1536: The Year that Changed Henry VIII

by Lipscomb, Suzannah

  13 LP, xii (i), 6; Bateson (ed.), ‘The Pilgrimage of Grace’ (includes the text of ‘The manner of the taking of Robert Aske’) EHR v (1890), and ‘Aske’s examination’, 342, 558, also 559; Davies, ‘The Pilgrimage’, 66.

  14 LP, xi, 576.

  15 Bernard, The King’s Reformation, p. 372; LP, xi, 598, 816; Hall Chronicle, f.229v; Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds, The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536–7, And The Exeter Conspiracy 1538 (Cambridge, 1915), 2 vols, vol I, p. 137; LP, xi, 826; also Hall, Chronicle, f. 229v; LP, xi, 780, 783, 956.

  16 LP, xi, 569, 783; Bernard, The King’s Reformation, p. 374; Bush and Bownes, The Defeat, p. 9 [citing LP, xi, 1224, 1227, 1228, 1232, 1239, 1251]; LP, xi, 1227, 1236.

  17 Barnes, Supplication unto the most gracious Prince, King Henry VIII, cited by Allen, Political Thought, p. 127; Cox, Cranmer, p.188; Tyndale, Obedience of a Christian Man (1528), ed. R. Lovett (1888), p. 93; LP, xi, 1110, 1175.

  18 Erasmus, Education, pp. 22, 28, 54; John Guy, ‘The rhetoric of counsel in early modern England’, in Tudor Political Culture ed. Dale Hoak (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 292–310; David Starkey, ‘The Court: Castiglione’s ideal and Tudor reality’, Journal of Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 45 (1982), pp. 232–239, here 233; Walker, Writing, p. 8.

  19 Cited by Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p. 113 (see LP, xiv (i), 402 and xiv (ii), 454); LP, xi, 841.

  20 Bernard, War, Taxation, and Rebellion in Early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey and the Amicable Grant of 1525 (Brighton, 1986); Bernard and Hoyle, ‘The Instrument for the Levying of the Amicable Grant, March 1525’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 68 (1994), 190–202.

  21 Bush and Bownes, The Defeat, pp. i, 12–19, 73; LP, xi, 569, 956 where he boasted of armies of 100,000 and 50,000 men.

  22 LP, xi, 1175, 1306; State Papers, v.1, pp. 523–24; Bernard, The King’s Reformation, p. 377; Hall, Chronicle, f. 231r; LP, xii (i), 43.

  23 Bernard, The King’s Reformation, p. 378; Bush and Bownes, The Defeat, p. 36. This seems to me to jar with their other image of Henry as a humiliated king; LP, xii (ii), 133, 156.

  24 Hoyle, The Pilgrimage, p. 366; LP, xi, 1410, xii (ii), 292.iii; Bernard, The King’s Reformation, p. 390.

  25 LP, xi, 1410.

  26 LP, xii (i), 43, 45, 136.

  27 LP, xii (i), 98, 302; Bernard is insistent the pardon did not allow re–suppression; Bush and Bownes are equally adamant that it did; I think Shagan’s reading of the equivocality of the pardon explains the potential for different understandings exhibited by the Pilgrims and the king; LP, xi, 780, Dodds, The Pilgrimage of Grace, I, p. 137; LP, xii (i), 479.

  28 LP, xii (ii), 498, 479, 156, 166, 229, xi (i), 846; Bush and Bownes, The Defeat, pp. 73, 314, 364, 365, 411–22; K.J. Kesselring, Mercy and Authority in the Tudor State (Cambridge, 2003), p.177.

  29 LP, xi, 1271; Bush and Bownes, The Defeat, pp. 366–67; Greg Walker, Writing: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation (Oxford, 2005), pp. 339–40, Bernard, ‘The Tyranny of Henry VIII’, in Authority and Consent in Tudor England: Essays Presented to C.S.L. Davies ed. G. W. Bernard and S. J. Gunn (Aldershot, 2002), pp. 122–23.

