by Will Durant
87. Discours, Part IV, and Meditations, II, in Selections, 29, 99.
88. St. Augustine, De Trinitate, x, 10.
89. Meditations, II, in Selections, 106.
90. “Rules for the Direction of the Mind,” VIII, in Selections, 69.
91. Meditations, III, in Selections, 125.
92. Ibid, 154.
93. Ibid, 89.
94. Principia philosophiae, I, xxxix.
95. Meditations, IV, in Selections, 127.
96. Discours, IV, in Selections, 30.
97. En. Br., VII, 249d.
98. Ibid.
99. Lévy-Bruhl, History of Modern Philosophy in France, 29.
100. Discours, in Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 16.
101. Fischer, Descartes, 406.
102. In Smith, Culture, I, 194.
103. Smith, D. E, ed., Isaac Newton, 18.
104. Fischer, 229.
105. Garrison, History of Medicine, 258.
106. Selections, 222–47.
107. Aubrey, Brief Lives, 95.
108. Fischer, 231.
109. Fülop-Miller, Jesuits, 124.
110. Fontenelle, Digression sur les anciens et les modernes, in Fellows and Torrey, Age of the Enlightenment, 57.
111. Lévy-Bruhl, 33.
112. Vartanian, Diderot and Descartes, 205 and passim.
Bibliographical Guide
to editions referred to in the Notes
The letters C, P, J, and R after an author’s name indicate
Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and rationalist respectively.
ACKERMAN, PHYLLIS, Tapestry, the Mirror of Civilization, Oxford University Press, 1933.
ACTON, JOHN E., LORD (C), Lectures on Modern History, London, 1950.
ADAMS, BROOKS (P), Law of Civilization and Decay, New York, 1921.
ADDISON, JULIA, Arts and Crafts in the Middle Ages, Boston, 1908.
ALLEN, J. W. (P), English Political Thought, 1603 to 1660, London, 1938.
ALLEN, J. W. (P), History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, London, 1951.
ALTAMIRA, RAFAEL, History of Spain, tr. Muna Lee, New York, 1955.
ALTAMIRA, RAFAEL, History of Spanish Civilization, tr. P. Volkov, London, 1930.
ARISTOTLE, Poetics, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1922.
ARMSTRONG, EDWARD (P), The Emperor Charles V, 2v., London, 1910.
ARNOLD, SIR THOMAS W., Painting in Islam, Oxford U. P., 1928.
ASCHAM, ROGER (P), The Scholemaster, London, 1863.
AUBREY’S Brief Lives, ed. O. L. Dick, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1957.
BACON, FRANCIS, Philosophical Works, ed. J. M. Robertson, London, 1905.
BACON, FRANCIS, Works, ed. Spedding, Ellis, and Heath, 6v., London, 1870.
BAEDEKER, KARL, Belgique et Hollande, Paris, 1910.
BAIN, F. W. (P), Christina, Queen of Sweden, London, 1890.
BAKELESS, JOHN, The Tragicall History of Christopher Marlowe, Harvard University Press, 1942.
BARINE, ARVÈDE, La Grande Mademoiselle, tr. Helen Meyer, New York, 1902.
BASKERVILLE, HELTZEL, and NETHERCOT, Elizabethan and Stuart Plays, New York, 1950.
BATIFFOL, LOUIS, The Century of the Renaissance, New York, 1935.
BEARD, CHARLES, Towards Civilization, New York, 1930.
BEARD, MIRIAM, History of the Business Man, New York, 1938.
BELL, AUBREY, Cervantes, University of Oklahoma Press, 1947.
BELL, A UBREY, Portuguese Literature, Oxford U. P., 1922.
BELL, E. T., Men of Mathematics, New York, 1937.
BELLOC, HILAIRE (C), How the Reformation Happened, London, 1950.
BELLOC, HILAIRE (C), Paris, New York, 1907.
BELLOC, HILAIRE (C), Richelieu, New York, 1929.
BERNAL, J. D. (R), Science in History, London, 1957.
BERRY, ARTHUR, Short History of Astronomy, New York, 1909.
