1536: The Year that Changed Henry VIII

by Lipscomb, Suzannah

  17 Walker, ‘Rethinking’, 20.

  18 CSP Foreign 1558–9, p. 527

  19 de Carles in Ascoli, p.247, line 495; E. W. Ives, ‘Norris, Henry (b. before 1500, d. 1536)’, ODNB (Oxford, 2004); Singer, Wolsey, p. 452; LP, x, 793; Walker, ‘Rethinking’, 22.

  20 Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 35–6, de Carles in Ascoli, p.247, lines 497–508, LP, x, 782; Hall, Chronicle, f. 227v; Amyot, ‘Constantyne’, 64.

  21 Singer, Wolsey, p. 452, LP, x, 793; Ives, The Life and Death, pp. 70–2; Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 36, 189–91; LP, x, 848.

  22 Aymot, ‘Constantyne’, 66, Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 37–39; LP, x, 876, 908; CSP Span, V (ii), 55, LP, x, 908: ‘nestoit habile en cas de soy copuler avec femme, et quil navoit ne vertu ne puissance’, my translation; Bernard, ‘The Fall’, 603, Wyatt, ‘In mourning wise’, Complete Poems ed. Rebholz.

  23 Circa Regna tonat means ‘around thrones he thunders’ (a classical reference to Jupiter, King of the gods, but likely to be here a veiled reference to Henry himself, who had often been equated in literature with Jupiter). CSP Span, V (ii), 54, Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 40–41; LP, x, 911; Wyatt, ‘V. Innocentia Veritas viat Fides circumdederunt me inimici mei’ or ‘Who list his wealth and ease retain’ Complete Poems ed. Rebholz, p. 155; Walker, Writing, pp. 290–291, see, for example, John Heywood’s The Play of the Weather.

  24 Bernard, see ‘The Fall’, 606; LP, x, 873, 866; Thomas, The Pilgrim, p. 56; MacCulloch, Cranmer, pp. 157–58; LP, x, 792, Cox, Cranmer, pp. 323–3; CSP Foreign 1558–9, 1303.

  25 Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 36; Singer, Wolsey, pp.451, 457, 458, 461; LP, x, 793, 797, 876, 910; CSP Span V (ii), 55; Ives, The Life and Death, pp. 342–43. 345, 357; Ives, ‘Debate: The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered’, EHR 107 (1992), 652. I disagree with Bernard, ‘The Fall of Anne Boleyn: A Rejoinder’, EHR 107 (1992), 668, note, as the evidence for Anne’s oath seems sufficient; Walker, ‘Rethinking’, 7–8, 25.

  26 Ives, ‘Debate’, 664; Ives, The Life and Death, p. 351; LP, x, 902; LP, xi, 381; LP, x, 908; CSP Span, V (ii), 54, 55; Hall, Chronicle, f. 228r; LP, x, 915, 926, 993, 1000, cf. Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 43–44; LP, x, 888.

  27 Cox, Cranmer, pp. 323–24 and LP, x, 792 (the texts differ slightly and I quote both); LP, x, 1033; Foyster, Manhood, pp. 4–9, here 5; Roper, The Holy Household: Women and Morals in Reformation Augsburg (Oxford, 1989), p.86; see also Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination, p.101; LP, xiii (i), 493; Collington, ‘Sans Wife’, 187, Tobriner, ‘Old Age’, 163; John Dod and Robert Cleaver, A Godlie Form of Householde Government (London, 1612), p.16; CSP Foreign 1558–9, 1303.

  PART TWO – Chapter 8

  A Dearth of Heirs

  1 Beverley A. Murphy, Bastard Prince: Henry VIII’s Lost Son (Stroud, 2001), pp. ix, 37–38, 122–24, 154; LP, iv (iii), 6307, v, 1485; Venetian ambassador cited by Murphy, Bastard Prince, p. 126 – I have been unable to find the original.

  2 State Papers, I, pp. 457–459; LP, x, 1137, xi, 7; CSP Span, V (ii), 61, 70, 77; see Ives, ‘Tudor dynastic problems revisited’, Historical Research 81 (2008), 255–279, esp. 262–63.