  30 Howarth, Images of Rule, p. 80; Foister, Holbein in England, p. 94, following Buck; Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, p. 29; Starkey, ‘Holbein and Henry VIII’, Lost Faces, pp. 49–50.

  31 Howarth, Images of Rule, p. 82; String, ‘Projecting Masculinity’.

  32 Adapted from a translation by Margot Eates, Strong; Holbein, p. 57.

  33 Brooke and Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed, p. 32.

  34 Hall, Chronicle, f. 244v; LP, xvi, 1130, 1131.

  PART FOUR – Chapter 16

  The Mouldwarp Prophecy

  1 Sharon L. Jansen, Political Protest and Prophecy under Henry VIII (Woodbridge, 1991), p.15; T.M. Smallwood, ‘The Prophecy of the Six Kings’, Speculum 60.3 (1985), 571–592, here 575; James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven and London, 1990), p. xi, 137. See also Jansen, Political Protest, p. 18.

  2 Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, p. 467; Jansen, Political Protest, pp. 5, 13, 14; William Shakespeare, Henry IV, part 1, III.i.142–49.

  3 Smallwood, ‘The Prophecy’, 571, 575, 582–5. The text is preserved in the British Library MS Cotton Galba E.ix, f. 49r–50v and reproduced by Smallwood; Madeleine Hope Dodds, ‘Political Prophecies in the Reign of Henry VIII’, The Modern Language Review 11.3 (1916), 279; Thomas, Religion, pp. 473–74.

  4 LP, viii, 565, 609, 567, 791.

  5 LP, xii (i), 318, xi, 790; Jansen, Political Protest, pp. 1, 39, 42, 44–45; LP, xii (i), 1087, 1212; Thomas, Religion, p. 474; LP, xii (ii), 800, 1231.

  6 Text cited in Jansen, Political Protest, p. 57 (the word ‘elderly’ read ‘helderly’); LP, xiv (i) 794 (April 1539); the case of John Bonnefant in Thomas, Religion, p. 474; Statutes, 33 Henry VIII, c.xviv; LP, xvii, 28; Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford, 1999), p. 175; Thomas, Religion, p. 477; LP, xii (ii), 602; xiii (ii), 829; xiv (i), 186; xiv (i), 794; xiv (ii), 124; xviii (ii), 546; xix (i), 444 (v); xx (i), 282 (xxv).

  PART FOUR – Chapter 17

  Courtly Dissent

  1 Walker, Writing, pp. 286; LP, x, 840; see chapter 7. Historians have debated whether Wyatt could see the executions on Tower Hill and Tower Green from his cell in the Bell Tower. Jane Spooner, the Curator of Historic Buildings at the Tower of London, tells me he could almost certainly have seen the former, and may have seen the latter depending on whether or not the previous lieutenant’s lodging was lower than the present one (built 1540). Surrey, ‘Wyatt resteth here’, Oxford Book of Renaissance Verse, pp. 627–28.

  2 For the full text, see Wyatt, Complete Poems, ed. Rebholz, pp. 186–9; H.A. Mason, Humanism and Poetry in the Early Tudor Period (London, 1959), pp. 203, 222; Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare (Chicago, 2005), p. 115; Wyatt, ‘Stand so who list’, Complete Poems, ed. Rebholz, p. 94; Walker, Writing, pp. 301–7; Stephen Gardiner, De vera obedientia, reprinted in Obedience in Church and State: Three Political Tracts by Stephen Gardiner ed. P. Janelle (London, 1930), p. 89; The Complete Works of Thomas More vol 3 (New York, 1984), p. 165, cited by Walker, Writing, p.7.

  3 Walker, Writing, p. 355; Susan Brigden, ‘Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and the ‘Conjured League’, HJ 37 (1994), 507–537, here 508, 510.

  PART FOUR – Chapter 18

  Did Henry VIII Become a Tyrant?