BISHOP, A. T., Renaissance Architecture of England, New York, 1938.
BLOK, P. J. (P), History of the People of the Netherlands, 3v., New York, 1898.
BLOMFIELD, SIR REGINALD, History of French Architecture from the Reign of Charles VIII till the Death of Mazarin, 2v., London, 1911.
BLOMFIELD, SIR REGINALD, Short History of Renaissance Architecture in England, 1500–1800, London, 1923.
BOAS, FREDERICK, Marlowe and His Circle, Oxford U. P., 1929.
BODIN, JEAN, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, Columbia University Press, 1945.
BOULENGER, JACQUES, The Seventeenth Century, New York, 1920.
BOULTING, W., Tasso and His Times, London, 1907.
BOURNE, H. R. Fox, Sir Philip Sidney, New York, 1891.
BOWEN, CATHERINE DRINKER, The Lion and the Throne: The Life and Times of Sir Edward Coke, New York, 1956.
BRADBROOK, M. C., The School of Night: A Study in the Literary Relationships of Sir Walter Raleigh, Cambridge U. P., England, 1936.
BRANTÔME, SEIGNEUR DE, Book of the Ladies, Boston, 1902.
BRANTÔME, SEIGNEUR DE, Lives of Gallant Ladies, London, 1943.
BROCKELMANN, CARL, History of the Islamic Peoples, New York, 1947.
BROCKWAY, WALLACE, and WEINSTOCK, HERBERT, The Opera, New York, 1941.
BROCKWAY, WALLACE, and WINER, BART, Second Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, New York, 1941.
BROWNE, EDWARD G., Literary History of Persia, 4v., Cambridge, 1929.
BROWNE, SIR THOMAS, Religio Medici, Everyman’s Library, 1951.
BROWNE, SIR THOMAS, Works, 6v., London, 1928.
“BRUTUS, JUNIUS” (P), Vindiciae contra tyrannos, New York, n.d.
BUCHAN, JOHN, Oliver Cromwell, Boston, 1934.
BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (R), Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, 4v., New York, 1913.
BUPAL, PHILIPPE, Bernard Palissy, Paris, n.d.
BURCKHARDT, JACOB, Recollections of Rubens, Oxford U. P., 1950.
BURNEY, CHARLES, General History of Music, 2v., New York, 1957.
BURTON, ROBERT, Anatomy of Melancholy, New York, 1924.
BURY, J. B. (R), History of Freedom of Thought, Home University Library, New York, n.d.
BUTTERFIELD, H., The Origins of Modern Science, New York, 1951.
CAFFIN, C. H., The Story of Spanish Painting, New York, 1910.
CALVERT, ALBERT, The Escorial, London, 1907.
CALVERT, ALBERT, Royal Palaces of Spain, London, 1909.
CALVERT, ALBERT, Seville, London, 1907.
CALVERT, ALBERT, and HARTLEY, C. G., Veláazquez, London, 1908.
Cambridge History of English Literature, 14v., New York, 1910.
Cambridge History of Poland, 2v., Cambridge U. P., 1950.
Cambridge Modern History, 12v., New York, 1907 f.
CAMÕES, LUIZ DE, The Lusiads, tr. Leonard Bacon, New York, 1950.
CAMPANELLA, TOMASO, The City of the Sun, in Ideal Commonwealths, New York, 1901.
CAMPBELL, THOMAS (C), The Jesuits, New York, 1921.
CARLYLE, R. W. (P), History of Medieval Political Theory in the West, 6v., Edinburgh, 1928.
CARLYLE, THOMAS (P), Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 4v., New York, 1901.
CASSIRER, ERNST (P), The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton University Press, 1951.
CASTIGLIONI, ARTURO, History of Medicine, New York, 1941.
Catholic Encyclopedia, New York, 1912.
CERVANTES, MIGUEL DE, Don Quixote, 2v., Everyman’s Library.
CERVANTES, Three Exemplary Novels, tr. Samuel Putnam, New York, 1950.