  3 Statutes, 28 Henry VIII, c.xxiv; CSP Span, V (ii), 77; LP, xi, 147, 293; Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p. 54

  4 There seems to be some uncertainty over whether he died on 22 or 23 July: LP, xi, 148 says 23 July; Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, p.53 says 22 July; LP, xi, 285; Statutes, 28 Henry VIII, c. vii.

  5 LP, xi, 233, 221, 236; Hayward, Dress, p. 68; Murphy, Bastard Prince, p. 179.

  6 Cited by Collington, ‘Sans Wife’, pp. 190-1; LP, xi, 285, 479; MacNaulty reaches a similar conclusion, Henry VIII, p. 95; Aristotle, On Rhetoric, trans. W. Rhys Roberts in The Rhetoric and the Poetics of Aristotle ed. Edward P. J. Corbett (New York, 1954), Book II, Ch. 12, pp. 123–24, cited by Collington, ‘Sans Wife’, p. 189; LP, xviii (i), 873; xvii, 1334, 177.

  PART TWO – Chapter 9

  Masculinity and Image

  1 Derek Wilson, Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man (London, 1996), p.242; Susan Foister, Holbein in England (London, 2006), p. 93; Xanthe Brooke and David Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed: Holbein’s Portrait and Its Legacy (London, 2003), p. 13.

  2 N. Wolf, cited by Tatiana C. String, Art and Communication in Henry VIII’s Reign (Aldershot, 2008), p. 56.

  3 Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, p. 9; Christopher Lloyd and Simon Thurley, Henry VIII: Images of a Tudor King (Oxford, 1990), p. 28. For debate about whether 1536 marked a complete change in image and iconography of Henry VIII, see Roy Strong, Holbein and Henry VIII (London, 1967), p. 4; Lloyd and Thurley, Henry VIII, pp. 20, 24; John N. King, ‘The Royal Image, 1535–1603’, in Tudor Political Culture ed. Dale Hoak (Cambridge, 1995), p. 104, and Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in an age of Religious Crisis (Princeton, 1989), p. 4; Sydney Anglo, Images of Tudor Kingship (London, 1992), pp. 1, 3, 112; Greg Walker, ‘Henry VIII and the Politics of the Royal Image’, in Persuasive Fictions: Faction, Faith and Political Culture in the Reign of Henry VIII (Aldershot, 1996), pp. 73, 76, 78, 84, 93; String, Art and Communication, pp. 10, 14, 87–88.

  4 Walker, ‘Henry VIII’, pp. 74, 88; String, Art and Communication, p. 83.

  5 Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, p. 9.

  6 David Starkey, ‘Introduction’, in Lost Faces: Identity and Discovery in Tudor Royal Portraiture (Catalogue of an exhibition held at the galleries of Philip Mould Ltd, London 2007), ed. Bendor Grosvenor, p. 7. Also see Greg Walker, The Private Life of Henry VIII (The British Film Guide 8, London 2003), pp. 18–20.

  7 Howarth, Images of Rule, p. 82; String, ‘Projecting Masculinity: Henry VIII’s Codpiece’, in Henry VIII and his Afterlives: Literature, Politics and Art ed. Christopher Highley, John N. King, and Mark Rankin (forthcoming Cambridge, 2009). My thanks go to Dr String for allowing me to see this chapter in draft.

  8 Strong, Holbein, pp. 39, 41–2; String, ‘Projecting Masculinity’ and String, Art and Communication, pp. 72–3; Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, pp. 28, 34, citing Jodochim Willich (1501–1522)’s treatise on gesture; Lloyd and Thurley, Henry VIII, p. 69.

  9 String, ‘Projecting Masculinity’; this is by eye; Crombie notes that the measurements for the cartoon, Walker Art Gallery copy and Petworth copy, for the width at the top of the braid at the left edge of the coat to the right edge of the coat under the dagger, are 945mm, 906mm and 935mm respectively, Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, p. 113; Grosvenor and Philip Mould, Lost Faces, p. 53; van Mander cited by Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, p. 27.

  10 Roper, ‘Blood and codpieces’, pp. 119–120; String, ‘Projecting Masculinity’; Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, pp. 84, 113, 34, 24–27; String, Art and Communication, p. 71; Grosvenor and Mould, Lost Faces, p. 53.

  11 Walker, Private Life, p. 22; Richard Woods, ‘It’s fun, it’s sexy – but is this really history?’, The Sunday Times, 27.07.08; Anglo, Images of Tudor Kingship, p. 1; String, ‘Projecting Masculinity’.