  1 CSP, Ven, iii, 1287.

  2 Elton, ‘The Rule of Law in Sixteenth-Century England’, in Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government (Cambridge, 1974), v.1, pp. 261, 262, 274, 282–83. See also his Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge, 1972), p. 399; Ellis, ‘Henry VIII’, 531; Shore, ‘Crisis’, 359–390, here 375; Joel Hurstfield, ‘Was There a Tudor Despotism After All?’, TRHS (1966) 5th series, pp. 83–108; John Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason: An Introduction (London, Toronto and Buffalo, 1979), p.7; Davies, ‘The Cromwellian Decade’, 194; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p. 125

  3 William Thomas, The Pilgrim: A Dialogue. on the Life and Actions of King Henry VIII ed. J.A. Froude (London, 1861), pp. 9–10. In fact, the entire book is a dialogue designed to answer various charges of tyranny against Henry VIII, as p. 81 suggests.

  4 Maurice Latey, Tyranny: A Study in the Abuse of Power (1972), p.18.

  5 Davies, ‘The Cromwellian Decade’, 180, 185; Kesselring, Mercy and Authority, pp. 25, 37; Statutes, 25 Henry VIII, c.xxii; Walker, Writing, p. 24; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p.119; Hall, Chronicle, f. 232v.

  6 Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, pp. 153, 97; LP, xiv (ii), 494; Seymour Baker House, ‘More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535)’, ODNB (Oxford, 2004); LP, viii, 895, 846; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’; Kesselring, Mercy and Authority, pp. 60–64; Baldwin Smith, Henry VIII, pp. 31–35, 64–67; William Huse Dunham Jr., ‘Regal Power and the Rule of Law: A Tudor Paradox’, Journal of British Studies III (1964),
24–56; Hurstfield, ‘Was There a Tudor Despotism’; Elton, ‘The Rule of Law’; Latey, Tyranny, p. 184.

  7 LP, xvi, 183, 590; Foxe, Acts and Monuments, V, p. 554, VI, p. 36; LP, xvi, 590, 589.

  8 LP, xv, 954; Walker, Writing, p. 6; William Thomas, The Pilgrim.

  9 This wonderful anecdote is cited by Latey, Tyranny, p.97; Derek Wilson, In the Lion’s Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII (London, 2001), pp. 385–86.

  10 Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, p. 29; Sean Cunningham, ‘Pole, Edmund de la, Eighth Earl of Suffolk (1472?–1513)’, ODNB (Oxford, 2004); Statutes, 14 and 15 Henry VIII, c.xx.

  11 Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, p. 345; Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, p.41; Statutes, 33 Henry VIII, c.xxi.

  12 Dodds, Pilgrimage of Grace, vol 2, pp. 277–327.

  13 Stanford E. Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder in the Reign of Henry VIII’, The Historical Journal 18.4 (1975), 675–702 – my debt of scholarship to Dr Lehmberg is apparent from what follows; William R. Stacy, ‘Richard Roose and the Use of Parliamentary Attainder in the Reign of Henry VIII’, The Historical Journal 29.1 (1986), 1–15; Bernard, ‘The Tyranny’, p. 125.

  14 Stacy, ‘Richard Roose’, 2–3; Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, pp. 28–29.

  15 Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 685, 692, 679; Ellis, ‘Henry VIII’, 522– 526; Statutes, 28 Henry VIII. c.xxiv, 27 Henry VIII. c. lviii and c.lix; Stacy, ‘Richard Roose’, 10.

  16 Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 685–687; Statutes, 31 Henry VIII, c.xv; Walker, Writing, p. 340.

  17 Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 688–689; Statutes, 32 Henry VIII, c.lix, c.lx, c.lxi; Hall, Chronicle, f. 243r.

  18 Burnet, The History of the Reformation, Vol. IV, pp. 415–432; Shore, ‘Crisis’, 366, 372, 376; R.B. Merriman, The Life and Letters of Thomas Cromwell 2 vols (Oxford, 1902), ii pp. 264–67, 268–73; LP, xv, 776, 823; Cox, Cranmer, p. 401.