CHAMBERS, E. K., The Elizabethan Stage, 4v., Oxford U. P., 1951.
CHAMBERS, E. K., William Shakespeare, 2v., Oxford U. P., 1930.
CHARDIN, JEAN, Travels in Persia, London, 1927.
CHARRON, PIERRE, Of Wisdom, tr. George Stanhope, 3v., London, 1729.
CHENEY, SHELDON, A World History of Art, New York, 1937.
CHESTERFIELD, EARL OF, Letters to His Son, New York, 1901.
CHURCH, R. W., Spenser, New York, 1879.
CHUTE, MARCHETTE, Ben Jonson of Westminster, New York, 1953.
CHUTE, MARCHETTE, Shakespeare of London, New York, 1953.
CLARENDON, EARL OF, History of the Rebellion, 8v., Oxford, 1826.
CLARK, BARRETT H., Great Short Biographies of the World, New York, 1928.
CLARK, G. N., The Seventeenth Century, Oxford U. P., 1929.
COKER, F. W., Readings in Political Philosophy, New York, 1938.
COOPER, LANE, Aristotle, Galileo, and the Tower of Pisa, Ithaca, N. Y., 1935.
CORNEILLE, PIERRE, Théâtre, 2v., Paris, 1950.
COXE, WM. (P), History of the House of Austria, 3v., London, 1847.
CRAIG, HARDIN, The Enchanted Glass, Oxford, 1952.
CRAVEN, THOMAS, A Treasury of Art Masterpieces, New York, 1952.
CREIGHTON, MANDELL (P), Queen Elizabeth, London, 1927.
CROCE, BENEDETTO, Ariosto, Shakespeare, and Corneille, New York, 1920.
D’ALTON, REV. E. A., History of Ireland, 6v., Dublin, n.d.
DAMPIER, SIR WILLIAM CECIL, History of Science, Cambridge U. P., 1948.
DAVIES, GERALD S., Frans Hals, London, 1902.
DAVIES, R. TREVOR, The Golden Age of Spain, London, 1954.
DAY, CLIVE, History of Commerce, London, 1926.
DENOIRESTERRES, GUSTAV, Voltaire et la société francaise au xviiime siècle, 8v., Paris, 1871.
DESCARTES, RENÉ, Meditations, Chicago, 1925.
DESCARTES, Selections, New York, 1927.
DESJARDINS, PAUL, Poussin, Paris, n.d.
DIEULAFOY, MARCEL, Art in Spain and Portugal, New York, 1913.
DIMAND, M. S., Guide to an Exhibition of Islamic Miniature Painting, New York, 1933.
DISRAELI, ISAAC, Curiosities of Literature, 3v., London, n.d.
DONNE, JOHN, Poems, Everyman’s Library.
DOWDEN, EDWARD (P), Michel de Montaigne, Philadelphia, 1906.
DU DEFFAND, MME., Lettres à Voltaire, Paris, 1922.
DUNNING, W. A., History of Political Theories from Luther to Montesquieu, New York, 1905.
EDDY, SHERWOOD, The Challenge of Europe, New York, 1933.
EINSTEIN, LEWIS, The Italian Renaissance in England, Columbia University Press, 1935.
ELLIS, HAVELOCK, The Soul of Spain, Boston, 1937.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed.
EVELYN, JOHN, Diary, 2v., Everyman’s Library.
FAGUET, EMILE, Dix-septième Siècle: études et portraits littéraires, Paris, n.d.
FELLOWS, OTIS, and TORREY, NORMAN (R), The Age of Enlightenment, New York, 1942.
FIGGIS, J. N. (P), From Gerson to Grotius, Cambridge U. P., 1916.
FIRTH, SIR CHARLES, Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans in England, Oxford U. P., 1953.
FISCHER, KUNO, Descartes and His School, London, 1887.
FITZMAURICE-KELLY, JAMES, History of Spanish Literature, New York, 1928.
FITZMAURICE-KELLY, JAMES, Some Masters of Spanish Verse, Oxford, 1928.
FLETCHER, C. R. L., Gustavus Adolphus, London, 1890.