  12 Cited by Collington, ‘Sans Wife’, pp. 190–91; LP, xi, 285, 479; MacNalty reaches a similar conclusion, Henry VIII, p.95; Aristotle, On Rhetoric, trans. W. Rhys Roberts in The Rhetoric and the Poetics of Aristotle ed. Edward P.J Corbett (New York, 1954), Book II, Ch. 12, pp. 123–24, cited by Collington, ‘Sans Wife’, p.189; LP, xviii (i), 873; xvii, 1334, 177.

  PART THREE

  The King’s Religion

  1 LP, xvi, 106.

  2 W.G. Naphy, The Protestant Revolution (London, 2007), p. 96.

  PART THREE – Chapter 10

  The Reformation in England

  1 Foxe, Acts and Monuments; A.G. Dickens, The English Reformation (London, 1964).

  2 Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars (New Haven, 1992); Christopher Haigh, The English Reformation Revisited (Cambridge, 1987), p. 6 and English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors (Oxford, 1991), p. 142; Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII, p. 1; Susan Brigden, London and the Reformation, (Oxford, 1989), p. 383.
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  PART THREE – Chapter 11

  1536: The Church Established

  1 LP, x, 315, 575.

  2 LP, x, 956 (see also x, 450 and 1162), 1043, 792; MacCulloch, Cranmer, p.157; Cox, Cranmer, pp. 323–3; LP, xi, 210; LP, x, 1212 (see also xi, 54); LP, xi, 860, 1250; x, 909, 1069, 1212.

  3 Thomas F. Mayer, Reginald Pole: Prince and Prophet (New York and Cambridge, 2000), pp. 13–28; Bernard, The King’s Reformation, p. 220.

  4 LP, x, 1137; xi, 7; F. Donald Logan, ‘Thomas Cromwell and the Vicegerency in Spirituals: a revisitation’, EHR 103 (1988), 658–667, especially 666–7; Robert Hutchinson, Thomas Cromwell: The Rise and Fall of Henry VIII’s Most Notorious Minister (London, 2007), p. 105; Statutes, 28 Henry VIII, c.x.

  5 Marshall, Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 13–14; MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 161.

  6 Statutes, 27 Henry VIII, c.xxviii; J.H. Bettey, The Suppression of the Monasteries in the West Country (Gloucester and New Hampshire, 1989), pp. 23, 43; LP, x, 92, 721; G.W. Bernard, The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (New Haven and London, 2005), pp. 249–251, 255, 258; LP, x, 858, 364 (see also x, 1191). Bernard compares the abbreviations in LP with the original PRO, SP1/102.

  7 Henry Gee and William John Hardy (ed.), Documents Illustrative of English Church History (London, 1914), pp. 257–68; Statutes, 27 Henry VIII, c.xxviii, c.xxvii; LP, x, 601, 216, 552, 1211, 484; xi, 42; x, 335, 385, 741.

  8 MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 162; Hutchinson, Thomas Cromwell, p. 104.

  9 LP, xi, 1110, 59; C. Lloyd (ed.), Formularies of Faith Put Forth by Authority During the Reign of Henry VIII (Oxford, 1825), pp. xiii–xxxii, 2–20; Gilbert Burnet, The History of the Reformation of the Church of England ed. Nicholas Pocock (Oxford, 1865), Vol IV, pp. 272–285; for the king’s central involvement in the process, see Bernard, The King’s Reformation, pp. 281–82.

  10 Burnet, The History of the Reformation, Vol IV, pp. 272–285 (my italics).

  11 Bernard, The King’s Reformation, p. 291.

  12 Burnet, The History of the Reformation, Vol IV, p. 308; LP, xi, 377; Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 55; LP, vii, 750 (misdated, see Bernard, ‘The Making’, 324); LP, x, 45; Marshall, Reformation England, p. 9; LP, xi, 270, 271; Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 394–95.

  PART THREE – Chapter 12

  The Role of Henry VIII in Later Reformation

  1 This is the point of view argued by Bernard, The King’s Reformation and his ‘The Making of Religious Policy, 1533–1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way’, HJ 41.2 (1998). This chapter adopts a version of this, modified by particular reference to the work of Peter Marshall, Alec Ryrie, and Diarmaid MacCulloch.

