Traditional Japanese Literature
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Kokinshū (Kokin wakashū; Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems; first imperial waka anthology), 3, 38, 89–112; arrangement of, 91, 99n.63; Buddhism in, 109n.93, 110n.96, 284, 412; compilation of, 67, 89–91; in Confessions of Lady Nijō, 389n.157; in Essays in Idleness, 402nn.184–85; and haikai, 91, 111–12, 521–22, 523nn.204–6; in Kamakura period, 282, 289n.10, 295, 320n.84, 352n.129; Kana Preface to, 2, 40, 78, 89, 92, 93n.43, 433; Komachi in, 78, 79, 106, 109, 111n.98; love in, 91, 105–9; and nō, 436n.31, 439n.34, 458n.86, 461nn.92–94, 463n.97, 467n.101, 482n.128; and Pillow Book, 140, 145n.133, 146; poetic forms in, 5; poetic topics in, 70, 89; and poetry matches, 100, 104, 105, 107; and renga, 500; and Sarashina Diary, 220n.212, 222n.216, 238n.263, 247n.297; secret teachings of, 105n.81, 499; and Shinkokinshū, 296–97, 302n.40, 306n.48, 307n.53, 308n.55, 310n.58; and Shunzei, 91; in Tale of Genji, 167n.159, 169n.162, 171n.166, 178n.175, 192n.181, 193n.182; and Tales of Ise, 112n.99, 128, 129; visual imagery in, 99n.62, 103n.75, 104n.80; and waka, 5, 67, 69, 89–90
Kōkō (emperor), 317n.71
kokoro (heart/mind), 92n.39, 440n.37
kokoro/kotoba (content vs. diction) dualism, 294–95
Komachi Poetry Collection (Komachishū), 78. See also Ono no Komachi
Konparu Zenchiku, 411, 420, 449n.58, 475–76; Shrine in the Fields, 415, 417, 475–86
Konparu Zenpō, 450n.61
Korea, 49n.36, 74n.3, 468n.105; and Japanese literature, 54n.56, 145n.132
Koresada (prince), 100, 104
Koretaka (prince), 133
Koshikibu (lady-in-waiting), 251
Kōzei (Fujiwara no Yukinari), 225n.225, 403
Kujō Kanezane, 293
Kumagai Naozane: in Atsumori, 464–74; in Tales of the Heike, 369, 374
Kumano Shrines, 268, 269n.322, 283, 285
Kunaikyō (poet), 300
kuni-mi (land-looking), 37
Kusakabe (prince), 40–44, 47, 49n.38, 57
kusemai (song and dance), 414
kyōgen (comic theater), 9, 329, 347, 508; actors in, 413; categories of, 488; gods in, 488; and haikai, 522; masks in, 487; and nō, 414, 420, 487, 489; in Northern and Southern Courts period, 410, 486–88; religious origins of, 412; schools of, 487, 488, 489n.138
kyōgen kigo (wild words and decorative phrases), 284, 342n.122
Kyoto. See Heian-kyō
Lady Aoi (Aoi no ue; nō play), 422–33, 475
laments (banka), 12, 33–34, 40, 42–44, 46–52, 54–58
land ownership, 67, 68
Later Collection of the Sugawara Family, The (Kanke kōshū), 84
Lazy Tarō (Monogusa Tarō), 509–21
linked verse. See haikai; renga
linked-verse anthologies. See Mongrel Tsukuba Collection; New Tsukuba Collection; Tsukuba Collection
Literary Drafts of the Sugawara Family (Kanke bunsō), 84
Literary Essence of Our Country (Honchō monzui; anthology), 248–51
literati (bunjin): Chinese, 87; in Heian period, 248–51; provincial governors as, 83, 85; and the state, 85–86, 248
literature: Buddhist, 7, 71–72, 281–82, 328, 329; commoner, 72–73, 413–14; didactic, 7, 8, 329, 509; functions of, 1–5, 129; hierarchy of, 113, 256; and oral culture, 11–12; and priests, 72, 283–84, 328; samurai, 279–80; and the state, 1, 2–4, 12, 13, 40, 312. See also Chinese literature; vernacular literature; specific genres and titles
little songs (kouta), 411
Long Tale for an Autumn Night, A (Aki no yo no naga monogatari), 508
