoner in, 413–14, 488, 508, 509–10; and art, 5, 129, 413–14; unrest in, 8, 67, 72, 344, 345, 488. See also class; Heiji disturbance; Hōgen disturbance; Jōkyū rebellion
Sōgi, 102n.71, 282–83, 411, 498–506; East Country Dialogues, 498, 499–502; and haikai, 522, 526; Old Man’s Diversions, 499; and recluse literature, 312; Record of a Journey to Tsukushi, 499; in Three Poets at Minase, 502–6; travel writings by, 382, 498–99. See also New Tsukuba Collection
songs: courtship, 36; folk, 2, 72, 89, 221n.213, 397; kusemai, 414; little, 411; modern-style, 473. See also Treasured Selections of Superb Songs
Sosei, 307n.53; in Kokinshū, 110, 171n.166
Sotoori (princess), 78, 433
Sōzei, 498, 501
state: and aristocratic rank, 40; bureaucracy of, 3, 248, 280, 312; Chinese influence on, 40; Chinese language used in, 2, 11, 70, 71; and civil service examinations, 83, 86n.34; court-based, 67; dual system in, 382; legitimacy of, 1, 3, 11, 13–14; and literati, 85–86, 248; and literature, 1–4, 11–14, 40, 312; and myths, 4, 12–14, 40; regency system in, 3–4, 67–68; and Shinto, 281; Yamato, 3, 12–14, 26. See also Ashikaga bakufu; emperor; governors, provincial; imperial court; Kamakura bakufu; ritsuryō state system
Stories of the Riverside Middle Counselor,
The (Tsutsumi chūnagon monogatari), 251–56
Story of Yoshitsune, The (Gikeiki), 278, 344
storytellers: and Buddhism, 8, 283–84, 345, 413; nuns as, 413; picture, 413; priests as, 8, 283–84, 345; and sermon ballads, 8, 283; tradition of, 9; and warrior tales, 284, 344, 345. See also oral performance
Stupa Komachi (Sotoba Komachi; nō play; Kan’ami), 78, 283, 433–48
Sugawara no Fumitoki, 403n.186
Sugawara no Kiyokimi, 86n.33
Sugawara no Michizane, 67–69, 83–89, 217–18, 248; “Autumn Night, the Fifteenth Day of the Ninth Month,” 88; deification of, 83; “In Exile, Spring Snow,” 88–89; “Professorial Difficulties,” 86–87; “Seeing the Plum Blossoms When Sentenced to Exile,” 87–88; “Speaking of My Children,” 85; “Through the Snow to Morning Duties,” 85–86
suicide, ritual (seppuku), 325n.105
Suiko (empress), 13
Sumida River (Sumidagawa; nō play; Kanze Motomasa), 129, 415, 417, 420
sumo wrestling, 156
Suō Naishi, 319n.76
Susano-o (god), 14, 15; in Kojiki, 18–22
Tachibana, Lady, 57
Tachibana no Toshimichi, 218, 238n.264, 240n.269, 241n.273, 244
Tadasu Shrine, 313, 319n.78
Taiheiki (Chronicle of Great Peace), 410; and Heian period, 261; and Kamakura period, 279, 281, 284, 344, 345, 397
Taihō Code, 12
Taika Reforms, 12
Taira (Heike) clan, 4, 66, 68, 280; fall of, 279; and Genpei war, 278, 281, 285, 313, 343, 345; in nō, 464. See also Tales of the Heike
Taira no Atsumori, 7, 348; in Atsumori, 418, 420, 464–74; in Tales of the Heike, 374–75
Taira no Kanemori, 225n.224
Taira no Kiyomori, 315n.63; in Tales of the Heike, 345, 347–55, 358–60, 363–67, 369, 370, 375, 377, 381
Taira no Koremori, 346, 348, 359
Taira no Masakado, 67, 343
Taira no Munemori, 347, 348
Taira no Noritsune, 369
Taira no Rokudai, 346, 348
Taira no Shigehira, 347–48, 359, 360, 363, 369, 377
Taira no Shigemori, 348, 349
Taira no Tadamori, 348
Taira no Tadanori, 359, 367–68, 370
Takahashi no Mushimaro, 35
Takakura (emperor), 348, 350, 363
Takechi (prince), 44n.17, 46–50, 57, 105n.81
Tale of Bunshō, The (Bunshō sōshi), 507, 509
Tale of Flowering Fortunes, A (Eiga monogatari), 4, 71
