by Will Durant
Allerheim, battle of (1645), 567
Alleyn, Edward (1566–1626), 81
Allori, Alessandro (1535–1607), 227
Allori, Cristofano (1577–1621), 227
All’s Well That Ends Well (Shakespeare), 92
Almagest (Ptolemy), 595
Alpini, Prospero (1553–1617), 590
Alsace, 542*, 566, 568, 570
Alsace–Lorraine, 387
Altmark, Peace of (1629), 508
Alumbrados, 275
Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of (1508–73), 282, 344, 453, 543
in Netherlands, 21, 33, 46, 125, 126, 239, 348, 352, 444–49, 462, 524, 539
in Portugal, 290–91, 449
Alvarez de Toledo, Federigo (fl. 1573), 448–49
Amadigi di Gaula (Bernardo Tasso), 259
Amadis da Gaula (Lobeira), 301
Amadis de Gaula (Span, version), 67
Amati, Andrea (1530?–1611?), 254
Amboise, France, Edict of, 343–44, 345
Tumult of, 336–37
Americas: Dutch in, 478
English in, 14, 28, 37, 39, 49, 140, 158, 187, 188*, 204
exploration of, 57, 157–58, 166, 590
gold and silver from, 48, 274, 286, 314, 333, 544
missionaries in, 249–51
Portuguese in, 274, 291
Spanish in, 31–34, 158, 249–51, 274, 291, 295, 314, 400, 583, 590
Amiens, France, Imperial advance to, 387
Aminta (Tasso), 67, 257, 260
Ammanati, Bartolommeo (1511–92), 227
Amoretti (Spenser), 75
Amsterdam, 28, 460, 462, 478, 638
architecture, 483
artists, 483, 487–93
Bank of, 228, 478
Calvinists in, 443, 452–53
Gazette, 480
University of, 583*
Amyot, Jacques (1513–93), 66, 403
Anabaptists, 18, 186, 215, 436, 440, 442, 481, 510, 551
Anales de la Corona de Aragón (Zurita), 297
anatomy, 591–92, 642
Anatomy of Melancholy (Burton), 152–54
“Anatomy of the World, An” (Donne), 155
Ancona, Italy, 235, 238*, 240, 522
Andreini, Isabella (1562–1604), 257
Angermannus, Archbishop, 498
Angers, France, massacre at, 352
Anglican Church, 59, 66, 576, 626
and Apostolic Succession, 187, 209
Charles I’s adherence to, 201, 209, 211, 219
control of education, 51, 583
Convocation, 26, 27, 139, 140
Elizabethan settlement, 6, 17–19, 24, 43, 647
episcopacy abolished, 214
Establishment (state religion), 187, 192
Hampton Court Conference, 139–40
Latitudinarians, 460
Laud’s innovations, 188–89
Anhalt, 552
Anjou, Dukes of, see Alençon, Duke of
Henry III, King of France
Anjou, province, Huguenots in, 335
Anna, wife of Augustus I of Saxony (m. 1584), 545
Annales (Camden), 9, 66
Annales ecclesiastici (Baronius), 256
Annales Veteris Testamenti (Ussher), 187
Anne of Austria (d. 1580), Queen of Spain as 4th wife of Philip II, 281, 285
Anne of Austria (1601–66), Queen of Louis XIII of France (1615–43), Regent of France (1643–61), 374, 378, 387–89, 392, 429, 575
Anne of Denmark (1574–1619), Queen of James I of England, 60, 62, 131, 157
Anne of Saxony (d. 1577), 2d wife of William I of Orange, 438, 466
Ansbach–Bayreuth, Margraviate of, 549
Anselm, Saint (1033–1109), 640
anti–Catholic laws, England, see under Catholics, English
Antinomians, 186
Antioch, 518, 519
Anti–Trinitarians, 510
Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor (138–61), 173.