Lotus Sutra, 75, 227, 249; in Collection of Tales of Times Now Past, 261, 268; and Mirror of the Present, 258n.303, 259; in nō, 425n.4, 430n.24, 486n.137; on suicide, 325n.105; and Tendai Buddhism, 403n.194
love, 6, 7, 33, 297; in haikai, 523, 525, 526; in Heian period, 79–82, 113, 162–63; in Kokinshū, 90, 91, 94, 105–9; male–male, 525, 527; in nō, 449–50; parental, 64; in renga, 502, 505; in Saigyō, 285, 286n.3, 293n.23
Mañjuśurī (Monju; bodhisattva), 324n.100
mantras (mystic verses; dharani), 429n.19, 432n.26
Man’yōshū (Collection of Myriad Leaves), 1–3, 33–65; compilation of, 11, 12, 33, 35; in Heian period, 128, 144n.131; and history, 35, 39–40; in Kamakura period, 280, 282, 295, 309n.56, 412; and Kojiki, 36, 37, 42; and Kokinshū, 90; language of, 12, 61; periodization of, 35, 36, 39, 59; in Pillow Book, 144n.131; poetic forms in, 5, 33–35; poetic topics in, 8, 38–39; poets in, 97n.57; and renga, 500; rhetorical figures in, 34–35; in Tale of Genji, 195n.185; and waka, 69; women poets in, 69
Manzei (Sami Manzei), 321
mappō (last days of Buddhist law), 281, 317n.70
marriage, 70; in Heian period, 241n.273; human–nonhuman, 75–76; and Tale of Genji, 162–63
masks: in kyōgen, 487; in nō, 418, 419, 423
medieval period, 4, 6, 8, 278–528; aristocracy in, 281, 282–83, 410, 411, 413; ballads in, 283; Buddhism in, 281–84, 412; chronology of, 279, 280, 409–10; samurai in, 279–80, 410, 412; and Tale of Genji, 162; warrior tales in, 343–45
meditation, 169, 281, 294n.25, 340n.117, 403–4
Meigetsuki (Fujiwara no Teika), 294
Meiji period, 487
Mencius (Mengqiu; Mōgyū), 459n.87
metaphors, 6, 34, 85, 313; in Hitomaro, 40, 44, 54; visual, 99n.62, 103n.75, 104n.80. See also moon; seasons
Mibu no Tadami, 226n.227
Mibu no Tadamine, 100, 104, 296, 299n.29
Michiteru (poet), 301
middle way (chū), 327n.107
Mikohidari house (waka), 294, 303n.43
Mikuni no Machi, 98
Miminashi, Mount, 37
Minamoto (Genji) clan, 3, 67–68, 278, 345–46, 409, 464. See also Kamakura bakufu; Tales of the Heike
Minamoto no Senji, Tale of Sagoromo, 113, 500
Minamoto no Shitagō, 248
Minamoto no Takakuni, 260, 329
Minamoto no Tamenori, Illustration of the Three Jewels, 113
Minamoto no Tōru, 455n.78
Minamoto no Toshiyori, Toshiyori’s Poetic Essentials, 266
Minamoto no Tsunenobu (Gen Totoku), 321
Minamoto no Yoritomo, 66, 278, 280, 281, 316n.66; in Tales of the Heike, 346, 347, 349, 359, 363, 366, 369
Minamoto no Yoshinaka (Lord Kiso), in Tales of the Heike, 346, 347, 349, 363, 367, 369, 370–74
Minamoto no Yoshitsune, 509; in Story of Yoshitsune, 278, 344; in Tales of the Heike, 346, 349, 370, 374–77
Minamoto Sanetomo, 278, 280, 412
Mirror Held to the Flower, A (Kakyō; Zeami), 6
Mirror of the Present, The (Imakagami), 256–60
mirrors, 21, 294n.25, 376, 377; mirror histories, 71. See also Clear Mirror; Great Mirror; Mirror of the Present
Mochihito (prince), 348
modern-style songs (imayō), 473
Momonoi Kōwakamaru, 280
monasteries, 312, 349, 525n.212; rules of, 509. See also temples
mondō (question-and-answer) form, 499–501
Mongaku (monk), 349
Mongrel Tsukuba Collection (Inu tsukubashū), 522, 526–28
monks, 410; as storytellers, 8, 283, 345; traveling, 7, 413. See also priests; yamabushi
Monmu (emperor; Prince Karu), 39
mono no aware (pathos of things, ephemerality), 79, 251, 290n.14, 397, 399n.169. See also impermanence