  2 Including Elton, Starkey, Duffy and Haigh, see Haigh, English Reformations, p. 125.

  3 For firm direction, see Bernard, ‘The Making’, 139 and Glyn Redworth, ‘Whatever happened to the English Reformation?’, History Today (October, 1987), 36; MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 178 and Andrew Pettegree, ‘Protestant English; Henry pushed, and history shoved, toward Reformation (book review of The King’s Reformation Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church)’, The Weekly Standard 5.01.2006; for the via media, see Bernard, Redworth and Walker, Persuasive Fictions, p. 139; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 304; Marshall, Reformation England, p. 25 and Religious Identities, p. 14.

  4 MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, pp. 165, 162–63; Bernard, ‘The Making’, 322–23; LP, xi, 1110; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 403; Henry’s Psalter is now in the British Library, MS Royal 2, AXVI; Walker, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 82; LP, xxi (ii), 634.

  5 Shore, ‘Crisis’, 370; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 248.

  6 LP, xi, 780, 783; xii (i) 479; Greg Walker, Writing, pp. 339–40; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny of Henry VIII’, in Authority and Consent in Tudor England: Essays Presented to C.S.L. Davies ed. G.W. Bernard and S.J. Gunn (Aldershot, 2002), pp. 122–23; Bettey, The Suppression, pp. 70–85, 102–4; Hall, Chronicle, f. 237v; LP, xiv, (ii), 206, 272, 399.

  7 Statutes, 31 Henry VIII, c.xiii.

  8 Bernard, The King’s Reformation, pp. 525, 496; String, ‘Henry VIII’s Illuminated ‘Great Bible’,’ Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 59 (1996), 315–324; John N. King, Tudor Royal Iconography: Literature and Art in an Age of Religious Crisis (Princeton, 1989), p. 70–74; Christopher Lloyd and Simon Thurley, Henry VIII: Images of a Tudor King (Oxford, 1990), p. 36; String, Art and Communication in Henry VIII’s Reign (Aldershot, 2008), pp. 54, 97; Walker, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 92; Haigh, English Reformations, p. 134; compare with Margaret Aston, England’s Iconoclasts (Oxford, 1988), v. 1 Laws Against Images, pp. 226–28; Marshall, Reformation England, p. 54; see also R. B. Merriman, The Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell 2 vols (Oxford, 1902), ii, pp. 156–57.

  9 Hall, Chronicle, f. 233v; Foxe, Acts and Monuments, v, p.234.

  10 Statutes, 31 Henry VIII, c.xiv; Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII, pp.27–28, 31– 32; Hall, Chronicle, f. 234r; MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 175, in fact, suggests that the Act contained a few distinct compromises for evangelicals.

  11 Lloyd, Formularies of faith, pp. 213–377, especially 263, 364–65, 375–77, 215–216.

  12 Statutes, 34 and 35 Henry VIII, c.i; Hall, Chronicle, f. 261v–262r.

  13 LP, xvi, 106.

  PART THREE – Chapter 13

  Henry VIII’s Theology

  1 See Lloyd, Formularies of faith, pp. 215–16; Felicity Heal, Reformation in Britain and Ireland (Oxford, 2003), p. 138.

  2 Pamela Tudor–Craig, ‘Henry VIII and King David’, Early Tudor England: Proceedings of the 1987 Harlaxton Symposium ed. Daniel Williams (Woodbridge, 1989); Heal, Reformation, pp. 134; John Guy, ‘The Tudors: Henrician Reformation: An Agenda’, www.tudors.org; Marshall, Religious Identities, p.13; Richard Rex, Henry VIII and the English Reformation (Basingstoke, 1993), p. 24.

  3 Burton, Three Primers, p. 441, 514; LP, xv, 345; xv, 411, 576; Brigden, ‘Popular disturbance and the fall of Thomas Cromwell and the reformers 1539–40’, HJ 24.2 (1981), 257–278, here 264; Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 114; Marshall, Religious Identities, p. 157; LP, xx (ii), 1030; MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 175; Bernard, ‘The Making’, 175.

  4 Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII, p. 23.

  5 LP, xv, 345, 411; Bernard, ‘The Making’, 326.

  6 Letter cited by Bernard, ‘The Making’, 327; Burton, Three Primers, p. 481; Tudor–Craig, ‘Henry VIII and King David’; Heal, Reformation, pp. 134, 150; Marshall, Reformation England, pp. 48, 26.