Antonius, Marcus (Mark Antony: 83–30 B.C.), 94, 95, 100, 523*
Antony and Cleopatra (Shakespeare), 95, 98
Antrim, Ireland, 29
Antwerp, Netherlands, 7, 33
art center, 463–465, 467
cathedral, 462, 467, 469
French Fury in, 456
religious conflict in, 441–43, 453
sack of (1576), 451
St. Paul’s, 269
siege and fall of (1584–85), 457, 462, 478
Apollo Club, 151
“Apologie de Raimond Sebond” (Montaigne), 407, 639*
Apostles’ Creed, 188
Apostolic Succession, claimed by Anglican bishops, 187, 209
Appian (2d cent.), 66
Aquaviva, Claudio (1543?–1615), 244–46, 629
Aquileia, province of, 228
Arabia, 291, 518, 522
Aragon, 283
Araucana, La (Ercilla y Zuñiga), 305
Arcadia (Sannazaro), 72, 417
Arcadia (Sidney), 71–72, 257, 417
Arcadia (Vega), 308
Archangel, Dutch at, 477
Archimedes (287?–212 B.C.), 603, 639
architecture: baroque, 227, 266–73, 315, 427, 469, 482, 509, 549
church, 61, 279, 314, 426–427, 482, 512
civic, 61, 427, 463, 482–83, 549
classic, 61, 62, 227, 265–66, 426–27, 482
domestic, 55–56, 62–63, 428
Dutch, 482–84
England, 61–63
Flemish, 463
France, 358, 426–28;
Germany, 549–50
Gothic, 61, 62, 265–66, 315, 426
India, 534
Italy, 226, 227, 230–31, 236, 265–67, 269–73, 315
Ottoman, 521
Palladian, 62, 314
Persian, 528, 529–30, 534
Poland, 509
Renaissance, 61, 62–63, 265–67, 279, 426–27, 428, 482–83, 549
Russia, 512
Spain, 274, 279, 295, 313, 314
Tudor, 61–62
Arctic, exploration of, 166, 477
Arden, Mary (d. 1608), 87
Arden of Faversham, 81
Areopagus, literary club, 68
Aretino, Pietro (1492–155), 619
Arfe, Juan de (1523–1603), 315
Argyll, Archibald Campbell, 5th Earl of (1530–73), 120, 122
Arianna (Monteverdi), 255, 256
Ariosto, Lodovico (1474–1533), 75, 165, 259, 263, 273
Orlando Furioso, 67, 300
Aristarchus, sive De arte grammatica (Lipsius), 580
Aristogeiton (d. 514 B.C.), 628
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 71, 84, 96, 404, 581, 616
De anima, 617
Ethics, 66
logic of, 173–75, 636
Organon, 173
philosophy of, 101, 163, 177, 246, 507, 601, 605, 620, 624, 625, 632, 635, 638
Poetics, 77
Politics, 66;
science of, 586, 601–2
“unities” of, 77, 148, 420
Armada, Spanish, 6, 23, 34–37, 166, 242, 280, 287, 299, 308
effect of defeat of, 276, 285, 461
Armagh, Ireland, battle of, 30
Armenia, 518, 519
Arminians, 190, 203, 460, 632
Arminius, Jacobus (1560–1609), 459
Armstrong, Andrew (fl. 1563), 117
Arndt, Johann (1555–1621), 553
Arques, battle of (1589), 363
Arras, capture of (1640), 387
League of, 454
Ars magna lucis et umbrae (Kircher), 591
Arte de la pintura (Pacheco), 316
Artois, province of, 347, 436, 446, 454
Artusi, Giovanni (1550?–1613), 255
Arundel, Thomas Howard, 2d Earl of (1585?– 1646), 180, 471, 474
Aschaffenburg Castle, 549
Ascham, Roger (1515–68), 4, 15–16, 52, 53*, 63, 66
Aselli, Gasparo (1581–1625), 591–92
&nbs
p; Asia, European trade with, 49, 228
Moslems in, 518–19
Assembly of Notables (France, 1560), 337
Assisi, Italy, 238*
Astrée (d’Urfé), 416–17
astrology, 97, 162, 164, 539, 575–76, 596, 597, 600, 631
Astronomía nova de motibus stellae Martil (Kepler), 598
astronomy, 16, 64
advances in, 163–66, 173, 180–81, 539, 585, 5 94–600, 605–6, 642
and the Bible, 606, 614
Copernican, 165, 407, 572, 595–600, 603–12, 618, 620, 623, 635
Ptolemaic 97, 597, 605, 610
Astrophel (Spenser), 74
As You Like It (Shakespeare), 86, 89, 92, 99, 100
atheism, 15–16, 39, 52, 82, 134, 177, 186, 409, 614, 615, 624, 632, 644
Athens, 273, 518
Parthenon, 265
Atlantic nations, ascendancy of, 33–34, 225, 226, 543
Atlas (Mercator), 590
atomism, 616, 635, 636
Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d’ (1552–1630), 363
Aubrey, John (1626–97), 12*, 53*, 70, 72, 105, 139*, 144, 169, 187, 197, 643
Audenaarde, Calvinist Fury in, 443
Augsburg, 542*, 549, 550, 561, 579
Confession, 498–99, 556
Diet of, 551
principle, 551, 561
Augustine, Saint (354–430), 246, 404, 405, 613, 639*
Augustinians, 305
Augustus, Roman emperor (27 B.C.–A.D. 14), 55, 523*
Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (r. 1553–86), 347, 545, 578
Aumale, Claude de Lorraine, Duke of (1526–73), 349–50
Australia, discovery of, 589