FLORINSKY, MICHAEL T., Russia: A History and an Interpretation, 2v., New York, 1955.
FORD, J. D. M., Main Currents of Spanish Literature, New York, 1919.
FOSDICK, HARRY EMERSON (P), ed., Great Voices of the Reformation, New York, 1952.
FRAME, D. M., Montaigne in France, New York, 1940.
FRANCE, ANATOLE, The Elm-Tree on the Mall, New York, 1910.
FRANCE, ANATOLE, The Gods Are Athirst, New York, 1913.
FRENCH, ALLEN (P), Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval, Boston, 1955.
FRIEDELL, EGON (R), Cultural History of the Modern Age, New York, 1930.
FROUDE, J. A. (P), Reign of Elizabeth, 5v., Everyman’s Library.
FROUDE, J. A. (P), Reign of Henry VIII, 3v., Everyman’s Library.
FÜLOP-MILLER, RENÉ, The Power and Secret of the Jesuits, New York, 1930.
FUNK, F. X. (C), Manual of Church History, 2v., London, 1910.
GADE, J. A., Life and Times of Tycho Brahe, Princeton, 1947.
GALILEI, GALILEO, Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems, tr. Stillman Drake, University of California Press, 1953.
GALILEI, GALILEO, Dialogues concerning Two New Sciences, tr. Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio, New York, 1914.
GALILEO, Discoveries and Opinions, tr. and ed. by Stillman Drake, Garden City, N. Y., 1957.
GARDINER, SAMUEL R. (P), History of England 1603–42, 10v., London, 1889–93.
GARNETT, RICHARD, History of Italian Literature, New York, 1898.
GARNETT, RICHARD, and GOSSE, EDMUND, English Literature, 4v., New York, 1908.
GARRISON, F., History of Medicine, Philadelphia, 1929.
GASQUET, FRANCIS (C), Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, 2v., London, 1888.
GEYL, P. (P), Revolt of the Netherlands, London, 1945.
GIBB, E. J. W., Ottoman Literature, New York, 1901.
GIDE, ANDRÉ, Living Thoughts of Montaigne, New York, 1931.
GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON, Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, tr. Thomas Carlyle, New York, 1901.
GOLDSCHEIDER, LUDWIG, El Greco, Phaidon ed., Oxford U. P., 1938.
GOOCH, G. P., English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century, Cambridge U. P., 1927.
GRACIAN, BALTASAR (C), The Art of Worldly Wisdom, tr. Martin Fischer, Springfield, Ill., 1942.
GRAVES, F. P., History of Education during the Middle Ages, New York, 1931.
GREEN, J. R. (P), Short History of the English People, 3v., London, 1898.
GROTIUS, HUGO, Rights of War and Peace, New York, 1901.
GROVE’S Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5v., New York, 1927.
GUARINI, BATTISTA, The Faithful Shepherd, London, 1736.
GUERARD, ALBERT, Life and Death of an Ideal: France in the Classical Age, New York, 1928.
GUINARD, PAUL, El Greco, Skira ed., New York, n.d.
GUINARD, P., and BATICLE, J., Histoire de la peinture espagnole, Paris, 1950.
GUIZOT, F. (P), Corneille and His Times, New York, 1852.
GUIZOT, F. (P), History of France, 8v., London, 1872.
HALLAM, HENRY (P), Constitutional History of England, 3v., New York, 1862.
HALLAM, HENRY (P), Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries, 4v. in 2, New York, 1880.
HAMMERTON, J. A., Outline of Great Books, New York, 1937.
HAUSER, ARNOLD, The Social History of Art, 2v., New York, 1952.
HAYDN, HIRAM, The Counter-Renaissance, New York, 1950.
HAYDN, HIRAM, The Portable Elizabethan Reader, New York, 1946.
HAZLITT, W. C., The Venetian Republic, 2v., London, 1900.
HEARNSHAW, F. J. C., ed., Social and Political Ideas of Some Great Thinkers of the Renaissance and the Reformation, New York, 1929.