Tale of Genji, The (Genji monogatari; Murasaki Shikibu), 3–6, 9, 68–70, 161–217; Buddhism in, 8; characters in, 163–65; and Confessions of Lady Nijō, 383, 390nn.158–59; criticism of, 256–60; and diaries, 162–63, 218, 226n.229, 227, 231, 242n.275; in Essays in Idleness, 397, 401; and haikai, 525n.213; in Kamakura period, 282, 303n.42, 382; and monogatari genre, 71, 112, 113, 162, 163, 251; and nō, 412, 420, 422–23, 449, 453n.69, 454n.71, 457n.85, 465, 475–76, 477n.114, 482n.130, 487; and otogi-zōshi, 508, 510; and Pillow Book, 140; and renga, 498, 500; and Tales of Ise, 128, 129, 162, 207n.194, 208n.197
Tale of Mice, The (Nezumi no sōshi), 509
Tale of Mikawa, The (Mikawa monogatari), 344
Tale of Ochikubo, The (Ochikubo monogatari), 113
Tale of Sagoromo, The (Sagoromo monogatari; Minamoto no Senji), 113, 500
Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, The (Taketori monogatari), 69, 71, 112–28, 207n.195, 500
Tale of the Hollow Tree, The (Utsubo monogatari, Utsuho), 113, 500
tales of awakening (hosshin), 508
Tales of Awakening (Hosshinshū; Kamo no Chōmei), 324–28
Tales of Heichū, The (Heichūmonogatari), 113, 129
Tales of Heiji, The (Heiji monogatari), 343, 345
Tales of Hōgen, The (Hōgen monogatari), 343, 345
Tales of Ise, The (Ise monogatari), 2, 3, 5, 69, 71, 113, 128–38, 251; in Confessions of Lady Nijō, 385n.149, 388n.155; in Kamakura period, 282, 296, 304n.44; and Kokinshū, 112n.99, 128, 129; and nō, 412, 420, 456n.83, 487; and Pillow Book, 140; and renga, 498, 500; and Sarashina Diary, 222n.216, 227n.232; and Tale of Genji, 128, 129, 162, 207n.194, 208n.197; and Tales of the Heike, 352n.129; and travel diaries, 382
Tales of Renunciation (Senjūshō), 285, 338–43
Tales of the Heike, The (Heike monogatari), 4, 8, 278, 280, 343–81, 414; and Buddhism, 281, 346; characters in, 347–49; communal nature of, 281; GoShirakawa in, 347, 348, 377; “Initiates’ Book” in, 346, 347, 377–82; Kakuichi text of, 346; mixed style in, 72; and nō, 420, 464–74, 481n.126; oral performance of, 9, 346–47; women in, 346. See also Minamoto clan; Taira clan
Tales of the Senior Counselor (Uji dainagon monogatari), 329
Tales of the Soga Brothers, The (Soga monogatari), 344–45
Tales of Yamato, The (Yamato monogatari), 113, 129, 500, 526n.214
Tanabata (Festival of Herdsman and Weaver), 98n.61, 135n.113, 229n.242, 356n.132, 401
Tang dynasty (China), 39, 61
tanka (modern waka), 34; by Hitomaro, 40, 49, 52, 57, 59
Tao Qian, 102n.71
tarō kaja (servant) kyōgen plays, 488
tea ceremony, 5, 411, 412
Teachings on Style and the Flower (Fūshikaden; Zeami), 434, 464n.99
Teika hachidaishū (Fujiwara no Teika), 307n.52
Teishi (empress), 68, 138–40, 224n.221, 236n.258, 241n.274
Teishi (princess), 228n.236
temples, 317; acolytes at, 508, 525n.212. See also Tōdai-ji
temple-shrine origin tales (engi-mono), 283, 412, 507
Tenchi (emperor; Prince Naka no Ōe), 12, 38, 39n.5; in Hitomaro, 47, 52n.48; and Jinshin war, 50
Tendai (Tiantai) Buddhism: in Heian period, 109n.93, 258n.305; in Kamakura period, 281, 312, 339n.116, 341n.117, 403n.194; in Muromachi period, 525n.212
Tenmu (emperor; Prince Ōama), 12, 38, 39, 44, 50; in Hitomaro, 40, 42, 43n.10, 47n.21, 48n.26
Thirty-six Poetic Immortals (Sanjūrokkasen), 78
Thirty-six Poets’ Collection (Sanjūrokuninshū), 295, 296
Three Anthologies (Sandaishū), 295, 500
Three Obediences, 518n.194
Three Paths (Sandō; Zeami), 464
Three Poets at Minase (Minase sangin hyakuin), 499, 502–6
Three Priests, The (Sannin hōshi), 508
Three Treasures (Buddha, law, priesthood), 75–77, 366n.143
Thunder God, The (Kaminari; kyōgen play), 488
Tiantai Buddhism. See Tendai (Tiantai) Buddhism
Tō no Tsuneyori, 102n.71, 280, 499
Toba (emperor), 284, 347