  7 Heal, Reformation, p. 150; quote from January 1536 cited by Bernard, ‘The Making’, 331; Marshall, ‘Mumpsimus and Sumpsimus: The Intellectual Origins of a Henrician Bon Mot’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 52 (2001), 512–20; Hall, Chronicle, ff. 243r–v; Thomas, Pilgrim (original letters are reprinted), p. 152; Haigh, English Reformations, p. 154.

  PART THREE – Chapter 14

  The Aftermath of the Reformation

  1 Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII, pp. 23–24; Barbara Diefendorf, ‘Prologue to a Massacre: Popular Unrest in Paris, 1557–72’, American Historical Review (1991.)

  2 Winthrop S. Hudson, The Cambridge Connection and the Elizabeth Settlement of 1559 (Durham, North Carolina, 1980), pp. 92, 136, 126–27, 98, 129; CSP Span 1558–67, 89, 29; William P. Haugaard, Elizabeth and the English Reformation: The Struggle for a Stable Settlement of Religion (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 140, 262, 107, 250, 200; Haigh, Elizabeth I (London and New York, 1988) 2nd edn., pp. 34–35.

  3 MacCulloch, ‘Henry VIII’, p. 178.

  PART FOUR

  Henry the Tyrant

  1 The Oxford Book of Renaissance Verse 1509–1659 ed. David Norbook and H.R. Woudhuysen (London, 1992), pp. 527–28.

  2 Sir Walter Raleigh, History of the World (London, 1614); Statutes, 26 Henry VIII, c.xiii.

  PART FOUR – Chapter 15

  The Pilgrimage of Grace

  1 LP, xi, 828 i and iii.

  2 LP, xi,
569, 782, 826, 828; xii (i), 380; R.W. Hoyle, ‘Thomas Master’s Narrative of the Pilgrimage of Grace’, Northern History 21 (1985), 70; Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions (5th edn. Harlow, 2004), p. 26; LP, xii (i), 201.

  3 LP, xi, 533, 580; Fletcher and MacCulloch, Rebellions, pp. 27–28; Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s, (Oxford, 2001), pp. 102–118

  4 LP, xi, 705.

  5 Hoyle, ‘Master’s Narrative’, 64; Michael Bush, The Pilgrimage of Grace: a Study of the Rebel Armies of October 1536 (Manchester, 1996), p. 119; ‘Aske’s Proclamation to the City of York, 15–16 October 1536’, reprinted in Hoyle, The Pilgrimage, pp. 456–7; LP, xi, 705, 761.

  6 LP, xi, 826; State Papers, v.1, pp. 485–87.

  7 Hoyle, ‘Master’s Narrative’, 72; Ethan Shagan, ‘Politics and the Pilgrimage of Grace Revisited’, in Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003), p. 98.

  8 The terms can be extrapolated from LP, xi, 1271, xii (i), 98, 302, Shagan, ‘Politics’, pp. 112–114. See also the written pardon, reprinted in Bush and Bownes, The Defeat, pp. 415–17; Bernard, The King’s Reformation, pp. 349–52; Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p. 342.

  9 Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 90.

  10 Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 106; C.S.L. Davies, ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered’, Past and Present xli (1968), 57–60; LP, xi, 598, see also LP, xi, 569.

  11 See Aske’s address to York in Hoyle, The Pilgrimage, p. 456; LP, xi, 780; Bernard, The King’s Reformation, pp. 297–299; Davies, ‘Popular Religion and the Pilgrimage of Grace’, in Order and Disorder in Early Modern England eds. Fletcher and John Stevenson (Cambridge, 1985), p.85; Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 91.

  12 Hoyle, The Pilgrimage, p. 456; Eamon Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400–1580 (New Haven and London, 1992), pp. 238–48; Hall, Chronicle, ff. 228r–v; Hoyle, ‘Master’s Narrative’, 76; ‘The Pontefract articles’, reprinted in Hoyle, The Pilgrimage, pp. 46–3; Shagan, ‘Politics’, p. 105; Bateson, ‘Aske’s examination’, 565; This was, for example, affirmed in his intended proclamation to the rebels by Lancaster Herald (LP, xi, 826) and the pardon (Bush and Bownes, The Defeat, p. 415).