  19 LP, xvi, 1334; Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder’, 695, 697; Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, p. 41; Statutes, 33 Henry VIII, c.xxi; Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Katherine Howard’; Retha M. Warnicke, ‘Katherine [Katherine Howard] (1518x24– 1542)’, ODNB (Oxford, 2004).

  20 Stacy, ‘Richard Roose’, 67–68; Bellamy, Tudor Law of Treason, p. 44.

  21 For something of a caricature of Henry VIII, see Jasper Ridley, Henry VIII: The Politics of Tyranny (New York, 1985) and review by Baldwin Smith, American Historical Review 91.2 (1986), 391–392; Thomas, The Pilgrim, p. 79; The Complete Works of Thomas More vol 3 (New York, 1984), p. 163 (cited by Walker, Writing, p.7); Dodds, The Pilgrimage, I, pp. 136–38; Hall, Chronicle, f. 229v; LP, xi, 780, 826; see also Henry’s speech to parliament in 1535, Hall, Chronicle, ff. 260v–262r.

  22 William Roper, The Life of Sir Thomas More reprinted in Two Early Tudor Lives ed. Richard S. Sylvester and Davis P. Harding (New Haven and London, 1962), p. 228; LP, xii (ii), 908.

  Epilogue

  1 Stephen Gardiner, De vera obedientia, reprinted in Obedience in Church and State: Three Political Tracts by Stephen Gardiner ed. P. Janelle (London, 1930), p. 113.

  2 Thomas, The Pilgrim, pp. 81, 11.

  3 Thomas, The Pilgrim, pp. 11, 55; Marillac, 3 September 1540, in Thomas, The Pilgrim, p. 155; Jean Kaulek (ed.), Correspondance politique de Castillon et de Marillac (1885) (LP, xiii (i), 56).

  Further Reading

  Henry VIII

  Lacey Baldwin Smith, Henry VIII: The Mask of Royalty (St Albans, 1971)

  Robert Hutchinson, The Last Days of Henry VIII: Conspiracy, Treason and Heresy at the Court of the Dying Tyrant (London, 2005)

  Sir Arthur Salisbury MacNalty, Henry VIII: A Difficult Patient (London, 1952)

  J. J. Scarisbrick, Henry VIII (London, 1968)

  Miles F. Shore, ‘Henry VIII and the Crisis of Generativity’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2.4 (1972), pp. 359–390

  David Starkey, Henry: Virtuous Prince (London, 2008)

  Alison Weir, Henry VIII: King and Court (London, 2001)

  Derek Wilson, In the Lion’s Court: Power, Ambition and Sudden Death in the Reign of Henry VIII (London, 2001)

  Masculinity

  Will Fisher, ‘The Renaissance Beard: masculinity in early modern

  England’, Renaissance Quarterly 54.1 (2001), pp. 155–187

  Elizabeth A. Foyster, Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex and Marriage (London, 1999)

  Alexandra Shepard, Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2003)

  Tatiana C. String, ‘Projecting Masculinity: Henry VIII’s Codpiece’, in Henry VIII and his Afterlives: Literature, Politics and Art ed. Christopher Highley and John N. King, Mark Rankin (forthcoming, Cambridge, 2009)

  Anne Boleyn’s fall

  G. W. Bernard, ‘The fall of Anne Boleyn’, EHR 106 (1991), pp. 584–610

  G. W. Bernard, ‘The fall of Anne Boleyn: a rejoinder’, EHR 107 (1992), pp. 665–74

  E. W. Ives, ‘Faction at the court of Henry VIII: the fall of Anne Boleyn’, History, 57 (1972), pp. 169–88

  E. W. Ives, ‘Debate: The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered’, EHR 107, (1992), pp. 651–664

  Greg Walker, ‘Rethinking the Fall of Anne Boleyn’, HJ, 45.1 (2002), 1–29

  Image

  Xanthe Brooke and David Crombie, Henry VIII Revealed: Holbein’s Portrait and Its Legacy (London, 2003)