monogatari (vernacular tales), 3–4; and anecdotes, 112, 251, 328–29; Buddhism in, 8, 112, 113; and Collection of Tales of Times Now Past, 260, 261; and diaries, 218; fabricated, 113; in Heian period, 71, 112–13; in Kamakura period, 251–77, 282, 329, 344; in late Heian period, 71, 251–77, 282; in literary hierarchy, 113; by men vs. women, 71; in Muromachi period, 282, 413, 415; in nō, 415; and otogi-zōshi, 411, 507, 508; poetic topics in, 113; and Tale of Genji, 71, 112, 113, 162, 163, 251; types of, 113; and warrior tales, 343, 344, 346. See also otogi-zōshi; Tale of Genji; vernacular literature; warrior tales
monogatari-sō (storytelling priests), 8, 283–84, 345
Montoku (emperor)
, 133, 521
moon: and enlightenment, 525n.211; god of, 15, 18; in nō, 449–50; in renga, 503, 504; in Saigyō, 285, 286, 289n.12, 291, 294n.25
“Moritake Thousand Verses” (Moritake senku; Arakida Moritake), 522
Mother of Michitsuna, 2, 5, 69–71, 128. See also Kagerō Diary
Mujū Ichien, 398; Collection of Sand and Pebbles, 284, 329, 398, 489
muko/onna (husband/woman) kyōgen plays, 488
Mumyōshō (Kamo no Chōmei), 293
Murakami (emperor), 67
Murasaki Shikibu, 2, 69, 71, 129, 161–63, 333n.112; criticism of, 256–60; and Empress Shōshi, 68, 139, 161. See also Tale of Genji
Murasaki Shikibu’s Diary (Murasaki Shikibu nikki), 70, 161
Muromachi period, 409–528; Buddhism in, 410–13, 415, 433, 508–9; culture of, 412–14; haikai in, 521–28; high vs. low in, 414, 488, 508, 509–10; history of, 279, 409–11; imperial anthologies in, 413, 498, 500, 502, 507, 523; imperial court in, 412, 464; and Kamakura period, 280, 282, 382; literature of, 283; nō in, 414–86; renga in, 411, 498–506. See also Ashikaga bakufu; otogi-zōshi
Muromachi tales. See otogi-zōshi
Mushimaro, 35
Mushrooms (Kusabira; kyōgen play), 488
music, 320; and chanting, 8, 9; in nō, 418–19, 464–66, 468, 470; in Western opera, 9. See also sarugaku; songs
musicians, 8, 9, 103n.77, 344–46, 413
mystic verses (mantras; dharani), 429n.19, 432n.26
myths, 4, 8; of creation, 13–14, 60; and Hitomaro, 40, 41, 46; in Kojiki, 37; in Man’yōshū, 35, 42; of poets’ lives, 285; and the state, 40; of Yamato court, 11, 12
Nagaoka (capital), 13, 66, 315n.64
Nagarjuna, 257
Naka no Kanpaku family, 139
Naka no Ōe (prince). See Tenchi
Nakatomi no Kamatari, 39n.5
Nara (Heijō; capital), 13, 66; and Man’yōshū, 35, 39, 59
Nara period, 2–4
Narukami (kabuki play), 261
nenbutsu (invocation of Amida Buddha), 325, 469–71
New Pure Land Buddhism (Jōdo shinshū), 281
New Tsukuba Collection (Shinsen Tsukubashū), 498, 522
Newly Selected Mongrel Tsukuba Collection (Shinsen inu tsukubashū). See Mongrel Tsukuba Collection
Nihon shoki (Nihongi; Chronicles of Japan), 1–3, 11–13, 37, 40, 50, 50n.42; compilation of, 12; on Empress Jitō, 44, 46; in Heian period, 78, 112; and Hitomaro, 40, 46; in Kamakura period, 282, 316n.68; and Man’yōshū, 42; vs. Nihon ryōiki, 73
Nijō, Lady, 383–84; Confessions of Lady Nijō, 382, 384–96
Nijō school, 105n.81, 396
Nijō Tameyo (Fujiwara no Tameyo), 303n.42
Nijō Yoshimoto: on renga, 396; Tsukuba Collection, 410, 522, 526; Tsukuba Dialogue, 500. See also Clear Mirror
Ninigi (god), 13, 14
Ninmyō (emperor), 98n.59, 521
Ninna Temple, 317
Nintoku (emperor), 36, 37, 145n.132, 316
nirvana, 289n.12, 293n.23, 429n.17, 433. See also enlightenment
Nirvana Sutra, 257
Nitta Yoshisada, 409