HEFELE, K. J. VON, Life and Times of Cardinal Ximenes, London, 1885.
HERRICK, ROBERT, Poems, Everyman’s Library.
History Today, London.
HOGBEN, LAUNCELOT, Science for the Citizen, New York, 1938.
HOLZKNECHT, KARL, Backgrounds of Shakespeare’s Plays, New York, 1950.
HONEY, W. B., European Ceramic Art, London, 1949.
HOOKER, RICHARD, Works, 3v., Oxford, 1888.
HORN, F. W., History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North, Chicago, 1895.
HUGHES, PHILIP (C), The Reformation in England, 2v., London, 1952f
HUME, DAVID (R), Essays, Literary, Moral, and Political, London, n.d.
HUME, DAVID (R), History of England, 5v., Philadelphia, n.d.
HUME, MARTIN (P), The Court of Philip IV, London, 1907.
HUME, MARTIN (P), Spain: Its Greatness and Decay, Cambridge U. P., 1899.
HUME, MATIN (P), The Spanish People, New York, 1911.
INGE, W. R. (P), Christian Mysticism, London, 1899.
JACKSON, CATHERINE C., Old Paris, London, n.
d.
JAMES, B. B., Women of England, Philadelphia, 1908.
JANSSEN, JOHANNES (C), History of the German People at the Close of the Middle Ages, 16v., St. Louis, Mo., n.d.
JOHN, EVAN, King Charles I, London, 1952.
JOHNSON, SAMUEL, Lives of the English Poets, 2v., Everyman’s Library.
JONSON, BEN, Plays, 3v., London, 1894.
JORDAN, G. J. (P), The Reunion of the Churches: A Study of G. W. Leibniz and His Great Attempt, London, 1927.
JUSTI, CARL, Diego Velázquez and His Times, London, 1889.
KELLOGG, J. H., The New Dietetics, Battle Creek, Mich., 1927.
KESTEN, HERMANN (R), Copernicus and His World, New York, 1945.
KIRBY, R. S., Engineering in History, New York, 1956.
KLUCHEVSKY, V. O., History of Russia, 3v., London, 1912.
KNACKFUSS, H., Van Dyck, tr. Campbell Dodgson, New York, 1899.
KNOX, JOHN (P), History of the Reformation in Scotland, 2v., New York, 1950.
LACROIX, PAUL, Arts of the Middle Ages, London, n.d.
LACROIX, PAUL, History of Prostitution, 2v., New York, 1931.
LACROIX, PAUL, Military and Religious Life in the Middle Ages, London, n.d.
LANDAU, R., Invitation to Morocco, London, 1952.
LANE-POOLE, STANLEY, Story of Turkey, New York, 1895.
LANG, ANDREW (R), History of Scotland, 4v., Edinburgh, 1902.
LANG, ANDREW (R), The Mystery of Mary Stuart, London, 1901.
LANG, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, New York, 1941.
LANGE, F. E. (P), History of Materialism, New York, 1925.
LASKI, HAROLD (R), Political Thought in England, Locke to Bentham, Oxford U. P., 1950.
LASSAIGNE, JACQUES, Spanish Painting from the Catalan Frescoes to El Greco, Skira ed., Geneva, 1952.
LA TOUR, P. IMBART DE (C), Les Origines de la Réforme, 4v., Paris, 1905f.
LEA, H. C. (P), History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, 3v., New York, 1888.
LEA, H. C. (P), History of the Inquisition in Spain, 4v., New York, 1906.
LEA, H. C. (P), Studies in Church History, Philadelphia, 1883.
LECKY, W. E. (R), History of European Morals, 2v., New York, 1926.
LECKY, W. E. (R), History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe, 2v., London, 1910.
LEDNICKI, WACLAW, Life and Culture of Poland, New York, 1944.
LEE, SIDNEY, A Life of William Shakespeare, London, 1901.
LÉVY-BRUHL, LUCIEN, History of Modern Philosophy in France, Chicago, 1924.
LEWINSKI-CORWIN, E. H., Political History of Poland, New York, 1917.