  Susan Foister, Holbein in England (London, 2006)

  Christopher Lloyd and Simon Thurley, Henry VIII: Images of a Tudor King (Oxford, 1990)

  Tatiana C. String, Art and Communication in Henry VIII’s Reign (Aldershot, 2008)

  The Reformation

  G. W. Bernard, The King’s Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church (New Haven and London, 2005)

  Susan Brigden, London and The Reformation (Oxford, 1989)

  A. G. Dickens, The English Reformation (London, 1964)

  Christopher Haigh, English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors (Oxford, 1991)

  Peter Marshall, Religious Identities in Henry VIII’s England (Aldershot, 2006)

  Alec Ryrie, The Gospel and Henry VIII: Evangelicals in the Early English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003)

  The Pilgrimage of Grace

  Michael Bush and David Bownes, The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace: A Study of the Postpardon Revolts of December 1536 to March 1537 and their Effect (Hull, 1999)

  Madeleine Hope Dodds and Ruth Dodds, The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536–7 and the Exeter Conspiracy 1538 (Cambridge, 1915), 2 vols

  Anthony Fletcher and Diarmaid MacCulloch, Tudor Rebellions, 5th edn. (Harlow, 2004)

  R.W. Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (Oxford, 2001)

  Ethan Shagan, ‘Politics and the Pilgrimage of Grace Revisited’, in Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge, 2003)

  Tyranny

  John Bellamy, The Tudor Law of Treason: An Introduction (London, Toronto and Buffalo, 1979)

  G. W. Bernard, ‘The Tyranny of Henry VIII’ in Authority and Consent in Tudor England: Essays Presented to C.S.L. Davies ed. G.W. Bernard and S. J. Gunn (Aldershot, 2002)

  Sharon L. Jansen, Political Protest and Prophecy under Henry VIII (Woodbridge, 1991)

  K. J. Kesselring, Mercy and Authority in the Tudor State (Cambridge, 2003)

  Maurice Latey, Tyranny: A Study in the Abuse of Power (Harmondsworth, 1972)

  Stanford E. Lehmberg, ‘Parliamentary Attainder in the Reign of Henry VIII’, HJ 18.4 (1975), pp. 675–702

  Greg Walker, Writing under Tyranny: English Literature and the Henrician Reformation (Oxford, 2005)

  Other important works

  Antonia Fraser, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (London, 1992)

  Maria Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII (Leeds, 2007)

  Eric Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn ‘The Most Happy’ (Oxford, 2004)

  Diarmaid MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer: A Life (New Haven and London, 1996)

 
David Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII (London, 2003)

  Alan Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (London, 1987)

  Table of Contents

  Cover

  Title Page

  Copyright

  Praise for 1536

  Dedication

  Acknowledgments

  Preface

  Part One: Setting the Scene

  Prologue

  Chapter 1: The Change

  Chapter 2: Young Henry

  Chapter 3: The Divorce

  Chapter 4: 1536 and All That

  Part Two: The Crisis of Masculinity

  Chapter 5: A Wife’s Death

  Chapter 6: The King’s Honour

  Chapter 7: The Fall of Anne Boleyn

  Chapter 8: A Dearth of Heirs

  Chapter 9: Masculinity and Image

  Part Three: The King’s Religion

  Chapter 10: The Reformation in England

  Chapter 11: 1536: The Church Established

  Chapter 12: The Role of Henry VIII in Later Reformation

  Chapter 13: Henry VIII’s Theology

  Chapter 14: The Aftermath of the Reformation

  Part Four: Henry the Tyrant

  Chapter 15: The Pilgrimage of Grace

  Chapter 16: The Mouldwarp Prophecy

  Chapter 17: Courtly Dissent

  Chapter 18: Did Henry VIII Become a Tyrant?

  Epilogue

  Appendix 1: Timeline of 1536

  Appendix 2: Henry VIII’s Wives

  Appendix 3: The Cost of Living in Henry VIII’s Reign

  Notes

  Endnotes

  Further Reading