nō (drama), 6–9, 414–86; actors in, 413; aesthetics of, 412, 415, 434, 487; allusions in, 415, 420, 475; and anecdotes, 329, 338; and aristocracy, 464; and Buddhism, 283, 284, 415, 476; categories of, 419–20; characters in, 415–16; dance in, 417–19, 463, 473, 474, 476, 486; dreams in, 7, 415, 463, 465, 489; and haikai, 522; in Heian period, 78, 129, 261, 412, 415; and kyōgen, 414, 420, 487, 489; masks in, 418, 419, 423; music in, 418–19, 464–66, 468, 470; in Northern and Southern Courts period, 410; official troupes in, 416; poetic topics in, 382, 449–50; religious origins of, 412; and Saigyō, 288n.9, 292n.20; and samurai, 280, 416, 464–65; and sarugaku, 411, 414, 415, 434, 486; Shinto in, 477n.115, 478n.116, 479n.124; song and speech styles in, 421–22; theatrical forms in, 415–20; treatises on, 411, 415; and warrior tales, 7, 345, 347, 464–65; women in, 476; yūgen in, 434, 449, 487
Nōin, 290n.15
nonduality, 324n.100
Northern and Southern Courts (Nanbokuchō) period, 279, 280, 396; aristocracy in, 410, 487; Buddhism in, 410; changing literature of, 507–8; history of, 409–11; imperial court in, 410; kyōgen in, 410, 486–88; nō in, 410; renga in, 410, 526; Shinto in, 281
Notes from the Bamboo Grove (Chikurinshō), 498
Notes on Foolish Views (Gukanshō; Jien), 343
Nukata, Lady (Nukata no Ōkimi), 69; “On Spring and Autumn,” 38–39
nuns (bikuni), 413
Ō no Yasumaro, 13
Ōama (prince), 38, 50. See also Tenmu
Oda Nobunaga, 279, 410
Ōe no Asatsuna, 248
Ōhatsuse Wakatakeru (Emperor Yūryaku), 36–37
Oku no hosomichi (Matsuo Bashō), 292n.20
Ōkura school (kyōgen), 487, 488, 489n.138
Ōkura Toraakira, Ōkura Toraakirabon (kyōgen collection), 487
Old Man (Okina; nō play), 414, 487
Old Man’s Diversions, An (Oi no susami; Sōgi), 499
Ōmi (capital), 12, 47, 50–51
On’ami, 415
One Hundred Poets, One Hundred Poems (Hyakunin isshu; Fujiwara no Teika), 79n.19, 128
Ōnin war, 279, 410, 413, 415, 498; and warrior tales, 344, 347
oni/yamabushi (demon/mountain priest) kyōgen plays, 488
Ono no Komachi, 70, 78–82, 296, 306n.49, 420, 525n.214; in Kokinshū, 78, 79, 106, 109, 111n.98; in Stupa Komachi, 78, 283, 433–48; and Tale of Genji, 163
oral performance (katari), 12, 90, 93n.45, 112, 330; of warrior tales, 9, 284, 344–47. See also storytellers
original ground and manifestation (honji suijaku), 281–82. See also avatars
original vow (hongan) of Amida Buddha, 470
Osakabe (prince), 57
Ōshikōchi no Mitsune, 96, 104, 106, 111, 192n.181
otogi–zōshi (Muromachi tales; Muromachi monogatari), 507–21; and anecdotes, 329, 411, 507; animals in, 508; and Buddhism, 282–84, 507–9; commoners in, 507–10; and Heian period, 411, 507, 508; and Kamakura period, 282–84; and monogatari, 411, 507–8; and warrior tales, 345, 507–9
Ōtomo (prince), 47, 50
Ōtomo clan, 35
Ōtomo no Kuronushi, 78n.16
Ōtomo no Sakanoue (Lady Sakanoue), 35, 69
Ōtomo no Tabito, 13, 35, 60, 61
Ōtomo no Yakamochi, 13, 35, 295
painting, 5, 412, 413. See also illustrated screens; illustrated scrolls
performance arts. See kyōgen; nō; oral performance
pilgrimage, 382, 413
Pillow Book, The (Makura no sōshi; Sei Shōnagon), 2, 5, 68–70, 139–60, 302n.39; in Essays in Idleness, 398, 401; lists in, 139, 140; and Murasaki Shikibu, 140
pillow words (makurakotoba), 80n.22, 93n.72; in Hitomaro, 40, 43n.11, 47–58; in Kokinshū, 100n.64; in Man’yōshū, 34, 37n.4, 39n.6; in nō, 482n.129