Austria, 538, 540–41
Diet of, 541
Polish alliance, 501
population decline, 567
in 30 Years’ War, 243, 541, 557
and Turks, 32, 371, 525
Westphalia Peace terms, 571, 647
Anstro–Hungarian Empire, 570
autos sagramentales, 308, 311
Avellaneda (fl. 1614), 303, 305
Averroës (1126–98), 616
Avicebrón (Ibn Gabirol: 1021–58), 616
Avicenna (Abu ‘Ali al–Husein ibn Sina: 980–1037), 616
Avisa Relation oder Zeitung, Augsburg, 579
Aviz dynasty, 290
Axel, Netherlands, capture of (1586), 73
Azerbaijan, retaken by Persia, 528
Azores, 34, 37, 39, 41, 154, 299, 308
Aztecs, art of, 409
Babington, Anthony (1561–86), 128
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 254, 434, 480, 546
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 6, 12–13, 37, 38, 40–42, 44, 49, 56, 137, 169–83, 407
The Advancement of Learning, 172–74
and Coke, 41– 42, 138
corruption as judge, impeachment, 54, 171
death, 180
on education, 174, 176, 245
Essays, 67, 176
and Essex, 40–42
favored by James I, 136, 170–71
The Great Renewal, 172–76
on inductive logic, 168, 173–76, 180–81, 183
The New Atlantis, 176, 179, 180, 182
Novum Organum, 173, 174
philosophy of, 96, 101, 174–83, 413, 605, 625, 645
and science, 97, 171–76, 180–83, 595, 631, 641, 647
Bacon, Sir Nicholas (1509–79), 6–7, 40–42
Bacon, Roger (1214?–94), 173, 181
Baden, 542*
Baffin, William (1584–1622), 166
Baghdad, 518, 526, 527, 528
Balen, Hendrik van (1575–1632), 473
Balfour, Sir James (d. 1583), 120
Balkans, 518, 519
ballads, 59, 77, 133, 304
Ballard, John (d. 1586), 128
ballet, 14, 254, 396
ballistics, 457
Baltasar Carlos, Don (1629–46), 290, 323, 328
Balthazar de Beaujoyeux (Baltazarini: fl. 1555), 397
Baltic Sea, control of, 495, 500, 501, 508, 543, 559, 570
Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Baron (1580?– 1632), 187
Balzac, Honoré de (1799–1850), 100
Balzac, Jean Louis Guez, Seigneur de (1597?–1654), 397, 417, 419, 503
Bamberg, 542*
University of, 583*
Bandar Abbas, Persia, 531
Bandello, Matteo (1480–1562), 67, 91
bandits, Italian, 240–41, 252, 275
Banér, Johan (1596–1641), 565, 566
bankruptcies, 543, 568
Baptists, 186, 190
Barberini, house of, 238
Barberini, Francesco, Cardinal (1597–1679), 432
Barberini, Maffeo, see Urban VIII
Bardi, Giovanni (1534?–1612?), 255
Barents, Willem (d. 1597), 477
Barnes, Richard, 82
Barnfield, Richard (1574–1627), 104
Barnham, Alice, m. (1606) Francis Bacon, 170
barometer, invention of, 584, 585, 647
Baronius, Caesar, Cardinal (1538–1607), 256
baroque, 265–73
architecture, 227, 266–73, 315, 427, 469, 482, 509, 549
furniture, 429
literature, 98, 267
music, 256
painting, 266–71, 434, 473
sculpture, 266, 271–73, 429
Barrière, Pierre (d. 1594), 364
Barrow, Henry (d. 1593), 26
Bartholomew Fair, 49
Bartholomew Fair (Jonson), 150
Basel, Switzerland, 387, 550, 591, 592
University of, 593
Basilikon Doron (James VI of Scotland), 135
Basmanov, Patriarch (fl. 1605), 515
Bassi, Martino (fl. 1570), 226
Bassompierre, François de, Marshal (1579–1646), 396, 397
Batavia (Jakarta), Java, 478
Bath, England, 55, 593
in Civil Wars, 216
Báthory, Stephen, King of Poland (1575–86), 507, 509, 510
Bauhin, Gaspard (1560–1624), 590–91
Bautista del Mazo, Juan (1612?–67), 327
Bautista de Toledo, Juan (d. 1567), 279
Bavaria, 542*, 543, 558
Catholic Reformation in, 553, 647
Privy Council, witchcraft persecution, 578
in 30 Years’ War, 565, 567, 569
Westphalia Peace terms, 570
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706), 413–14, 613, 645
Bayonne, France: Spanish–French parley at, 344, 429
Bayreuth, Germany, 542*, 568
Béam, province of, 336, 346, 356–57, 379
Beaton, David, Cardinal (1494–1546), 135
Beaulieu, Edict of (1576), 358–59
Beaumont, Francis (1584–1616), 104, 143–45
Beauvais, France, religious riots, 340
Beethoven, Ludwig von (1770–1827), 434
Beggars (Gueux), 442–44
of the Sea, 447–48, 452, 457
Wild, 447
Belgium, formation of, 454
Bellarmine, Robert, Cardinal (1542–1621), 229, 247, 257, 553, 605–8, 623, 627
Belleforest, François de (1530–83), 93
Bellegarde, Roger II (1562–1646), 369
Bembo, Pietro, Cardinal (1470–1547), 297, 393.
Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), 183
Bentivoglio, Guido, Cardinal (1579–1644), 256, 258, 474
Berbers, 284
Berg, Count van den (fl. 1568), 445
Bergheon, Marquis of (fl. 1566), 442
Bergson, Henri (1859–1941), 177
Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 182, 646
Berlin, 542*
Bermuda, settling of, 158
Bern, Switzerland, witchcraft persecution, 577
Bernhard, Duke of Saxe–Weimar (r. 1604– 1639), 387, 565–66, 583
Berni, Francesco (1497–1536), 619
Bernier, François (1625–88), 636
Bern
ini, Giovanni Lorenzo (1598–1680), 225, 238, 256, 270–75, 322, 429, 472
Bertrand le Blas, 440
Bérulle, Pierre de (1575–1629), 375, 638
Berwick upon Tweed, truce of (1639), 206
Betterton, Thomas (1635?–1710), 108
Beyram Pasha, Vizier, 521
Bèze, Théodore de (1519–1608), 24, 133, 341– 343, 540, 626
Bible: and astronomy, 606, 614
Bohemian Brethren translation, 547
Douay, 20
Froschauer editions, 579
King James (Authorized) version, 20, 143, 152, 161, 187, 241
scholarship and criticism, 580, 613
Vulgate, 20, 241
Bienenkorb des heiligen römischen Immenschwarms (Fischart), 548
Bihzad, Kamal al–Din (c. 1440–c. 1523), 534
Binsfeld, Peter, Bishop (fl. 1589), 578–79
biology, 167, 173, 177, 584–85, 587, 590, 646
Birague, René de (1506–83), 428
Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duke of (1562– 1602), 365
bishoprics, multiplication of in Netherlands, 439
bishops’ exclusion bill (England, 1642), 208; see also episcopacy
Bishops’ Wars, 206–7
Bismarck, Otto von, Prince (1815–98), 560, 570
Black, David (fl. 1596), 134
Black Sea, Turkish control of, 512, 518
Blackfriars theater, 79, 105, 149, 192
Blackwater, Ireland, battle of (1598), 30
Blake, William (1757–1827), 99
Blois, France: château, 428
French government at, 347–48, 360–61, 413
Huguenot massacre, 352
Marie de Médicis at, 379, 380
Blomberg, Barbara (fl. 1520), 282
blood: circulation of, 167–69, 181, 591–97, 642
transfusion, start of, 588, 594
bloodletting, 167, 378, 593, 636
“Bloody Mary,” see Mary I, Queen of England
Blount, Charles, see Mountjoy, Baron
blue laws, 59, 191
Blue Penitents, 358
Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–75), 67, 481
Bocskay, Stephen, Prince of Transylvania (r. 1604–6), 541
Bodin, Jean (1530–96), 67, 579, 595, 629–32
Bodleian Library, see under Oxford University
Bodley, Sir Thomas (1545–1613), 65
Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (480?–524?), 12
Bohemia, 96, 538, 540, 542
Diet of, 542, 556–557
Directory, 556
population decrease, 567
restoration of Catholicism, 557–58, 571, 647
in 30 Years’ War, 159, 552, 556–59, 562, 564, 565, 567
Westphalia Peace terms, 570
Bohemian or Moravian Brethren (Unitas Fratrum), 510, 511, 542, 547, 558, 582
Böhme, Jakob (1575–1624), 553
Boiardo, Matteo Maria (1430–94), 67
Boileau–Despréaux, Nicolas (1636–1711), 108, 398, 419, 646
Boislambert, Esther Ymbert de, 369
Boleyn, Anne (1507–36), 4
Bolland, Jean de (1506–1665), 417