Tōchi (princess), 38
Tōdai-ji (temple), 77, 318n.74; Great Buddha of, 365n.142
Tōei (nō play), 448n.56, 455n.77
Tōkaidō (Eastern Sea Road), 287n.5, 293n.22
Tokugawa Ieyasu, 279, 410, 416
Tokugawa (Edo) period, 140, 279, 410, 507; anecdotes in, 329; Buddhism in, 7, 328; drama in, 416, 419, 486, 487; haikai in, 522, 526; high vs. low in, 414; hokku in, 5; and warrior tales, 347
Ton’a (poet), 396, 498
Tōren (priest), 325
Tōru (nō play), 455n.78
Tosa Diary (Tosa nikki; Ki no Tsurayuki), 5, 69, 70–71, 128
Toshiyori’s Poetic Essentials (Toshiyori zuinō; Minamoto no Toshiyori), 266
Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 279, 410
travel, 8, 382, 413, 502
travel literature (kikōbun): diaries, 69, 70–71, 128, 382–96, 498–99; poems, 91, 104–5, 285, 292, 297, 382
Treasured Selections of Superb Songs (Ryōjin hishō), 72
Tsukuba Collection (Tsukubashū; Nijō Yoshimoto), 410, 522, 526
Tsukuba Dialogue (Tsukuba mondō; Nijō Yoshimoto), 500
Tsukuyomi (moon god), 14, 15, 18
Uda (emperor), 67, 317n.71
ukiyo (floating world), 134
ukiyo-zōshi (tales of the floating world), 507
Unebi, Mount, 37, 51n.41, 55, 57
urbanization, 8; and commoner
s, 345, 487, 508
ushin (intense feeling, refined sensibility), 414, 501
Utsuku (poet), 108
vernacular literature, 2–5, 9; Buddhist, 8, 283, 328; vs. Chinese-language, 12, 69–71, 83–84; in Heian period, 68–69; in Kamakura period, 328–43; in Northern and Southern Courts period, 410; by women, 2, 69–71, 113. See also monogatari; specific genres
Vimalakirti Sutra (Yuima-kyō), 425n.9
visual metaphor (mitate), 99n.62, 103n.75, 104n.80
wabi. See sabi/wabi aesthetics
waka (thirty-one-syllable poetry), 2, 8; aesthetics of, 5; and Buddhism, 90, 110n.96, 284, 297, 307n.53, 412; vs. Chinese poetry, 83–84; collections of, 69, 70; and haikai, 521–23; in Heian period, 69, 70, 78, 83, 113, 129; in Kamakura period, 280, 282, 284, 396; and Kokinshū, 5, 67, 69, 89–90; in Muromachi period, 411, 421, 507, 508; and poem tales, 128–29; poetic topics for, 70, 382; and priests, 284; and renga, 488, 498, 499, 501n.148; and women writers, 69, 70. See also anthologies, imperial waka; tanka
waki (celebratory) kyōgen plays, 488
Wang Mang, 349
Wang Zhaojun, 266–68
Warring States (Sengoku) period, 279, 410, 413, 508, 522
warrior tales (gunki-mono), 4, 281, 343–82; and anecdotes, 328, 343–46; and Buddhism, 280, 284, 345, 346; in Heian period, 72, 343, 346; and Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing, 287, 288n.296; and monogatari, 343, 344, 346; and nō, 7, 345, 347, 464–65; oral performance of, 9, 284, 344–47; and otogi-zōshi, 345, 507–9. See also Story of Yoshitsune; Taiheiki; Tales of the Heike
Well Cradle, The (Izutsu; Zeami), 475
Whisperings (Sasamegoto; Shinkei), 499
woman plays (kazura-mono), 412, 420, 475–76
women: in anecdotes, 340–43; aristocratic, 2, 69–71, 139–40, 162; and Buddhism, 7; diaries by, 5, 69, 70, 217–18, 383–96, 413; in drama, 434–35, 476, 488; education of, 139–40; as entertainers, 344; five hindrances of, 518n.194; in Kojiki, 13, 15, 16; as nuns, 413; in Tales of the Heike, 346; and Three Obediences, 518n.194; and vernacular literature, 2, 69–71, 113; and waka, 69, 70; as writers, 69–71, 139, 161–248, 382; and written language, 69–71
word associations (engo), 79
writing: Chinese, 2, 11–12, 35, 72, 113; Chinese–Japanese style of, 72, 261, 313, 344; Japanese, 2, 12, 68–69, 112, 283, 297; Japanese reading of Chinese, 35, 72; and women, 69–71
Xuanzong (emperor of China), 229n.240
Yama (Enma; king of hell), 77