Pining Wind (Matsukaze; Zeami), 417, 419, 448–64, 467n.101, 469n.106
pivot words (kakekotoba), 79n.19, 81nn.23,25, 82n.28, 106n.85, 107n.89, 293n.23, 527n.216
place-names, poetic (utamakura), 73, 114, 302n.40, 525n.214; in Kokinshū, 93n.44, 112n.99; in Man’yōshū, 37; in Sarashina Diary, 247n.297
poem tales (uta monogatari), 2, 5, 69, 71, 113, 128, 251
Poetic Styles from the Past (Korai fūteishō; Fujiwara no Shunzei), 282
poetic topics, 295; courtship, 2–4, 12, 36, 70; in Kokinshū, 70, 90, 91; in Man’yōshū, 8, 38–39; in monogatari, 113, 129; in nō, 382, 449–50; parting, 8, 89, 107n.90; poverty, 61–62; for renga, 500n.143, 502–3; in Shinkokinshū, 297; travel, 8, 382; for waka, 70. See also cherry blossoms; love; moon; seasons
poetic treatises. See East Country Dialogues; Essentials of Poetic Composition; Old Man’s Diversions; Poetic Styles from the Past
poetry: aesthetics of, 5–6, 298n.28, 498, 499, 501n.148, 522; anagrammatic, 297; early anthologies of, 1–2, 11, 33; functions of, 2–3, 35, 129; genres of, 12; “incomprehensible,” 294, 308n.55;
in literary hierarchy, 2–3; of praise, 44–46; sequences of, 91, 99n.63; and society, 5, 129, 413–14; and the state, 1–4, 12, 35, 40; techniques of, 294–96. See also poetry matches; specific genres, poets, and titles
poetry circles, 59–61
Poetry Collection of the Minister from Kamakura (Kinkaishū), 412
Poetry Match in Six Hundred Rounds (Roppyakuban uta-awase), 299n.30, 300n.35
poetry matches (uta-awase), 70; and Kokinshū, 100, 104, 105, 107; and Shinkokinshū, 300n.34, 310
pollution, ritual, 6, 18, 73, 114; in nō, 460n.91, 481n.127
praise poems, 44–46
preface phrase (jokotoba), 34, 40, 52
priests: and acolytes, 508, 525n.212; and Essays in Idleness, 398; and literature, 72, 283–84, 328; and otogi-zōshi, 508; private, 72–73; storytelling, 8, 283–84, 345. See also Three Treasures; specific priests
prostitutes, 338
provinces: culture in, 413–14; poetry circles in, 59–61. See also governors, provincial; provincial gazetteers
provincial gazetteers (fudoki), 11, 13; and anecdotes, 328; and monogatari, 112–14; Ōmi fudoki, 113; Suruga fudoki, 113
puns: in diaries, 228n.235; in drama, 443n.47, 444n.49, 448, 456n.83; in Kokinshū, 92n.39, 109n.92; in Man’yōshū, 34; in monogatari, 130n.100, 169n.162; in otogi-zōshi, 516nn.187–90, 518nn.195–97, 519nn.198–99; in poetry, 52, 79, 293n.24, 523; in Shinkokinshū, 298, 307n.53. See also pivot words
puppet theater (jōruri), 8, 411, 486; actors in, 9, 413; and ballads, 284; and warrior tales, 345, 347
Pure Land (Jōdo) Buddhism, 324, 328n.110; and class, 249, 313; and Essays in Idleness, 398; and literature, 71–72; and monogatari, 114; New, 281; Western paradise in, 7, 114. See also Amida Buddha; nenbutsu
recluse literature (soan bungaku), 312–28, 398. See also Account of a Ten-Foot-Square Hut; Essays in Idleness; “Record of a Pond Pavilion”
Record of a Journey to Tsukushi (Tsukushi no michi no ki; Sōgi), 499
“Record of a Pond Pavilion” (Chiteiki; Yoshishige no Yasutane), 249–51
Record of Ancient Matters. See Kojiki
Record of Masakado (Shōmonki), 343, 345
Record of Miraculous Events in Japan (Nihon ryōiki; Keikai), 68, 72–78, 283; and anecdotes, 328; background to, 72–73; Buddhism in, 75–77, 112
Record of Miraculous Powers of the Lotus Sutra in Japan (Honchō hokke genki), 75
“Record of Sōgi’s Passing, A” (Sōgi shūen ki; Sōchō), 499